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SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- I

S NO Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of anions
Colour:
Note the colour of the salt Absence of copper
1 Colourless
sulphate, iron salt

Action of heat:
A small amount of a salt is heated in A reddish brown gas with a Presence of a nitrate
2. a test tube fishy odour evolves salt

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic Colour Absence of a copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the flame Observed. barium, calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl:

A reddish brown gas with the
Small amount of salt + 1mL of dil.
fishy odour turning a moist
4. HCl . Gently heat it Presence of nitrate
ferrous sulphate paper
brownevolves

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Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Reddish brown gas turning
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat acidified ferrous sulphate Presence of nitrate
it paper green evolves.

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Change is Absence of chloride,
6 Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it Observed. bromide

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry A reddish brown gas with
test tube + few copper turnings + fishy odour turning a moist
7. Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it Presence of nitrate.
ferrous sulphate paper brown
evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
9 potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange is Observed. Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.

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Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract
Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Observed. bromide, sulphide
shake it

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is formed Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with lead acetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + No white ppt is formed Absence of sulphate
1ml of lead acetate

Brown ring test:

1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
Presence of nitrate
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add A brown ring is formed
confirmed.
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

14
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Ammonium molybdate test:
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
1ml each of ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
No canary yellow ppt is
formed.
Absence of phosphate

Test with sodium nitrobruside: 1ml

of the sodium carbonate extract +
No purple or violet
15 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops of Absence of sulphide.
colouration appears
sodium nitrobruside.

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in
a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, Presence of 1st group
2 A White ppt is formed.
and shake it metal ions (Pb2+)

Analysis of the 1st group ppt:

To the ppt add about 1ml of water
and boil it The ppt dissolves Presence of Lead
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Test for Lead:
To one portion of the hot
1 solution add about 1ml of K2CrO4 A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of Lead

To an another portion of the hot

solution add about 1ml of KI. To the
A yellow ppt is obtained.The
yellow ppt add about 1ml of water,
yellow ppt dissolves on Presence of lead is
2 boil and cool.
boiling , and on cooling confirmed.
golden spangles appear

Result:
The Anion Present : NITRATE
The cation Present : LEAD
The Given simple salt : LEAD NITRATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-II

S NO Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of anions
Colour: May be copper
1 Note the colour of the salt Blue
sulphate
Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in Blue Changes into White due May be copper
to dehydration sulphate

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a test tube
Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Presence of a Copper
3. paste at the charred end of the Bluish green flame.
salt
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: Absence of

4. Small amount of salt + 1mL of dil. No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
HCl . Gently heat it Sulphide
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + Conc. No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
H2SO4 and gently heat it evolved. bromide

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

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Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small
amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Observed. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is
11
barium chloride solution and shake H2SO4 is formed Confirmed.

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess
12

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+ 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is
ml of Lead Acetate

Brown ring test:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
formed
Presence of sulphate

+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared

13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1mL each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitro bruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ 1ml of dil. aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet
15 of sodium nitro bruside. Absence of sulphide.
colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.

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GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Presence of 2nd group
3 A Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

Analysis of the 2nd group ppt:

Test for copper:
i). To one portion of the solution add No ppt is obtained, but the
1 Presence of Copper
ammonium hydroxide solution is blue

ii) To the blue coloured solution add

about 1ml each of acetic acid and
Presence of Copper
2 potassium ferro cyanide A red brown ppt is obtained
Confirmed

Result:
The Anion Present : SULPHATE
The cation Present : COPPER

S NO
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The Given simple salt : COPPER SULPHATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT-III

Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: May be Copper
1 Note the colour of the salt Green
Carbonate
Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate
a test tube evolves
Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Presence of a copper
3. paste at the charred end of the Bluish green flame.
salt
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: A colourless, odourless gas

Small amount of salt + 1mL of dil. evolves as a brisk Presence of carbonate
4.
HCl . Gently heat it Effervescence and turns lime is Confirmed
water milky
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

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Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:
Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + Conc. No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
H2SO4 and gently heat it evolved. bromide

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

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Test for halides:
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it
No Characteristic ppt is
Observed.
Absence of chloride,
bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
barium chloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate

Brown ring test:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

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Test with sodium nitro bruside:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ 1ml of dil. aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet
15 of sodium nitro bruside. Absence of sulphide.
colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil. HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Presence of 2nd group
3 A Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

Analysis of the 2nd group ppt:

Test for copper:

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i). To one portion of the solution add No ppt is obtained, but the
1 Presence of Copper
ammonium hydroxide solution is blue

ii) To the blue coloured solution add

about 1ml each of acetic acid and
Presence of Copper
2 potassium ferro cyanide A red brown ppt is obtained
Confirmed

Result:
The Anion Present : CARBONATE
The cation Present : COPPER
The Given simple salt : COPPER CARBONATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- IV

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour:
1 Note the colour of the salt Brown May be an iron salt

Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc,
a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate

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Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl:

Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of
4. . Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
Sulphide

Action of Conc.H2SO4:
A colourless gas evolves. It
Small amount of a salt in a dry test
gives a dense white fumes
tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat
5 when a glass rod dipped in Prsence of Chloride
it
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test A greenish yellow gas turning
tube + pinch of MnO2 + starch iodide paper blue
6 Prsence of Chloride
evolves
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

8.
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Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small
amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is
Observed.
Absence of ammonium
salt
and gently heat it.

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.
9 Pass the vapours into dilute sodium A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of chloride.
hydroxide solution. If a yellow
solution is obtained, add dil. Acetic
acid and lead acetate

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract A curdy white ppt
insoluble in dil. Ammonia is
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Presence of chloride
shake it formed

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Test with barium chloride:
One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1mL o f the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc.HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

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Preparation of salt solution:
To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of presence of 3rd group
4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well A brown ppt is formed
metal ions (Fe3+)

Analysis of the 3rd group ppt:

To the ppt add a pinch of sodium
peroxide and boil it A red or brown ppt is
1 Presence of Iron
obtained

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i.) To one portion of the red ppt add
about 1mL of dil HCl and boil it and
then add about 1ml of potassium
ferocyanide Presence of Iron is
2 A blue ppt is obtained
Confirmed

ii.) To an another portion of the ppt

add about 1mL of dil. HNO3
A blood red colouration is Presence of Iron is
3 boil it and then add about 1ml of
seen Confirmed
KCNS

Result:
The Anion Present : CHLORIDE
The cation Present : FERRIC
The Given simple salt : FERRIC CHLORIDE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- V

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat:
2.
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A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change
a test tube
Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Occurs
Absence of Zinc,
Ammonium, Nitrate

Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: Absence of

4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
. Gently heat it Sulphide
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

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Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper
turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

11
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One ml of the sodium carbonate
extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of
bariumchloride solution and shake
A white ppt insoluble in dil
H2SO4 is formed
Prsence of sulphate is
Confirmed.

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate formed

Brown ring test:

1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

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Preparation of salt solution:
To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed 2+
metal ions (Cu )

GROUP III
To about 1ml of the salt solution add Presence of 3rd group
4 about 1ml each of NH4Cl and NH4OH A gelatinous white ppt is metal ion (Al3+)
formed
and shake it well

Analysis of the 3rd group ppt:

Test for Aluminium:
To the ppt add a pinch of sodium A colourless solution is
1 Presence of Aluminium
obtained

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peroxide and boil it

To the colourless solution add A gelatinous white ppt is

Presence of Aluminium
2 dil.HCl and shake it obtained
is Confirmed

Result:
The Anion Present : SULPHATE
The cation Present : ALUMINIUM
The Given simple salt : ALUMINIUM SULPHATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VI

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat:
A reddish brown gas with a Presence of a nitrate
A small amount of a salt is heated in
2. fishy odour evolves salt
a test tube

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

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Action of dil. HCl:
A reddish brown gas with the
Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl
fishy odour turning a moist
. Gently heat it
4. ferrous sulphate paper brown Presence of nitrate
evolves

Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Reddish brown gas turning
Small amount of a salt in a dry test acidified ferrous sulphate
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat paper green evolves. Presence of nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
7. test tube + few copper turnings +
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it
A reddish brown gas with
fishy odour turning a moist
ferrous sulphate paper brown Presence of nitrate
evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

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Chromyl chloride test:
Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
1ml of Lead Acetate

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Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
Presence of nitrate
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add A brown ring is formed
confirmed
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

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GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To
about 1ml of the salt solution add Presence of 3rd group
A gelatinous white ppt is
4 about 1ml each of NH4Cl and NH4OH metal ion (Al3+)
formed
and shake it well

Analysis of the 3rd group ppt:

Test for Aluminium:
To the ppt add a pinch of sodium A colourless solution is
1 Presence of Aluminium
peroxide and boil it obtained

To the colourless solution add A gelatinous white ppt is

Presence of Aluminium
2 dil.HCl and shake it obtained
is Confirmed

Result:
The Anion Present : NITRATE
The cation Present : ALUMINIUM
The Given simple salt : ALUMINIUM NITRATE

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SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VII

S NO Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in Salt is Yellow when hot, May be a zinc salt
a test tube White when cold

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: Absence of

4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
. Gently heat it Sulphide
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

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Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 +
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it
No Characteristic Gas is
evolved.
Absence of chloride,
bromide

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

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Test for halides:
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of
H2SO4 is formed Confirmed.
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate formed

Brown ring test:

1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

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Test with sodium nitrobruside:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears
Absence of sulphide.

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. 2+
metal ions (Pb )
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group
4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

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GROUP IV To the above solution
Presence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
A dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

Analysis of the 4th group ppt:

Test for Zinc:
1 To the ppt add dil HCl and boil it The ppt dissolves Presence of Zinc

To the 1 ml of Original solution add

White Ppt Soluble in excess Presence of Zinc is
2 dil.NaOH in drops to excess
NaOH is Obtained Confirmed

To the 1 ml of Original solution add 2 White Ppt Soluble in excess

ml K4[Fe(CN)6] solution Presence of Zinc is
3 NaOH, insoluble in dilute
Confirmed
acids, is Obtained
Result:
The Anion Present : SULPHATE
The cation Present : ZINC
The Given simple salt : ZINC SULPHATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- VIII

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions

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Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in Salt is Yellow when hot, May be a zinc salt
a test tube White when cold

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame
A colourless gas with a rotten
Action of dil. HCl: egg smell turning a paper
Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl dipped in lead acetate Presence of sulphide is
4.
. Gently heat it shining black Confirmed
evolves
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

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Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper
turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
+ Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and A black ppt is formed Presence of sulphide
shake it

Test with barium chloride:

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One ml of the sodium carbonate
extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of
bariumchloride solution and shake
No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate

Test with lead acetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml o f the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract A purple or violet colouration
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops appears Prsence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside.

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Preparation of salt solution:
To a small amount of salt in a test tube, add 3ml of dil.HCl + dil.HNO3, shake it and gently heat it.
This solution is called “original solution”.

GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group
4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Presence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
A dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

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Analysis of the 4th group ppt:
Test for Zinc:
To the ppt add dil HCl and boil it The ppt dissolves Presence of Zinc

To the 1 ml of Original solution add

White Ppt Soluble in excess Presence of Zinc is
2 dil.NaOH in drops to excess
NaOH is Obtained Confirmed

To the 1 ml of Original solution add 2 White Ppt Soluble in excess

ml K4[Fe(CN)6] solution Presence of Zinc is
3 NaOH, insoluble in dilute
Confirmed
acids, is Obtained
Result:
The Anion Present : SULPHIDE
The cation Present : ZINC
The Given simple salt : ZINC SULPHIDE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- IX

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate
a test tube evolves

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Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Presence of a calcium
3. paste at the charred end of the Brick red Colour is Observed. salt
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: A colourless, odourless gas

Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl evolves as a brisk Presence of carbonate
4. . Gently heat it Effervescence and turns lime is Confirmed
water milky
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
+ Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

8. www.Padasalai.Net
Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small
amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution
and gently heat it.
No Characteristic gas is
Observed.
Absence of ammonium
salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

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Test with leadacetate:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil.HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0

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1ml of the original salt solution add
about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent
and NaOH.

GROUP I
No chocolate brown ppt is
obtained.
Absence of ammonium

Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group

2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of Absence of 3rd group
4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas 2+
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn )

GROUP V To the salt solution add

Presence of 5th group
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
6 A white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)
(NH4)2CO3 and shake it well.

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Analysis of the 5th group ppt:

To the ppt add about 1ml of dil. Presence of (Ba2+/

1 The ppt dissolves.
acetic acid and gently heat it. Ca2+)

A white ppt is obtained.

Test for Calcium Filter.To the residue add a
To the solution add drop of Conc. HCl. Take the
Presence of Calcium is
2 about 1ml of ammonium sulphate residue and introduce near
Confirmed
the Bunsen flame.A crimson
red colour is seen

If no ppt is obtained, to the

solution add about 1ml of
potassium ferrocyanide and Presence of Calcium is
shake it. A pale yellow ppt Confirmed
appears.

Result:
The Anion Present : CARBONATE
The cation Present : CALCIUM
The Given simple salt : CALCIUM CARBONATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- X

S NO

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Colour:
Experiment

Note the colour of the salt Colourless

Observation
Analysis of anions
Inference

Absence of copper,
Iron salts
Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc,
a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of Presence of Barium
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the Apple green Colour is salt
3. paste at the charred end of the Observed.
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl:

Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of
4. . Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
Sulphide

Action of Conc.H2SO4:
A colourless gas evolves. It
Small amount of a salt in a dry test
gives a dense white fumes
tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat
5 when a glass rod dipped in Prsence of Chloride
it
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth

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Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:
Small amount of salt in a dry test A greenish yellow gas turning
tube + pinch of MnO2 + starch iodide paper blue
6 Prsence of Chloride
evolves
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of Nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.
9 Pass the vapours into dilute sodium A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of chloride.
hydroxide solution. If a yellow
solution is obtained, add dil. Acetic
acid and lead acetate

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract

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Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

A curdy white ppt
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
insoluble in dil. Ammonia is
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Presence of chloride
shake it formed

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

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Ammonium molybdate test:
1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1mL each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

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GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt
solution add about 1ml each of
NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained
Absence of 3rd group
metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

GROUP V To the salt solution add

Presence of 5th group
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
6 A white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)
(NH4)2CO3 and shake it well.

Analysis of the 5th group ppt:

To the ppt add about 1ml of dil. Presence of (Ba2+/

1 The ppt dissolves.
acetic acid and gently heat it. Ca2+)

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Test for Barium.
To the solution add about 1ml of A yellow ppt is obtained.
potassium chromate Filter To the residue add a
drop of Conc. HCl. Take a
portion of the paste and Presence of Barium is
2
introduce near the Bunsen Confirmed
flame. A transient green is
imparted to the flame

Result:
The Anion Present : CHLORIDE
The cation Present : BARIUM
The Given simple salt : BARIUM CHLORIDE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XI

S NO Experiment Observation Inference

Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc,
a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate

Flame test:

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Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: Absence of

4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
. Gently heat it Sulphide
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

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Chromyl chloride test:
Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
A white ppt insoluble in dil Prsence of sulphate is
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of
H2SO4 is formed Confirmed.
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract, A whit ppt soluble in excess
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 of ammonium acetate is Presence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate formed

Brown ring test:

13 www.Padasalai.Net
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate solution then add
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate

test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

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GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1mL of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group
4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

GROUP V To the salt solution add

Absence of 5th group
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)

GROUP VI To the original salt

solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl,
Presence of 6th group
7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch A white ppt is obtained.
metal ion (Mg2+)
the sides of the test tube.

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Analysis of the 6th group ppt:

Test for Magnesium: i)To about 1ml

of the original salt solution add dil. White Ppt insoluble in excess
Presence of
2 Magnesium is
NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained
Confirmed

ii)To about 1ml of the original salt

Presence of
solution add about 1ml of
3 A blue ppt is formed. Magnesium is
Magneson reagent.
Confirmed
Result:
The Anion Present : SULPHATE
The cation Present : MAGNESIUM
The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM SULPHATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XII

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat:
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in No Characteristic Change Absence of Zinc,
a test tube Occurs Ammonium, Nitrate

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Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: Absence of

4. Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
. Gently heat it Sulphide
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

8.
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Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small
amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution
and gently heat it.

Chromyl chloride test:

No Characteristic gas is
Observed.
Absence of ammonium
salt

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of

potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

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Test with leadacetate:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate
and Conc. HNO3
Presence of Phosphate
Canary yellow ppt is formed.
is Confirmed

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0

1
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1ml of the original salt solution add

and NaOH.

GROUP I
No chocolate brown ppt is
about 1mL each of Nessler’s reagent obtained. Absence of ammonium

Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group

2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group
4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas 2+
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn )

GROUP V To the salt solution add

Absence of 5th group
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)

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GROUP VI To the original salt
solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl,
Presence of 6th group
7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch A white ppt is obtained. 2+
metal ion Mg
the sides of the test tube.

Analysis of the 6th group ppt:

Test for Magnesium: i)To about 1ml

Presence of
of the original salt solution add dil. White Ppt insoluble in excess
2 Magnesium is
NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained
Confirmed

ii)To about 1ml of the original salt

Presence of
solution add about 1ml of
3 A blue ppt is formed. Magnesium is
Magneson reagent.
Confirmed
Result:
The Anion Present : PHOSPHATE
The cation Present : MAGNESIUM
The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XIII

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,

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1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat: A colourless, odourless gas
2. A small amount of a salt is heated in turning lime water milky Presence of carbonate
a test tube evolves
Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl: A colourless, odourless gas

Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl evolves as a brisk Presence of carbonate
4. . Gently heat it Effervescence and turns lime is Confirmed
water milky
Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test Absence of Chloride,
5 tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat No Charactristic gas evolves Bromide, Nitrate
it

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 + No Characteristic Gas is Absence of chloride,
6
evolved. bromide
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

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Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper
turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution No Characteristic gas is Absence of ammonium
8.
and gently heat it. Observed. salt

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract
No Characteristic ppt is Absence of chloride,
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and
shake it Obtained. bromide, sulphide

Test with barium chloride:

11
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One ml of the sodium carbonate
extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of
bariumchloride solution and shake
No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of Nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of Phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

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Preparation of salt solution:
To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of dil.HCl, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add No chocolate brown ppt is
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
Absence of ammonium
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed 2+
metal ions (Cu )

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of NH4Cl Absence of 3rd group
4 and NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

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GROUP V To the salt solution add
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
(NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained
Absence of 5th group
metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)

GROUP VI To the original salt

solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl,
Presence of 6th group
7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch A white ppt is obtained. 2+
metal ion Mg
the sides of the test tube.

Analysis of the 6th group ppt:

Test for Magnesium: i)To about 1ml

Presence of
of the original salt solution add dil. White Ppt insoluble in excess
2 Magnesium is
NaOH in drops with shaking. NaOH is Obtained
Confirmed

ii)To about 1ml of the original salt

Presence of
solution add about 1ml of
3 A blue ppt is formed. Magnesium is
Magneson reagent.
Confirmed
Result:
The Anion Present : CARBONATE
The cation Present : MAGNESIUM
The Given simple salt : MAGNESIUM CARBONATE

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SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XIV
S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts
Action of heat: A colourless gas with the
A small amount of a salt is heated in pungent small turning red
a test tube litmus paper into blue
Presence of an
evolves. It gives a dense
2. ammonium salt
white fumes when a glass rod
dipped in Conc. HCl is
brought close to its mouth

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl:

Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of
4. . Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
Sulphide

Action of Conc.H2SO4:

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A colourless gas evolves. It
Small amount of a salt in a dry test
gives a dense white fumes
tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat
5 when a glass rod dipped in Prsence of Chloride
it
liquid ammonia is brought
close to its mouth

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4:

Small amount of salt in a dry test A greenish yellow gas turning
tube + pinch of MnO2 + starch iodide paper blue
6 Prsence of Chloride
evolves
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small A colourless gas with the pun
amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution gent smell giving dense white
and gently heat it. fumes Presence of ammonium
8.
with a glass rod dipped in dil. salt
HCl evolves

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Chromyl chloride test:
Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it.
9 Pass the vapours into dilute sodium A yellow ppt is obtained Presence of chloride.
hydroxide solution. If a yellow
solution is obtained, add dil. Acetic
acid and lead acetate

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

Test for halides:

1 ml of sodium carbonate extract A curdy white ppt
insoluble in dil. Ammonia is
10. +dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and Presence of chloride
shake it formed

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

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1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.
and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitrobruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.

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GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add A chocolate brown ppt is Presence of 0 group
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
metal ion (NH4+)
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed.
metal ions (Pb2+)
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt

solution add about 1ml each of Absence of 3rd group
4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

GROUP V To the salt solution add

1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and Absence of 5th group
6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+/ Ca2+)

7
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GROUP VI To the original salt
solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl,
NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch
the sides of the test tube.
No white ppt is obtained.
Absence of 6th group
metal ion (Mg2+)

Analysis of the Ammonium

To 1ml of the original salt solution A chocolate brown ppt is Presence of

1 add about 1ml each of Nessler’s obtained. Ammonium is
reagent and NaOH. Confirmed

Result:
The Anion Present : CHLORIDE
The cation Present : AMMONIUM
The Given simple salt : AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- XV

S NO Experiment Observation Inference
Analysis of anions
Colour: Absence of copper,
1 Note the colour of the salt Colourless
Iron salts

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Action of heat: A colourless gas with the
A small amount of a salt is heated in pungent small turning red
a test tube litmus paper into blue
Presence of an
evolves. It gives a dense
2. ammonium salt
white fumes when a glass rod
dipped in Conc. HCl is
brought close to its mouth

Flame test:
Small amount of salt + A drop of
Conc. HCl ,form a paste. Take the No Characteristic flame Absence of Copper,
3. paste at the charred end of the Colour is Observed. Barium, Calcium
splinter and introduce it near the
Bunsen flame

Action of dil. HCl:

Small amount of salt + 1ml of dil. HCl No Charactristic gas Absence of
4. . Gently heat it evolves Carbonate,Nitrate,
Sulphide

Action of Conc.H2SO4:
Small amount of a salt in a dry test A reddish brown gas turning
tube + Conc. H2SO4 and gently heat moist fluorescein paper green
5 Prsence of Bromide
it evolves

Action of MnO2 and Conc. H2SO4: A reddish brown gas turning

6
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Small amount of salt in a dry test
tube + pinch of MnO2 +
Conc.H2SO4 and gently heat it
moist fluorescein paper red
evolves Prsence of Bromide

Action of Conc. H2SO4 and copper

turning: small amount of salt in a dry
test tube + few copper turnings + No reddish brown gas
7. Absence of nitrate.
Conc. H2SO4. Gently heat it evolves

Action of dil. NaOH solution: Small A colourless gas with the

amont of a salt + dil.NaOH solution pungent smell giving dense
and gently heat it. white fumes Presence of ammonium
8.
with a glass rod dipped in dil. salt
HCl evolves

Chromyl chloride test:

Small amount of salt in + a pinch of
potassium dichromate and three No Red Orange Vapour is
9 Absence of chloride.
drops Conc. H2SO4.Gently heat it. Observed.

Analysis with Sodium carbonate extract

Preparation of Sodium carbonate extract
Take 1g of the given salt + 3g of solid sodium carbonate + 20g of distilled water. Boil the solution
for few mins, filter.The filtrate is called sodium carbonate extract.

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Test for halides:
1 ml of sodium carbonate extract A pale yellow ppt sparingly
+dil. HNO3 + 1ml of AgNO3, and soluble in ammonia is formed Presence of Bromide is
10.
shake it Confirmed

Test with barium chloride:

One ml of the sodium carbonate
11 extract + dil. Aceticacid + 1ml of No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
bariumchloride solution and shake

Test with leadacetate:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract,
12 + 1ml of dil acetic acid and heat it + 1 No white ppt is obtained Absence of sulphate
ml of Lead Acetate
Brown ring test:
1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
+ dil.H2SO4 + freshly prepared
13 ferrous sulphate solution then add No brown ring is formed Absence of nitrate
Conc. H2SO4 along the sides of the
test tube.

Ammonium molybdate test:

1 ml of the extract + dil HNO3 + about
No canary yellow ppt is
14 1ml each of ammonium molybdate Absence of phosphate
formed.

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and Conc. HNO3

Test with sodium nitro bruside:

1ml of the sodium carbonate extract
15 + 1ml of dil .aommonia. + few drops No purple or violet Absence of sulphide.
of sodium nitro bruside. colouration appears

Preparation of salt solution:

To a small amount of salt in a test tube add 2 to 3ml of water, shake it and gently heat it. This
solution is called “original solution”.
GROUP 0
1ml of the original salt solution add A chocolate brown ppt is Presence of 0 group
1 about 1ml each of Nessler’s reagent obtained.
metal ion (NH4+)
and NaOH.

GROUP I
Take about 1 ml of the salt solution in Absence of 1st group
2 a test tube Add about 1ml of dil HCl, No White ppt is formed. 2+
metal ions (Pb )
and shake it

GROUP II
To the above solution pass H2S gas. Absence of 2nd group
3 No Black ppt is formed
metal ions (Cu2+)

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GROUP III To about 1ml of the salt
solution add about 1ml each of Absence of 3rd group
4 NH4Cl, NH4OH and shake it well No ppt is obtained metal ions (Al3+ / Fe3+)

GROUP IV To the above solution

Absence of 4 th group
pass (H2S) gas
5 No dirty white ppt is obtained metal ion (Zn2+)

GROUP V To the salt solution add

Absence of 5th group
1ml each of NH4Cl, NH4OH and
6 (NH4)2CO3 and shake it well. No white ppt is obtained metal ions (Ba2+, Ca2+)

GROUP VI To the original salt

solution add 1ml each of NH4Cl,
Absence of 6th group
7 NH4OH and NH4H2PO4, and scratch No white ppt is obtained.
metal ion (Mg2+)
the sides of the test tube.

Analysis of the Ammonium

To 1ml of the original salt solution A chocolate brown ppt is Presence of

1 add about 1ml each of Nessler’s obtained. Ammonium is
reagent and NaOH. Confirmed

Result:
The Anion Present : BROMIDE

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The cation Present : AMMONIUM
The Given simple salt : AMMONIUM BROMIDE

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