Systematic Procedure for Inorganic Qualitative Analysis
[Link]. Experiment Observations Inference
Preliminary Tests
I Physical Examination
[Link] Colourless Absence of
Cu2+,Ni2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Co2+,
Mn2+
2 [Link] Crystalline May be Cl-, Br-, NO3-, I-,
CH3COO except
(NH4)2CO3
[Link]
3 Take a pinch of salt in a test Soluble May be
tube, add few ml of water. Cl-,Br-,No3-,I-,CH3COO-,
except (NH4)2CO3.
Action of Heat
4 Take a small amount of the No characteristic Absence of
given salt taken in a dry test changes Zn2+,Co2+,Mn2+,Cu2,Pb2+
tube, heat it gently; then
strongly.
Flame Test:
5 To a small amount of the Crimson Red Presence of Sr2+
given salt taken in a watch
glass, add a drop of Con. HCl
and make it into a paste.
Introduce into non-luminous
part of the flame using a
charred match stick.
Ash Test:
6 A pinch of the salt is mixed No characteristic ash Absence of Al3+, Zn2+,
with Conc.HNO3 and a few Mg2+,
drops Co(NO3)2. A filter paper
is dipped in the above
mixture and ignited.
Identification of Anions (Acid Radicals)
Action of dilute H2SO4:
7 To a small portion of the No Characteristic gas is Absence of S2-, CO32-
given salt taken in a test tube evolved
add 1 or 2ml of dilute H2SO4
Concentrated H2SO4 Test: Colourless pungent Presence of Cl-
smelling gas which
8 A pinch of the solid salt turns moist blue
heated with Conc.H2SO4 litmus red and
dense white fumes
with a glass rod
dipped in
NH4OH
Manganese dioxide test:
(MnO2)
9 Evolution of greenish Presence of Cl-
Heat a pinch of the salt with yellow gas having a
a small quantity of MnO2 and pungent irritating
Conc. H2SO4. smell.
Copper Turning Test:
10 Heat a pinch of salt with No Characteristic gas Absence of NO3-
Conc. H2SO4 and a few
copper turning
Chromyl Chloride Test: Reddish orange
vapours evolved were
11 Heated a pinch of the salt passed through water, Presence of Cl-
with solid K2Cr2O7 along with Yellow solution is
Conc. H2SO4 obtained. Yellow
solution turns to
precipitate on adding
Lead acetate
Ammonium molybdate test: No Characteristic
12 Take a pinch of salt add precipitate Absence of PO43-.
Conc.HNO3 and boil. Add
ammonium molybdate
solution in excess and again
boil
Ester Test: No Characteristic
odour
13 Take a small pinch of the salt Absence of CH3COO-
in a test-tube. Add few ml
Conc. H2SO4 and heat. Now
ethyl alcohol (1 ml). Shake.
Pour the contents of the tube
in a beaker full of water. Stir.
Action of NaOH: No Characteristic gas
14 Heated a pinch of salt with Absence of NH4+
Conc. NaOH
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR ANION
Preparation of Water Extract:
A pinch of salt dissolved in water. This is called water extract.
Confirmatory test
for Cl-: (AgNO3 Test)
1 To a few ml of the water A Curdy white Presence of Cl- is
precipitate which is confirmed.
extract added AgNO3
soluble in excess of
solution.
NH4OH
2. Chromyl Chloride Test: Reddish orange
vapours evolved
Heated a pinch of the salt were passed through Presence of Cl- is
with solid K2Cr2O7 along water, Yellow solution confirmed
with Conc. H2SO4 is obtained. Yellow
solution turns to
precipitate on
adding Lead acetate
Analysis of cations: [Preparation of Original Solution]
Take a pinch of salt dissolves in few ml water. This is called Original solution.
Identification of Group Analysis:
1 To a few ml of the original No characteristic Absence of NH4+
solution added Nessler’s precipitate
reagent followed by excess of
NaOH
To a few ml of the original No white Absence of Group I
solution added [Link] precipitate
2
To a few ml of the original No black Absence of group II
solution added [Link] and precipitate.
3 passed H2S gas.
To a few ml of original solution No characteristic Absence of group III
added NH4Cl(aq) and NH4OH(aq) precipitate
4
5 To a few ml of original solution No characteristic Absence of group IV
added NH4Cl(aq) and NH4OH(aq) precipitate
and passed H2S gas.
6 To a few ml of original solution A white precipitate Presence of group V
added NH4Cl(aq), NH4OH(aq) (Ba2+/Ca2+/Sr2+)
and (NH4)2CO3 solution.
CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR GROUP V : (Sr2+)
1 To a few ml of original A White ppt Presence of Sr2+ is
solution added Ammonium confirmed
sulphate solution and
warm.
2 Flame Test :
To a small amount of the given Crimson red flame Presence of Sr2+ is
salt taken in a watch glass, add confirmed
a drop of Con. HCl and make it
into a paste. Introduce into
non- luminous part of the
flame using a charred match
stick
Result:
The given simple salt contains
Anion: Cl-
Cation: Sr+
The simple salt is SrCl……….
