Experiment
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given
Salt.
(b) Noted the smell of the
salt.
2. Dry heating test
(a) Gas evolved.
(b) Sublimation.
(c) Colour of the residue.
3. Preliminary tes for acidic
radical
(a) Copper chips test :- Salt +
conc. H2SO4 + Few copper
chips.
4. Confirmatory test for
Nitrate
(b) Ring test:- 2-3ml of salt
sol. + FeSO4 sol + Conc.
H2SO4 along the side of
the test tube.
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical
i)Heated a pinch of salt with
conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl
ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with
Water.
iii). To a part of the O.S added
1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.
iv) Through a part of the above
Solution, passed H2S gas.
6. Confirmatory test for lead
(a) Potassium iodide test:-
O.S + Pot. Iodide sol.
Result…. Acidic Radical : NO3-
Observation
White
No specific smell.
A reddish brown gas evolved
No sublimation formed.
White
Reddish brown gas evolved.
A dark brown ring formed at
the junction of the two liquid.
NaNO3 + H2SO4→ NaHSO4 +
HNO3
2HNO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4→
3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
FeSO4 + NO → [Fe(NO)]SO4 brown
ring
No ammonia gas evolved.
Solution obtained.
No ppt. formed.
black ppt. formed.
Yellow ppt.
Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3
Basic Radical : Pb2+
Inference
Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Absent.
NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
absent.
NO3- may be present.
Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be absent.
Zn2+ , Pb2+ may be absent.
NO3- may be present.
NO3- confirmed.
NH4+ absent.
Labelled it as Original
solution(O.S).
Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
Group II present.(Pb2+)
Pb2+ confirmed.
 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
salt. absent.

2. Preliminary tes for acidic

radical
(a) Dil H2SO4 :- Colourless gas evolved which CO32- may be present.
Salt + dil H2SO4 turns lime water milky

3. Confirmatory test for

carbonate

(a)silver nitrate test:- 2-3ml White ppt formed. CO32- confirmed.

of salt sol. + AgNO3 CO32- + 2Ag+ → Ag2CO3white
solution along the side of ppt
the test tube.

4. Preliminary test for basic

radical

i)Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved. NH4+ absent.

conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl

ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
Water. solution(O.S).

iii). To a part of the O.S added

1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.
No ppt. formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
iv) Through a part of the above
Solution, passed H2S gas.
Black ppt. formed. Group II present.(Pb2+)
6. Confirmatory test for lead

(a) Potassium iodide test:-

O.S + Pot. Iodide sol.
Yellow ppt. Pb2+ confirmed.
Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3

Result…. Acidic Radical : CO32- Basic Radical : Pb2+

 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.
(b) Noted the smell of the No specific smell. NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may
salt. be absent.
(c) nature : crystalline Fluffy powder Carbonates of non-alkali
nature. metals like CaCO3 , MgCO3
may be present
2. Dry heating test
(a) Gas evolved. Colour gas and odourless gas CO32- may be present.
evolved
(b) Sublimation. No sublimation formed. Ammonium halides,
aluminium
3. Preliminary tes for acidic May be absent.
radical
(a) dil H2SO4 test :- Salt + dil Brisk effervescence with
H2SO4 test evolution of CO2 CO32- may be present.

4. Confirmatory test for

Nitrate CO32- + 2Ag+ → Ag2CO3white ppt
(a) AgNO3 test:- 2-3ml of White ppt formed CO32- confirmed.
salt sol. + AgNO3
.
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical
Heated a pinch of salt with No ammonia gas evolved. NH4+ absent.
conc. NaOH solution.

i).Preparation of original solution

(O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with Solution obtained. Labelled it as Original
Water. solution(O.S).

ii). To a part of the O.S added No ppt. formed. Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
1-2 ml of dilute HCl.

iii).Through a part of the above Group II absent.(Pb2+, Cu2+ ,

solution, passed H2S gas. No ppt. formed. As3+)

iv).To the remaining solution ,

added with conc HNO3 + a
pinch of solid ammonium
Chloride boiled the solution
cooled it and added excess No ppt. formed. Group III absent( Fe3+, Al3+)
of ammonium hydroxide
solution.
v).Through a part of this
solution, passed H2S gas. No ppt . formed. Group IV absent
(Zn2+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , Co2+)
vi).To a part of the O.S add
NH4OH and Solid (NH4)2CO3 White ppt. formed. Group V present
(Ca2+ , Ba2+, Sr2+ may be
present)
6. Confirmatory test for
Calcium
(CH3COO)2+ (NH4)2C2O4→
(a) ammonium oxalate:- (COO)2Ca White ppt +
O.S + ammonium oxalte 2CH3COONH4 Ca2+ confirmed.
test White ppt formed.

Result…. Acidic Radical : CO32- Basic Radical : Ca2+

 Experiment Observation Inference
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given White Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Salt. Absent.

2. Dry heating test

(a) Gas evolved. NH3 gas evolved NH4+ may be present.
(b) Sublimation. sublimation formed. Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be present
.
3. Preliminary tes for basic
radical
(a) Heated a pinch of salt with White fumes evolved. NH4+ may be present.
conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl. NH4Cl + NaOH → NaCl +
NH3+ H2O

NH3 + HCl → NH4Cl(white

Confirmatory test for basic
radical
nessler’s reagent test
(a) salt + water + nessler’s
reagent
fumes)
2K2HgI4 + NH3 + 3KOH→ NH4+ confirmed.
HgO.Hg(NH2)I + 7KI + 2H2O
Brown ppt is obtained

5. Preliminary test for acidic

radical

Salt + water + dil H2SO4 + Dense white fumes is obtained Cl- may be present.
NH4OH

6. Confirmatory test for lead

Silver nitrate test

1-2 ml of salt solution + A curdy white ppt is obtained Cl- confirmed.
AgNO3 solution NaCl + AgNO3 → NaNO3 + AgCl

Result…. Acidic Radical : Cl- Basic Radical : NH4+

 Experiment
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given
Salt.
(b) Noted the smell of the
salt.
2. Dry heating test
(a) Gas evolved.
(b) Sublimation.
(c) Colour of the residue.
3. Preliminary tes for acidic
radical
(a) Copper chips test :- Salt +
conc. H2SO4 + Few copper
chips.
4. Confirmatory test for
Nitrate
(b) Ring test:- 2-3ml of salt
sol. + FeSO4 sol + Conc.
H2SO4 along the side of
the test tube.
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical
i)Heated a pinch of salt with
conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl
ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with
Water.
iii). To a part of the O.S added
1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.
iv) Through a part of the above
Solution, passed H2S gas.
6. Confirmatory test for lead
(a) Potassium iodide test:-
O.S + Pot. Iodide sol.
Observation
White
No specific smell.
A reddish brown gas evolved
No sublimation formed.
White
Reddish brown gas evolved.
A dark brown ring formed at
the junction of the two liquid.
NaNO3 + H2SO4→ NaHSO4 +
HNO3
2HNO3 + 6FeSO4 + 3H2SO4→
3Fe2(SO4)3 + 2NO + 4H2O
FeSO4 + NO → [Fe(NO)]SO4 brown
ring
No ammonia gas evolved.
Solution obtained.
No ppt. formed.
black ppt. formed.
Yellow ppt.
Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3
Inference
Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Absent.
NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
absent.
NO3- may be present.
Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be absent.
Zn2+ , Pb2+ may be absent.
NO3- may be present.
NO3- confirmed.
NH4+ absent.
Labelled it as Original
solution(O.S).
Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
Group II present.(Pb2+)
Pb2+ confirmed.
Result…. Acidic Radical : NO3-
Experiment
1. Physical examination
(a) Noted the colour of given
Salt.
(b) Noted the smell of the
salt.
2. Dry heating test
(a) Gas evolved.
(b) Sublimation.
3. Preliminary tes for acidic
radical
(a) salt + water + dilHCl+
potassium dichromate
4. Confirmatory test for
sulphate:
(a) BaCl2 test:- 2-3ml of salt
sol. + dil HCl + BaCl2 sol
(b) lead acetate test: 2-3ml of
salt sol. + dil HCl + lead
acetate sol.
5. Preliminary test for basic
radical
i)Heated a pinch of salt with
conc. NaOH solution.+ HCl
ii).Preparation of original
solution (O.S)
Shook a pinch of the salt with
Water.
iii). To a part of the O.S added
1- 2 ml of dilute HCl.
iv) Through a part of the above
Solution, passed H2S gas.
6. Confirmatory test for lead
(a) Potassium iodide test:-
O.S + Pot. Iodide sol.
Result…. Acidic Radical : SO4-2
Basic Radical : Pb2+
Observation
White
No specific smell.
Colourless , smell of burning
sulphur ,turns potassium
dichromate paper green
No sublimation formed.
Green coloured observed
White ppt formed.
Na2SO4 + BaCl2→
BaSO4(white ppt ) + 2NaCl
White ppt formed.
Na2SO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb→
PbSO4(white ppt ) + CH3COONa
No ppt. formed.
No ppt formed.
Black ppt. formed.
Yellow ppt.
Pb(NO)3 + 2KI → PbI2 yellow +
2KNO3
Basic Radical : Pb2+
Inference
Cu2+ , Fe2+ , Ni2+ , Mn2+, Co2+
Absent.
NH4+ , S2- and CH3COO- may be
absent.
SO42- may be present.
Ammonium halides, aluminium
May be absent.
SO42- may be present.
SO4-2 confirmed.
SO4-2 confirmed.
NH4+ absent.
Labelled it as Original
solution(O.S).
Group I absent.(Pb2+ absent)
Group II present.(Pb2+)
Pb2+ confirmed.