Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample.

Salt sample 1

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(a) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(b) Smell Ammoniacl Smell NH4+ may be present
(c) Density Light Pb2+, Ba2+ Absent
(d) Flame Test No specific Flame Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Absent

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-,, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 White dense fumes with pungent smell Cl- may be present
Confirmatory Test (HCl gas)
AgNO3 Test : Salt solution + add AgNO3
Solution White curdy ppt. Cl- confirmed

3. Basic Radical
Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat Ammonical smell NH4+ may be present
Confirmatory Test for NH4+
Nessler’s Reagent Test:
salt + conc. NaOH and heat + Nessles’r Reddish brown ppt. NH4+ confirmed
Reagents

4. Result
Acid Radical : Cl-
Basic Radical : NH4+
Given salt is NH4Cl

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 2

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(e) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(f) Smell No Smell NH4+,CH3COO- may be Absent
(g) Density High Pb2+, Ba2+ May be present
(h) Flame Test No specific Flame Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Absent

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2--, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 and heat Reddish brown fumes with pungent NO3- may be present
Confirmatory Test for NO3- smell ( NO2 gas evolved)
(i) Diphenyl amine Test : Salt solution + add
diphenyl amine Solution Blue colour NO3- confirmed

(ii) Copper turning Test : salt + copper chips

+ conc. H2SO4 and heat Dark brown fumes with NO2 gas NO3- confirmed
3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl White PPT formed Pb2+ may be present
Confirmatory Test for Pb2+
Little amount of white PPT dissolve in the
hot water and divide in two parts
(i) Potassium Iodide Test : Add potassium
Yellow PPT formed (Lead Iodide) Pb2+ confirmed
Iodide solution in the first part
(ii) Potassium Chromate Test: Add
Yellow PPT formed (Lead chromate ) Pb2+ confirmed
potassium chromate solution in the
second part
4. Result
Acid Radical : NO3-
Basic Radical : Pb2+
Given salt is Pb(NO3)2

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 3

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(i) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell Vinegar like smell l CH3COO- may be present
(iii) Density High Pb2+, Ba2+ May be present
(iv) Flame Test No specific Flame Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Absent

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 and heat Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be present
Confirmatory Test for CH3COO -
(i) Oxalic Acid Test : Salt + Oxalic acid
crystals + few drops of water and make a Vinegar like smell CH3COO- confirmed
paste on your palm and smell

(ii) FeCl3 Test : salt solution and add ferric Red coloration CH3COO- confirmed
chloride solution

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl White PPT formed Pb2+ may be present
Confirmatory Test for Pb2+
Little amount of white PPT dissolve in the
hot water and divide in two parts
(i) Potassium Iodide Test : Add potassium
Yellow PPT formed (Lead Iodide) Pb2+ confirmed
Iodide solution in the first part
 (ii) Potassium Chromate Test: Add
potassium chromate solution in the second
part Yellow PPT formed (Lead chromate ) Pb2+ confirmed

4. Result
Acid Radical : CH3COO-

Basic Radical : Pb2+

Given salt is Pb(CH3COO)2

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 4

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(j) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell No smell NH4+, CH3COO- may be Absent
(iii) Density Moderate Pb2+, Ba2+ May be Absent
(iv) Flame Test No specific Flame Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Absent

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, , S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 and heat No reaction Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO- Absent
Test for SO42 -
(i) BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + add BaCl2
solution White PPT (BaSO4) SO42- confirmed

(ii) Pb(CH3COO)2 Test : Salt solution + Lead

acetate solution White PPT (PbSO4) SO42- confirmed

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl No White PPT formed Pb2+ Absent (First Group)
(iii) Above solution divide in two parts and
pass H2S gas in First part No PPT Cu2+, As3+ Absent (Second Group)
(iv) Add NH4Cl(solid) In second part warm
and cool now add NH4OH in excess
White gelatine PPT Al3+ May be present
 Confirmatory Test for Al3+
Lake Test: Dissolve the white PPT in Dil HCl Blue PPT floating in the transparent Al3+ confirmed
and add few drops of blue litmus solution solution
now add NH4OH drop wise till alkaline

4. Result
Acid Radical : SO42-

Basic Radical : Al3+

Given salt is Al2(SO4)3

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 5

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(i) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell No smell NH4+, CH3COO- may be Absent
(iii) Density Moderate Pb2+, Ba2+ May be Absent
(iv) Flame Test
No specific Flame Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Absent

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 and heat No reaction Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-, CH3COO- Absent
Test for SO42 -
(i) BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + add BaCl2
solution White PPT (BaSO4) SO42- confirmed

(ii) Pb(CH3COO)2 Test : Salt solution + Lead

acetate solution White PPT (PbSO4) SO42- confirmed

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl No White PPT formed Pb2+ Absent (First Group)
(iii) Above solution divide in two parts and
pass H2S gas in First part No PPT Cu2+, As3+ Absent (Second Group)
(iv) Add NH4Cl(solid) In second part warm
and cool now add NH4OH in excess
No PPT Al3+,Fe3+ Absent (Third Group)

(v) above solution divide into two parts and Zn2+ may be present
White PPT
pass H2S gas in first part
 Confirmatory test for Zn2+: dissolve white
PPT in Dil HCl and divide in two parts White PPT soluble of excess NaOH Zn2+ Confirmed
(i) NaOH Test : First part + NaOH (excess)

(ii) K4Fe(CN)6 Test: : second part + K4Fe(CN)6 Zn2+ Confirmed

and heat Bluish white PPT

4. Result
Acid Radical : SO42-

Basic Radical : Zn2+

Given salt is ZnSO4

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 6

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(i) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell No smell NH4+, CH3COO- may be Absent
(iii) Density High Pb2+, Ba2+ May be Present
(iv) Flame Test
Apple green Flame Ba2+ May be present

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 Colour less gas with pungent smell Cl- May be present
(HCl gas)

Confirmatory Test
AgNO3 Test : Salt solution + add AgNO3 Curdy white PPT (AgCl) Cl- confirmed
Solution

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl No White PPT formed Pb2+ Absent (First Group)
(iii) Above solution divide in two parts and
pass H2S gas in First part No PPT Cu2+, As3+ Absent (Second Group)
(iv) Add NH4Cl(solid) In second part warm
and cool now add NH4OH in excess
No PPT Al3+,Fe3+ Absent (Third Group)

(v) above solution divide into two parts and Zn2+ Absent (Fourth Group)
No White PPT
pass H2S gas in first part
(vi) Add Ammonium carbonate solution in
White PPT
the second part Ba2+, Sr2+ , Ca2+ May be present
 Confirmatory Test : White PPT dissolve in
Dilute acetic acid solution and divide in three
parts
(i) Add potassium chromate solution in first Ba2+ confirmed
part Yellow PPT
(ii) Flame Test: performed flame test with
original salt Apple Green Flame appear Ba2+ confirmed

4. Result
Acid Radical : Cl-

Basic Radical : Ba2+

Given salt is BaCl2

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 7

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(i) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell No smell NH4+, CH3COO- may be Absent
(iii) Density Moderate Pb2+, Ba2+ Absent
(iv) Flame Test
Crimson red flame Sr2+ May be present

2. Acid Radical
Dil H2SO4 Test
Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 Colour less gas with pungent smell Cl- May be present
(HCl gas)

Confirmatory Test
AgNO3 Test : Salt solution + add AgNO3 Curdy white PPT (AgCl) Cl- confirmed
Solution

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl No White PPT formed Pb2+ Absent (First Group)
(iii) Above solution divide in two parts and
pass H2S gas in First part No PPT Cu2+, As3+ Absent (Second Group)
(iv) Add NH4Cl(solid) In second part warm
and cool now add NH4OH in excess
No PPT Al3+,Fe3+ Absent (Third Group)

(v) above solution divide into two parts and Zn2+ Absent (Fourth Group)
No White PPT
pass H2S gas in first part
(vi) Add Ammonium carbonate solution in
White PPT
the second part Ba2+, Sr2+ , Ca2+ May be present
 Confirmatory Test : White PPT dissolve in
Dilute acetic acid solution and divide in three
parts
No Yellow PPT Ba2+ Absent
(i) Add potassium chromate solution in first
part
(ii) Add Ammonium Sulphate solution in the White PPT
Sr2+ confirmed
second part
(ii) Flame Test: performed flame test with
original salt Crimson red flame appears Sr2+ confirmed

4. Result
Acid Radical : Cl-

Basic Radical : Sr2+

Given salt is SrCl2

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 8

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(i) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be Present
(iii) Density Light Pb2+, Ba2+ Absent
(iv) Flame Test
Bricks Red flame Ca2+ May be present

2. Acid Radical
Dil H2SO4 Test
Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 and heat Vinegar like smell CH3COO- may be Present

Confirmatory Test for CH3COO -

(i) Oxalic Acid Test : Salt + Oxalic acid
crystals + few drops of water and make a Vinegar like smell CH3COO- confirmed
paste on your palm and smell

(ii) FeCl3 Test : salt solution and add ferric Reddish coloration CH3COO- confirmed
chloride solution

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl No White PPT formed Pb2+ Absent (First Group)
(iii) Above solution divide in two parts and
pass H2S gas in First part No PPT Cu2+, As3+ Absent (Second Group)
(iv) Add NH4Cl(solid) In second part warm
and cool now add NH4OH in excess
No PPT Al3+,Fe3+ Absent (Third Group)

(v) above solution divide into two parts and Zn2+ Absent (Fourth Group)
No White PPT
pass H2S gas in first part
 (vi) Add ammonium carbonate solution in
the second part White PPT Ba2+, Sr2+ , Ca2+ May be present

Confirmatory Test : White PPT dissolve in

Dilute acetic acid solution and divide in three
parts
(i) Add potassium chromate solution in first Ba2+ Absent
part No Yellow PPT
(ii) Add Ammonium Sulphate solution in the
No White PPT Sr2+ Absent
second part
(iii) Add Ammonium Oxalate Solution in the
White PPT Ca2+ confirmed
third part
(ii) Flame Test: performed flame test with Ca2+ confirmed
Brick red flame appears
original salt

4. Result
Acid Radical : CH3COO-

Basic Radical : Ca2+

Given salt is Ca(CH3COO)2

X------X-------X
Aim: To detect the anion and cation in the given salt sample. Salt sample 9

S.No. Experiment Observation Inference

1. Physical Examination
(i) Colour of salt White Co2+, Ni2+, Mn2+,Cu2+,Fe2+ Absent
(ii) Smell No smell NH4+ CH3COO- Absent
(iii) Density Moderate Pb2+, Ba2+ Absent
(iv) Flame Test
No flame Ba2+, Sr2+, Ca2+ Absent

2. Acid Radical

Salt + Add Dil. H2SO4 No reaction CO32-, NO2-, S2-, SO32- Absent
Salt + Add. Conc. H2SO4 and heat No reaction Cl-, Br-, I- , NO3-, CH3COO- Absent

Test for SO42 -

(i) BaCl2 Test : Salt solution + add BaCl2 White PPT (BaSO4) SO42- confirmed
solution

(ii) Pb(CH3COO)2 Test : Salt solution + Lead White PPT (PbSO4)

SO42- confirmed
acetate solution

3. Basic Radical
(i) Salt + conc. NaOH + Heat No Ammonical smell NH4+ Absent (Zero Group)
(ii) Salt solution + Dil HCl No White PPT formed Pb2+ Absent (First Group)
(iii) Above solution divide in two parts and
pass H2S gas in First part No PPT Cu2+, As3+ Absent (Second Group)
(iv) Add NH4Cl(solid) In second part warm
and cool now add NH4OH in excess
No PPT Al3+,Fe3+ Absent (Third Group)
 (v) above solution divide into two parts and No White PPT Zn2+ Absent (Fourth Group)
pass H2S gas in first part
(vi) Add Ammonium carbonate solution in No White PPT
Ba2+, Sr2+ , Ca2+ Absent (Fifth Group)
the second part
(vii) If fifth Group Absent and sixth group
may be present (Mg2+)

Confirmatory Test For Mg2+

(i) Ammonium Phosphate Test: salt solution
+ Ammonium Chloride + Ammonium
White PPT formed Mg2+ confirmed
Hydroxide now add Ammonium
Phosphate solution
(ii) Magneson Test: salt solution +
Ammonium Chloride + Ammonium Sky Blue PPT Formed Mg2+ confirmed
Hydroxide + Magneson reagent + con.
NaOH solution
4. Result
Acid Radical : SO42-

Basic Radical : Mg2+

Given salt is : MgSO4

X------X-------X