02 Factors On Which Internal Resistance of A Cell Dependence

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SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL

NAME
ADDRESS WITH PINCODE AND PHONE NUMBER
PHYSICS PROJECT
Submitted by Guided by
Student Name [ ]
Class With Section Teacher Name
Class Roll No. Designation
Board Roll No.
www.ammhu.com A categorized blogging website and an Online Resource Centre For CBSE, RBSE, and Other State
Boards — Raj Kumar Parashari, Head Science @ JPHS, Jaipur-302021
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INDEX
1. CERTIFICATE
2. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
3. AIM
4. APPARATUS REQUIRED
5. PRINCIPLE / THEORY
6. CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS & IMAGES
7. PROCEDURE
8. OBSERVATIONS
9. CALCULATIONS
10. RESULT
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that _______________________ student of
______ school name _______, class XII Sc __ has carried out
his work for the investigatory project entitled
______________________ _________________
under my guidance and supervision.
Signature of the Teacher

Designation
4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I __________________________ a student of _______

_____________________________,__________ would like to pay my
sincere gratitude to my Physics teacher Mr.
_______________________
For helping and guiding me throughout the completion of the project
report. I would like to thank Mr./Mrs.
___________________________
_____________ our school Principal/Director for making school such
a wonderful place of learning. I also would like to thank Mr. ___
________________ our lab assistant for the timely assistant in
completion of the project.
I would also like to thank my parents and friends, without whom, it
was impossible to complete this project within time frame.
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AIM :—
To study the various factors on which the internal resistance of cell
depends.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:—
An improvised voltaic cell, A voltmeter, Two one way keys, Sandpaper,
Dilute Sulphuric Acid and Connecting wires
PRINCIPLE:—
Internal resistance of a cell is the resistance offered by the electrolyte
to the flow of current through cell. It can be shown that the internal
resistance(r) of the cell depends upon the following factors:
1. directly proportional to the distance d between the electrodes, (i.e.
𝒓 ∝ 𝒅)
2. It is inversely proportional to the common area A of the two
𝟏
electrodes, (i.e. 𝒓 ∝ 𝑨)
3. It is inversely proportional to the concentration C of the electrolyte.

𝟏
(i.e. 𝒓 ∝ 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 )
The internal resistance r can be found out by measuring the E.M.F. of

the cell E when it is an open circuit and the potential difference V
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when the terminals of the cell are shorted by a resistance R by

applying the relation.
𝑬−𝑽 𝒍𝟏
𝒓=𝑹 Or 𝒓 = 𝑹 −𝟏
𝑽 𝒍𝟐
Circuit Diagram :—
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Procedure
(I) To study variation of internal resistance with separation

between electrodes keeping area of electrodes, and concentration
fixed
 To study the dependence of internal resistance r and d the

distance between the two electrodes , connect the circuit as shown in
the circuit diagram.
 Fix distance between electrode = 14 cm, press key K1 and slide
jockey till you get null deflection ( say length l1). Now insert the key
K2 also and take out a suitable resistance R (say 5 𝛀 ) and again
measure balancing length l2. Then calculate the internal
resistance of the cell using the formula l 
r  R    1 . 1
 l2 
 Repeat the same experiment for R =10 𝛀 and 15𝛀 and calculate
internal resistance in each case. Now find average value of internal
resistance for d= 14 cm.
 Also find internal resistance of the cell when separation between

the electrodes is 16 cm and 18 cm
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Observations
Variation Of Internal Resistance with Separation Between Electrodes
d=14 cm
Resistance(𝛀) l1 l2 l 
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 477 cm 21 cm 217.1 𝛀
15 𝛀 ----- cm --- cm ----- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ----- cm --- cm ----- 𝛀
Average Value of internal resistance ----- 𝛀 ( r/d = ------ 𝛀/𝐜𝐦)
d=16 cm
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 ----- cm 19.5 cm 234.6 𝛀
15 𝛀 ----- cm --- cm ----- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ----- cm --- cm ---- 𝛀
Average Value of internal resistance ----- 𝛀 ( r/d = ----- 𝛀/𝐜𝐦)
d= 18 cm
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 ---- cm 17 cm 270.5 𝛀
15 𝛀 ---- cm -- cm ---- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ---- cm -- cm ---- 𝛀
Average Value of internal resistance ---- 𝛀 ( r/d = ----- 𝛀/𝐜𝐦)
Conclusion:— Thus with increase in separation between electrodes

the internal resistance of the cell also increases. The value of r/d is
nearly constant.
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(II) To study variation of internal resistance with area of

electrodes keeping separation between electrodes and
concentration fixed.
 To study the dependence of internal resistance r and the area of

the electrodes, connect the circuit as shown in the circuit
diagram.
jockey till you get null deflection ( say length l1). Now insert the
key K2 also and take out a suitable resistance R (say 5𝛀) and
again measure balancing length l2. Then calculate the
l 
internal resistance of the cell using the formula r  R   1  1 .
 l2 
 Repeat the same experiment for R =10 𝛀 and 15𝛀 and calculate
internal resistance in each case. Now find average value of
internal resistance for area A .
 Also find internal resistance of the cell when separation between
the electrodes is 1.4 A and 2 A .
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Variation Of Internal Resistance with Area of Electrodes

Area=A
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 477 cm 18.5 cm 247.8 𝛀
15 𝛀 ---- cm ---- cm ----- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ---- cm ---- cm ---- 𝛀
Average Value of internal resistance ---- 𝛀 (& r×A = A)
Area= 1.4A
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 477 cm 23 cm ----- 𝛀
15 𝛀 ---- cm --- cm ----- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ---- cm ---- cm -----𝛀
Average Value of internal resistance ----𝛀 (& r×A =-----A)
Area= 2A
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 477 cm 35 cm 126 𝛀
15 𝛀 ---- cm --- cm ---- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ---- cm ---- cm -----𝛀
Average Value of internal resistance ------ 𝛀 (& r×A = ---- A)
Conclusion:— Thus with increase in area of electrodes the internal

resistance of the cell also decreases . Product r ×A is nearly constant.
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(III) To study variation of internal resistance with concentration

of electrolyte keeping separation between electrodes its area
fixed.
 To study the dependence of internal resistance r and

concentration of the electrodes, connect the circuit as shown
in the circuit diagram.
jockey till you get null deflection ( say length l1). Now insert the
key K2 also and take out a suitable resistance R (say 5𝛀) and
again measure balancing length l2. Then calculate the internal
l 
resistance of the cell using the formula r  R   1  1 .
 l2 
 Repeat the same experiment for higher concentration (y>x). For

concentration x, I poured one table spoon of NH4Cl and for
higher concentration I poured two table spoon of NH4Cl in water
to make the electrolyte.
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Variation Of Internal Resistance with Concentration Of Electrolyte

Concentration= x; d= 22cm; Area = A
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 477 cm 17 cm 270.5 𝛀
15 𝛀 ---- cm --- cm ----- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ---- cm --- cm ----- 𝛀
Concentration= y>x ; d= 22cm; Area = A
r  R   1  1
 l2 
10 𝛀 477 cm 24 cm 188 𝛀
15 𝛀 ---- cm ---- cm ----- 𝛀
20 𝛀 ---- cm ----- cm ----- 𝛀
Conclusion:— Thus with increase in concentration of the electrolyte

the internal resistance of the cell decreases .
Precautions
 All the connections should be neat, clean and tight.
 Do not keep the circuit on for a long time. Insert the keys only
while doing the experiment, otherwise the wire will get heated and
will sag.
 The positive terminals of batteries E, E 1 and E2 should be
connected to point A (taken zero).
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 Keep watch that the ammeter reading is constant for one set of
observations.
 Find the rough null deflection by introducing a high resistance
from the resistance box.
Sources of error
 The screws on the instrument may be loose.
 The plugs may not be properly inserted .
 The wire may not have a uniform thickness.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
www.icbse.com
www.wikipedia.com
1. NCERT Practical Lab Manual
2.
3.
Note: — Hand written Investigatory Project Report

should be submitted. Work should be neat and
clean. Avoid unnecessary fancy decoration of the
project report.
Note: — Learn theory, working and related viva for
board practical examination.
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Warning !!!!
Readings are for the purpose of illutrations only.
Take your own readings.
Wish you all the best.

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1

SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL NAME SCHOOL

Signature of the Teacher

I __________________________ a student of _______

3. It is inversely proportional to the concentration C of the electrolyte.

The internal resistance r can be found out by measuring the E.M.F. of

when the terminals of the cell are shorted by a resistance R by

(I) To study variation of internal resistance with separation

 To study the dependence of internal resistance r and d the

 Also find internal resistance of the cell when separation between

Conclusion:— Thus with increase in separation between electrodes

(II) To study variation of internal resistance with area of

 To study the dependence of internal resistance r and the area of

Variation Of Internal Resistance with Area of Electrodes

Conclusion:— Thus with increase in area of electrodes the internal

(III) To study variation of internal resistance with concentration

 To study the dependence of internal resistance r and

 Repeat the same experiment for higher concentration (y>x). For

Variation Of Internal Resistance with Concentration Of Electrolyte

Concentration= y>x ; d= 22cm; Area = A

Conclusion:— Thus with increase in concentration of the electrolyte

Note: — Hand written Investigatory Project Report

Wish you all the best.

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I ____________________ a student of _