Class Xii Chemistry Practial

CLASS XII CHEMISTRY PRACTIAL December 4, 2022
Experiment 1
Determination of acid radical & basic radical of the given salt sample through systematic qualitative
analysis.
Preliminary observation:
a) State = Crystalline solid
b) Colour =Colourless
c) Solubility = Soluble in warm water
Tests for acid radicals
A. Dry tests for acid radical:
Experiment Observation Inference

1. Salt + dil No characteristic observation has been seen. 𝐂𝐎𝟐− - −- 2-, 𝟐−
𝟑 , 𝐍𝐎𝟐 , S 𝐒𝐎𝟑 ,
H2SO4 CH3COO- are absent.
2. Salt + A reddish-brown solution is formed which on warming Br- or, 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑 may be present
concH2SO4 produces reddish-brown fumes.
The production of reddish brown gas increases on
𝐍𝐎−
𝟑 is present
adding a few pieces of copper turning to the hot mixture.
𝐍𝐎−
𝟑 is present
The solution in the test tube becomes blue in colour
Page 1 of 23
B. Wet test for acid radical:

1. Salt solution + AgNO3 No characteristic observation 𝐶𝑙 − , 𝐵𝑟 − , 𝐼 − , 𝐶𝑂32− are absent
has been seen
2. Salt solution + BaCl2 solution No precipitate 𝐒𝐎𝟐− 𝟐− 𝟐−
𝟑 , 𝐒𝐎𝟒 , 𝐂𝐎𝟑 are absent
3. Salt solution + sodium No purple colouration S2- absent

nitroprusside solution
4. Salt solution + K2Cr2O7 No green colouration 𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟑 absent
solution + dil H2SO4

5. Salt solution +NH4OH + No precipitate 𝐏𝐎𝟑−
𝟒 absent
magnesia mixture
6. Salt solution +FeSO4 No brown colouration 𝐍𝐎−
𝟐 absent
solution+ dil H2SO4

7. Salt solution + neutral FeCl3 solution No red colouration CH3COO- absent
8. Salt solution + CaCl2 Solution No precipitate C2𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 absent
9. Ring test for 𝐍𝐎−

𝟑 (Salt solution + Brown ring formed 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑 is present
FeSO4 solution + conc H2SO4 & filter)
Page 2 of 23
Tests for basic radicals

C. Dry tests for basic radicals:
1. Heating in a dry Formation of reddish-brown gas. Nitrate salts of heavy metal

test tube like Pb(NO3)2
2. Flame test Blue colour of the flame Pb2+ present
3. Charcoal test Greyish metallic bead observed & the residue turn Pb2+ salt present
yellow on colling
4. Ammonium No characteristic observation 𝑁𝐻4+ absent
redical test has been
D. Wet test for basic radicals

1. Sat solution + dil H2SO4 White precipitate Gr. I present
2. Above filtrate solution is warmed & H2S is No black or, coloured Gr. II absent
passed precipitate
3. H2S is removed from the above filtrate solution No white or, coloured Gr. III absent
by boiling + NH4Cl+ NH4OH till alkaline precipitate
Page 3 of 23
4. Above filtrate solution + H2S No dirty white or, Gr. IV absent

coloured precipitate
5. H2S is boiled off from the above solution + No white precipitate Gr. V absent
NH4Cl+ NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
6. Above filtrate solution +Na2HPO4 solution No white precipitate Gr. VI absent
Analysis of Group I precipitation:

The precipitate is dissolve in hot water in a test tube a clear solution obtained & the solution is
divided into three parts.
1. 1st part + cooled water White precipitate reappears Pb2+is present
2. 2nd part + CH3COOH + K2CrO4 Yellow precipitate obtained Pb2+is present
3. 3rd part + KI solution Yellow precipitate obtained Pb2+is present
Conclusion:
From the above systematic Qualitative analysis, we find that the given salt simple
contain-
Acid radical = 𝐍𝐎−𝟑
Basic radical = Pb2+
Therefore, the salt is Pb(NO3)2
Page 4 of 23
Experiment 2
analysis.
b) Colour = White
c) Solubility = Soluble in warm water

1. Salt + dil H2SO4 No characteristic observation has been 𝐂𝐎𝟐− - −- 2-, 𝟐−
𝟑 , 𝐍𝐎𝟐 , S 𝐒𝐎𝟑 ,
seen. CH3COO- are absent.
2. Salt + concH2SO4 Colourless gas turns blue litmus red. Cl- present
The gas forms dense white fume with

glass rod moistened with NH4OH.
On adding MnO2 to the mixture &

warming, a greenish yellow gas is
formed.
3. Chromyl chloride test Deep red vapour which produces yellow Cl- present
precipitate in NaOH solution with lead
acetate
Page 5 of 23

1. Salt solution + AgNO3 Curdy white precipitate insoluble 𝐶𝑙 − confirmed
in HNO3, but soluble in NH4OH.
2. Salt solution + BaCl2 solution No precipitate 𝐒𝐎𝟐− 𝟐− 𝟐−
𝟑 , 𝐒𝐎𝟒 , 𝐂𝐎𝟑 are absent

4. Salt solution + K2Cr2O7 solution No green colouration 𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟑 absent
+ dil H2SO4
5. Salt solution +NH4OH + No precipitate 𝐏𝐎𝟑−
𝟒 absent
magnesia mixture
6. Salt solution +FeSO4 solution+ No brown colouration 𝐍𝐎−
𝟐 absent
dil H2SO4
7. Salt solution + neutral FeCl3 No red colouration CH3COO- absent
solution
𝟒 absent

𝟑 (Salt solution No brown ring formed 𝐍𝐎−
𝟑 absent
+ FeSO4 solution + con H2SO4 &
filter)
Page 6 of 23

1. Heating in a dry White sublimate is obtained. 𝑁𝐻4+ present
test tube
2. Flame test No characteristic colour of the flame. Cu2+, Ca2+,Ba2+ may be
absent.
3. Charcoal test No residue left; smell of NH3 𝑁𝐻4+ present
4. Ammonium redical Strong pungent smell of NH3 gas; the gas forms 𝑁𝐻4+ present
test white fumes on glass rod moistened with conc. HCl.

1. Sat solution + dil H2SO4 No white precipitate Gr. I absent
2. Above filtrate solution is warmed & H2S is passed No black or, coloured Gr. II absent
precipitate
3. H2S is removed from the above filtrate solution by No white or, coloured Gr. III absent
boiling + NH4Cl+ NH4OH till alkaline precipitate
4. Above filtrate solution + H2S No dirty white or, coloured Gr. IV
precipitate absent
Page 7 of 23
5. H2S is boiled off from the above solution + NH4Cl+ No white precipitate Gr. V absent
NH4OH + (NH4)2CO3
6. Above filtrate solution +Na2HPO4 solution No white precipitate Gr. VI
absent
E. Test for 𝐍𝐇𝟒+

Fresh solution of salt in water is prepared
1. Salt solution + sodium cobaltnitrite solution Yellow precipitate 𝑁𝐻4+ present
2. 2nd part + CH3COOH + K2CrO4 Yellow precipitate obtained 𝑁𝐻4+ confirmed
Conclusion:
From the above systematic Qualitative analysis, we find that the given salt simple contain-
Acid radical = Cl-
Basic radical = 𝐍𝐇𝟒+
Therefore, the salt is NH4Cl
Page 8 of 23
Experiment 3
analysis.
b) Colour = Blue
c) Solubility = Soluble in water

1. Salt + dil No characteristic observation has been seen. 𝐂𝐎𝟐− - −- 2-, 𝟐−
𝟑 , 𝐍𝐎𝟐 , S 𝐒𝐎𝟑 , CH3COO
-
H2SO4 are absent.

2. Salt + No characteristic observation l-,Br-,I-, C2𝐎𝟐− −
𝟒 , 𝐍𝐎𝟑 are absent
concH2SO4 has been seen.
3. Chromyl No characteristic observation Cl- absent
chloride test has been seen.

Page 9 of 23
1. Salt solution + AgNO3 No characteristic observation 𝐶𝑙 − , 𝐵𝑟 − , 𝐼 − , 𝐶𝑂32− are

absent
has been seen
2. Salt solution + BaCl2 solution Heavy white precipitate 𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒 present

𝟑 absent

5. Salt solution +NH4OH +magnesia No precipitate 𝐏𝐎𝟑−
𝟒 absent
mixture
6. Salt solution +FeSO4 solution+ dil No brown colouration 𝐍𝐎−
𝟐 absent
H2SO4
7. Salt solution + neutral FeCl3 solution No red colouration CH3COO- absent
𝟒 absent

𝟑 is absent

Page 10 of 23

1. Heating in a dry test tube Black residue on strong heating. Cu2+ is present
2. Flame test Bluish green flame Cu2+ is present
3. Charcoal test Reddish flakes observed Cu2+ is present
4. Ammonium redical test No characteristic observation 𝑁𝐻4+ absent
has been

1. Sat solution + dil H2SO4 White precipitate Gr. I absent
2. Above filtrate solution is warmed & H2S is No black precipitate Gr. II present
passed
3. H2S is removed from the above filtrate No white or, coloured precipitate Gr. III absent
solution by boiling + NH4Cl+ NH4OH till alkaline
4. Above filtrate solution + H2S No dirty white or, coloured Gr. IV absent
precipitate
Page 11 of 23
Analysis of Group II precipitation:

The precipitate may be PbS or, CuS. The residue is boiled with 10ml 1:3 HNO3 when
precipitate dissolves. The solution may contain nitrate of Pb2+ or, Cu2+. NH4OH is added till the
solution becomes alkaline; filter &analyse for residue.
Residue Filtrate
Blue colour indicates the presence of Cu2+ as complex ion. To the blue Cu2+present & confirmed
coloured solution add acetic acid followed by potassium,ferrocyanide
solution; Reddish brown precipitate.
Conclusion:
From the above systematic Qualitative analysis we find that the given salt simple contain-
Acid radical = 𝐒𝐎𝟐−
𝟒
Basic radical = Cu2+
Therefore, the salt is CuSO4
Page 12 of 23
Experiment 4
analysis.
a) State = Crystalline
b) Colour = Pale green
c) Solubility = Soluble in cold water

-
seen. are absent.

2. Salt + concH2SO4 No characteristic observation l-,Br-,I-, C2𝐎𝟐− −
has been seen.
3. Chromyl chloride No characteristic observation Cl- absent
test has been seen.

Page 13 of 23
has been seen

𝟒 present

𝟑 absent

𝟒 absent
mixture
𝟐 absent
H2SO4
solution
𝟒 absent

𝟑 is absent

Page 14 of 23
1. Heating in a dry test tube No characteristic No inference

observation has been seen
2. Flame test No characteristic No inference
observation has been seen
3. Charcoal test Grey metallic particles Fe3+ is present
4. Ammonium redical test No characteristic observation has 𝑁𝐻4+ absent
been

1. Sat solution + dil H2SO4 White precipitate Gr. I absent
2. Above filtrate solution is warmed & H2S is No black or, coloured Gr. II absent
passed precipitate
3. H2S is removed from the above filtrate Reddish brown precipitate Gr. III present
solution by boiling + NH4Cl+ NH4OH till occurs
alkaline
4. Above filtrate solution + H2S No dirty white or, coloured Gr. IV absent
precipitate
Page 15 of 23
Analysis of Group III precipitation:
Transfer the precipitate of Group III into a beaker & add 5ml water to it. It is followed by
addition of 5ml of NaOH solution & one drop of H2O2. Boil the mixture for 2-3 minutes until evolution of
O2 ceases. Precipitate remains filtrated & analysis as follows
Residue Filtrate
May contain reddish brown Fe(OH)3 &MnO2.xH2O Fe3+ confirmed
The residue is dissolved in dil.HCl& the solution is divided into
two parts
a. 1st part + K4[Fe(CN)6] solution; Deep blue colour.
b. 2nd part + NH4SCN solution; Blood red colour.
Conclusion:
From the above systematic Qualitative analysis we find that the given salt simple contain-
𝟒
Basic radical = Fe3+
Therefore, the salt is Fe2(SO4)3
Page 16 of 23
Experiment 5
analysis.
a) State = Amorphous solid
b) Colour = white
c) Solubility = Soluble in hot water

-
seen. are absent.

2. Salt + concH2SO4 No characteristic observation l-,Br-,I-, C2𝐎𝟐− −
has been seen.
3. Chromyl chloride No characteristic observation Cl- absent
test has been seen.

Page 17 of 23

has been seen
𝟒 present

𝟑 absent

𝟒 absent
mixture
𝟐 absent
H2SO4
solution
𝟒 absent

𝟑 is absent
Page 18 of 23

1. Heating in a dry No characteristics has been observed No inference

test tube
2. Flame test No characteristics has been observed No inference
3. Charcoal test White residue glows on heating Al3+ is present
4. Cobalt nitrate test Blue residue has been observed Al3+ is present

1. Sat solution + dil H2SO4 No characteristics has Gr. I is absent
been seen
2. Above filtrate solution is warmed & H2S is No black or, coloured Gr. II is absent
passed precipitate
3. H2S is removed from the above filtrate solution Gelatinous white ppt Gr. III is absent
by boiling + NH4Cl+ NH4OH till alkaline occurs
4. Above filtrate solution + H2S No dirty white or, Gr. IV absent
coloured precipitate
Page 19 of 23
Analysis of Group I precipitation:

Transferred the precipitate of group III into a beaker and added 5ml of water to it. It is followed by the addition of 5ml
of NaOH solution & 1 ml of 30% H2O2 then boiled the mixture for 2-3 minutes until evolution of O2 ceases the
precipitate dissolved with the solution following test are performed.
Residue Filtrate
3+
No residue, Fe is absent NH4Cl is added to the above solution & boiled, white
gelatinous precipitate is formed Al3+ is present &
confirmed.
Conclusion:
From the above systematic Qualitative analysis, we find that the given salt simple
contain-
𝟒
Basic radical = Al2+
Therefore, the salt is Al2(SO4)3
Page 20 of 23
Experiment 6
To prepare 250ml of standard M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt.
Theory: Mohr’s salt is a primary standard. The molecular formula is FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O & molecular mass is
392.
392 × 250
∴ Amount required for 250ml of M/20 solution = = 4.9g
1000 ×20
Requirements:
i. Apparatus: watch glass, 250ml beaker, funnel, glass rod, 250ml measuring flask, wash bottle, weight box &
analytical balance.
ii. Chemicals: Pure Mohr’s salt, pure concentrated H2SO4 & distilled water.
Procedure:
a) Take a clean & dry watch glass.
b) Weight the watch glass & record its weight in the note book(W1g)
c) Put pure Mohr’s salt in the watch glass & weight it(W2g). The difference between the weight of watch glass &
that of watch glass with Mohr’s salt should be 4.9g.
d) Now, transfer the Mohr’s salt to a 250ml beaker & dissolved in 250ml of water
e) Add to the beaker about 5ml of conc. H2SO4.
Observations & calculations:
Weight of watch glass = W1g
Weight of watch glass with Mohr’s salt = W2g
Weight of Mohr’s salt taken = W2g - W1g
Volume of solution prepared = 250ml
(𝑊 −𝑊 )×1000
Molarity of Mohr’s salt = 2 1 =
250×392
Page 21 of 23
Experiment 7
Preparation of a standard M/50 solution of oxalic acid & with the help of the standard solution,
determination of molarity of a given solution of KMnO4.
Theory: Oxalic acid reacts with KMnO4 in the presence of dilute H2SO4
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
In the reaction, oxalic acid acts as reducing agent & KMnO4 acts as oxidising agent.
In the titration between KMnO4 & H2C2O4 in acidic medium, KMnO4 acts as a self indicator & end point of the titration
is detected by the formation of permanent light pink colour.
Requirements:
i. Apparatus: watch glass, 250ml beaker, funnel, glass rod, 250ml measuring flask, wash bottle, weight box,
titration flask, wire gauze & analytical balance.
ii. Chemicals: Pure oxalic acid, 2M H2SO4 & supplied KMnO4 solution
Procedure:
i. Prepare 250ml of standard M/50 oxalic acid solution.
ii. Take a clean burette having glass stop cock. Rinse the burette with the given KMnO4 solution & clamp it
properly in the burette stand. Fill it with the given KMnO4 solution and adjust the level of the solution to zero
level by considering the upper meniscus of KMnO4 solution.
iii. Pipette out 25ml of standard oxalic acid solution into a clean titration flask. Add 20ml 2M H2SO4 into the flask.
Heat the flask gently.
iv. Now add 2 to 3drops of KMnO4 solution from the burette to the titration flask. Shake the flask gently. Once
pink colour of the mixture vanishes, add KMnO4 solution dropwise from the burette with constant shaking the
flask, continue the addition till a permanent light pink colour is imparted to the solution. Take the burette
reading by considering the upper meniscus of KMnO4 solution. This is the final burette reading(Y).
Observation:
Page 22 of 23
(𝑊 −𝑊 )×1000
Molarity of oxalic acid = 2 1 = M2
250×126
Volume of oxalic acid= 25 ml= V2ml
Sl. No. Burette reading Volume of KMnO4 used = y-x = V1ml
Initial(x) Final(y)
1
2
3
Volume of KMnO4 solution(V1ml) from burette reading-

Calculations:
2KMnO4 + 5H2C2O4 + 3H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O
2KMnO4 ≡ 5H2C2O4
𝑉1 𝑀1 𝑉𝑀
= 2 2
2 5
𝑉2 𝑀2 × 2 25 ×(𝑊2 − 𝑊1 ) × 1000 ×2
∴ M1 (Molarity of KMnO4 solution) = = (𝑌−𝑋) ×250 ×126 × 5
𝑉1 × 5
Page 23 of 23

Class Xii Chemistry Practial

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Class Xii Chemistry Practial

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CLASS XII CHEMISTRY PRACTIAL December 4, 2022

Experiment Observation Inference

B. Wet test for acid radical:

3. Salt solution + sodium No purple colouration S2- absent

solution + dil H2SO4

solution+ dil H2SO4

9. Ring test for 𝐍𝐎−

Tests for basic radicals

1. Heating in a dry Formation of reddish-brown gas. Nitrate salts of heavy metal

D. Wet test for basic radicals

4. Above filtrate solution + H2S No dirty white or, Gr. IV absent

Analysis of Group I precipitation:

Experiment Observation Inference

The gas forms dense white fume with

On adding MnO2 to the mixture &

B. Wet test for acid radical:

3. Salt solution + sodium No purple colouration S2- absent

9. Ring test for 𝐍𝐎−

Tests for basic radicals

D. Wet test for basic radicals

E. Test for 𝐍𝐇𝟒+

Experiment Observation Inference

H2SO4 are absent.

B. Wet test for acid radical:

1. Salt solution + AgNO3 No characteristic observation 𝐶𝑙 − , 𝐵𝑟 − , 𝐼 − , 𝐶𝑂32− are

3. Salt solution + sodium No purple colouration S2- absent

solution + dil H2SO4

9. Ring test for 𝐍𝐎−

Tests for basic radicals

Experiment Observation Inference

D. Wet test for basic radicals

Analysis of Group II precipitation:

Experiment Observation Inference

seen. are absent.

B. Wet test for acid radical:

has been seen

3. Salt solution + sodium No purple colouration S2- absent

solution + dil H2SO4

9. Ring test for 𝐍𝐎−

Tests for basic radicals

1. Heating in a dry test tube No characteristic No inference

D. Wet test for basic radicals

6. Above filtrate solution +Na2HPO4 solution No white precipitate Gr. VI absent

Analysis of Group III precipitation:

Experiment Observation Inference

seen. are absent.

B. Wet test for acid radical:

1. Salt solution + AgNO3 No characteristic observation 𝐶𝑙 − , 𝐵𝑟 − , 𝐼 − , 𝐶𝑂32− are absent

3. Salt solution + sodium No purple colouration S2- absent

solution + dil H2SO4

9. Ring test for 𝐍𝐎−

Tests for basic radicals

1. Heating in a dry No characteristics has been observed No inference

D. Wet test for basic radicals

Analysis of Group I precipitation:

To prepare 250ml of standard M/20 solution of Mohr’s salt.

Volume of KMnO4 solution(V1ml) from burette reading-

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