Essentials of MATLAB Programming 3rd Edition Chapman Solutions Manual Download

Essentials of MATLAB
Programming 3rd Edition

Chapman
Full download at link: https://testbankpack.com/p/solution-
manual-for-essentials-of-matlab-programming-3rd-edition-by-
chapman-isbn-1305970659-9781305970656/
5. Loops and Vectorization

5.1 The MATLAB statements to evaluate the expression with loops are
% Script file: eval_loop.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program evaluates the specified function over
% the range -9 to 9 in steps of 0.5, using loops.
%
% Record of revisions:
% Date Programmer Description of change
% ==== ========== =====================
% 03/25/15 S. J. Chapman Original code
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% t -- Independent variable
% y -- Dependent variable
% Evaluate with loops

%
t = -9:0.5:9;
y = zeros(size(t));
for ii = 1:length(t)
if t(ii) >= 0
y(ii) = -3 * t(ii)^2 + 5;
else
y(ii) = 3 * t(ii)^2 + 5;
end
end
%
79
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% Diplay result
%
plot(t,y,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('\bf\itt');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on;
80
The resulting plot is shown below:
5.2 The MATLAB statements to evaluate the expression with vectors are
% Script file: eval_vector.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program evaluates the specified function over
% the range -9 to 9 in steps of 0.5, using vectors.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% t -- Independent variable
% test -- Logical array for masking
% y -- Dependent variable
% Evaluate with vectors

%
t = -9:0.5:9;
test = t > 0;
y(test) = -3 * t(test).^2 + 5;
y(~test) = 3 * t(~test).^2 + 5;
%
80
% Diplay result
%
plot(t,y,'LineWidth',2);
xlabel('\bf\itt');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on;
The resulting plot is identical, as shown below:
5.3 The MATLAB statements to print a table of the even numbers between 0 and 50 and their squares
are
% Create headings
fprintf(' Value Square \n');
fprintf(' ====== =========\n');
% Create and print squares

for ii = 0:2:50
square = ii^2;
fprintf(' %3d %6d\n',ii,square);
end
When these statements are executed, the results are:
» squares
Value Square
81
====== =========
0 0
2 4
4 16
...
...
48 2304
50 2500
5.4 An M-file to evaluate the equation y ( x ) = x 2 − 3 x + 2 is shown below.
% Script file: calc_function.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program calculates the equation y(x) = x^2 - 3*x + 2
% for values of x between -1 and 3.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% square -- Squares
% Calculate in a for loop

for ii = 1:41
x(ii) = (ii-11)/10;
y(ii) = x(ii)^2 - 3*x(ii) + 2;
end
% Calculate as vectors
x = -1:0.1:3;
y = x.^2 - 3*x + 2;
% Plot function
figure(1);
plot( x, y, 'r--', 'LineWidth',3);
title('\bfPlot of \ity(x) \rm\bf vs \itx');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity(x)');
82
5.5 An M-file to calculate N! is shown below.
% Script file: factorial.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program evaluates N!.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% fact -- n!
% n -- Input value
% Get n
n = input('Enter n: ');
% Check to see that n is a positive integer

if n < 0
disp('Error--n must be non-negative!');
elseif round(n) ~= n
83
disp('Error--n must be an integer!');
else
% Calculate n!
if n == 0
fact = 1;
else
fact = 1;
for ii = 1:n
fact = fact * ii;
end
end
% Display result
disp([int2str(n) '! = ' int2str(fact)]);
end
When this program is executed, the results are:
» factorial
Enter n: -4
Error--n must be non-negative!
» factorial
Enter n: 1.4
Error--n must be an integer!
» factorial
Enter n: 5
5! = 120
5.6 (a) 65536 times. The loop index values will be -32768, -32767, …, -1, 0, 1, …, 32767. (b) 0 times
1
1 

(c) 1 time, with the loop index value = 2 (d) 5 times, with the loop index values being 1 each

1
1
time.
5.7 (a) ires = 21; loop executes 21 times; (b) ires = 22; loop executes 4 times (c) ires = 18;
loop executes 3 times (d) ires = 24; outer loop executes 4 times, and inner loop executes 11
times.
5.8 (a) ires = 10; loop executes 9 times (b) ires = 256; loop executes 3 times (c) ires = 2; loop
never executes.
1 −2 3 −4  0 0 0 0 
5.9 (a) arr1 = 5 −6 7 −8  ; (b) arr1 =  0 36 49 64  .

   
9 −10 11 −12 81 100 121 144
84
5.10 A logical array can be made to behave as a mask for vector operations by using it as a subscript for
the vector operands. Any true value in the array causes that element to be selected.
5.11 A modified version of ball.m with vectorized inner loops is shown below.
% Script file: ball.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program calculates the distance traveled by a ball
% thrown at a specified angle "theta" and a specified
% velocity "vo" from a point on the surface of the Earth,
% ignoring air friction and the Earth's curvature. It
% calculates the angle yielding maximum range, and also
% plots selected trajectories.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/27/15 S. J. Chapman Vectorized inner loops
%
% Define variables:
% conv -- Degrees to radians conv factor
% gravity -- Accel. due to gravity (m/s^2)
% ii, jj -- Loop index
% index -- Location of maximum range in array
% maxangle -- Angle that gives maximum range (deg)
% maxrange -- Maximum range (m)
% range -- Range for a particular angle (m)
% time -- Time (s)
% theta -- Initial angle (deg)
% traj_time -- Total trajectory time (s)
% vo -- Initial velocity (m/s)
% vxo -- X-component of initial velocity (m/s)
% vyo -- Y-component of initial velocity (m/s)
% x -- X-position of ball (m)
% y -- Y-position of ball (m)
% Constants
conv = pi / 180; % Degrees-to-radians conversion factor
g = -9.81; % Accel. due to gravity
vo = 20; % Initial velocity
%Create an array to hold ranges

range = zeros(1,91);
% Calculate maximum ranges (vectorized)

theta = 0:90;
vxo = vo * cos(theta*conv);
vyo = vo * sin(theta*conv);
max_time = -2 * vyo / g;
range = vxo .* max_time;
85
% Write out table of ranges
fprintf ('Range versus angle theta:\n');
for ii = 1:91
theta = ii - 1;
fprintf(' %2d %8.4f\n',theta, range(ii));
end
% Calculate the maximum range and angle

[maxrange index] = max(range);
maxangle = index - 1;
fprintf ('\nMax range is %8.4f at %2d degrees.\n',...
maxrange, maxangle);
% Now plot the trajectories

for ii = 5:10:85
% Get velocities and max time for this angle

theta = ii;
traj_time = -2 * vyo / g;
% Calculate the (x,y) positions (vectorized)

time = 0:0.05:1 * max_time;
x = vxo * time;
y = vyo * time + 0.5 * g * time.^2;
plot(x,y,'b');
if ii == 5
hold on;
end
end
% Add titles and axis lables

title ('\bfTrajectory of Ball vs Initial Angle \theta');
xlabel ('\bf\itx \rm\bf(meters)');
ylabel ('\bf\ity \rm\bf(meters)');
axis ([0 45 0 25]);
grid on;
% Now plot the max range trajectory

vxo = vo * cos(maxangle*conv);
vyo = vo * sin(maxangle*conv);
traj_time = -2 * vyo / g;
% Calculate the (x,y) positions (vectorized)

time = 0:0.05:1 * max_time;
x = vxo * time;
y = vyo * time + 0.5 * g * time.^2;
plot(x,y,'r','LineWidth',3.0);
hold off
5.12 A modified version of ball.m that allows the user to specify the acceleration due to gravity is
shown below.
86
%
% Purpose:
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/27/15 S. J. Chapman Modified to read g
%
% Define variables:
% time -- Time (s)
% Constants
vo = 20; % Initial velocity
% Get acceleration due to gravity

g = input('Enter g (m/s^2): ');
% Create an array to hold ranges

% Calculate maximum ranges

for ii = 1:91
theta = ii - 1;
range(ii) = vxo * max_time;
end
87
for ii = 1:91
theta = ii - 1;
end


for ii = 5:10:85

theta = ii;
% Calculate the (x,y) positions

x = zeros(1,21);
y = zeros(1,21);
for jj = 1:21
time = (jj-1) * max_time/20;
x(jj) = vxo * time;
y(jj) = vyo * time + 0.5 * g * time^2;
end
plot(x,y,'b');
if ii == 5
hold on;
end
end

axis ([0 45 0 25]);
grid on;


x = zeros(1,21);
y = zeros(1,21);
for jj = 1:21
88
x(jj) = vxo * time;
end
hold off
The maximum range of the ball varies as the acceleration due to gravity changes, but the best angle
to throw the ball remains the same:
» ball
Enter g (m/s^2): -9.8
Range versus angle theta:
0 0.0000
1 1.4245
2 2.8472
...
90 0.0000
Max range is 40.8163 at 45 degrees.

» ball
Enter g (m/s^2): -9.7
0 0.0000
1 1.4392
2 2.8766
...
90 0.0000

»
» ball
Enter g (m/s^2): -9.6
0 0.0000
1 1.4541
2 2.9065
...
90 0.0000
5.13 A modified version of ball.m that allows the user to specify an initial velocity is shown below.

%
% Purpose:
%
89
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/27/15 S. J. Chapman Read initial velocity
%
% Define variables:
% time -- Time (s)
% Constants
g = -9.81; % Accel. due to gravity
% Get initial velocity

vo = input('Enter vo (m/s): ');
% Create an array to hold ranges

% Calculate maximum ranges

for ii = 1:91
theta = ii - 1;
range(ii) = vxo * max_time;
end

for ii = 1:91
theta = ii - 1;
end

90

for ii = 5:10:85

theta = ii;

x = zeros(1,21);
y = zeros(1,21);
for jj = 1:21
x(jj) = vxo * time;
end
plot(x,y,'b');
if ii == 5
hold on;
end
end

axis ([0 45 0 25]);
grid on;


x = zeros(1,21);
y = zeros(1,21);
for jj = 1:21
x(jj) = vxo * time;
end
hold off
The maximum range of the ball varies as the initial velocity changes, but the best angle to throw the
ball remains the same:
» ball
Enter vo (m/s): 10
91
0 0.0000
1 0.3558
2 0.7111
...
90 0.0000

» ball
Enter vo (m/s): 20
0 0.0000
1 1.4230
2 2.8443
...
90 0.0000

» ball
Enter vo (m/s): 30
0 0.0000
1 3.2018
2 6.3997
...
90 0.0000
5.14 A modified version of lsqfit.m that uses a while loop to enter data is shown below.
% Script file: lsqfit.m

%
% Purpose:
% To perform a least-squares fit of an input data set
% to a straight line, and print out the resulting slope
% and intercept values.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/27/15 S. J. Chapman Modified to use a while loop
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% n_points -- Number in input [x y] points
% slope -- Slope of the line
% sum_x -- Sum of all input x values
% sum_x2 -- Sum of all input x values squared
% sum_xy -- Sum of all input x*y yalues
% sum_y -- Sum of all input y values
% temp -- Variable to read user input
92
% x -- Array of x values
% x_bar -- Average x value
% y -- Array of y values
% y_bar -- Average y value
% y_int -- y-axis intercept of the line
disp('This program performs a least-squares fit of an ');

disp('input data set to a straight line.');
% Read the input data

n_points = 0;
temp = input('Enter [x y] pair: ');
while ~isempty(temp)
n_points = n_points + 1;
x(n_points) = temp(1);
y(n_points) = temp(2);
temp = input('Enter [x y] pair: ');
end
% Accumulate statistics
sum_x = 0;
sum_y = 0;
sum_x2 = 0;
sum_xy = 0;
for ii = 1:n_points
sum_x = sum_x + x(ii);
sum_y = sum_y + y(ii);
sum_x2 = sum_x2 + x(ii)^2;
sum_xy = sum_xy + x(ii) * y(ii);
end
% Now calculate the slope and intercept.

x_bar = sum_x / n_points;
y_bar = sum_y / n_points;
slope = (sum_xy - sum_x * y_bar) / ( sum_x2 - sum_x * x_bar);
y_int = y_bar - slope * x_bar;
% Tell user.
disp('Regression coefficients for the least-squares line:');
fprintf(' Slope (m) = %8.3f\n', slope);
fprintf(' Intercept (b) = %8.3f\n', y_int);
fprintf(' No of points = %8d\n', n_points);
% Plot the data points as blue circles with no

% connecting lines.
plot(x,y,'bo');
hold on;
% Create the fitted line

xmin = min(x);
xmax = max(x);
ymin = slope * xmin + y_int;
ymax = slope * xmax + y_int;
93
% Plot a solid red line with no markers
plot([xmin xmax],[ymin ymax],'r-','LineWidth',2);
hold off;
% Add a title and legend

title ('\bfLeast-Squares Fit');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
legend('Input data','Fitted line');
grid on
When this program is executed, the results are the same as in Example 4-6:
» lsqfit
This program performs a least-squares fit of an
input data set to a straight line.
Enter [x y] pair: [1.1 1.1]
Enter [x y] pair:
Regression coefficients for the least-squares line:
Slope (m) = 1.000
Intercept (b) = 0.000
No of points = 7
» lsqfit
Enter [x y] pair: [1.1 1.01]
Enter [x y] pair: [2.2 2.30]
Enter [x y] pair: [3.3 3.05]
Enter [x y] pair: [4.4 4.28]
Enter [x y] pair: [5.5 5.75]
Enter [x y] pair: [6.6 6.48]
Enter [x y] pair: [7.7 7.84]
Enter [x y] pair:
Slope (m) = 1.024
Intercept (b) = -0.120
No of points = 7
5.15 A modified version of lsqfit.m that reads input data from the file input1.dat using the load
function is shown below.

%
% Purpose:
94
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/27/15 S. J. Chapman Modified to read from input1.dat
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index


load input1.dat
x = input1(:,1); y =
input1(:,2); n_points
= length(x);
sum_x = 0;
sum_y = 0;
sum_x2 = 0;
sum_xy = 0;
for ii = 1:n_points
end

% Tell user.
95

% connecting lines.
plot(x,y,'bo');
hold on;

xmin = min(x);
xmax = max(x);

hold off;

xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on
When this program is executed, the results are the same as in Example 5.6. It is necessary to store
each input data set in the file named input1.dat, and then to execute the program using that file.
(This program could be further improved by reading the data from a user-specified file, instead of a
fixed file name.)
» !copy input1a.dat input1.dat

1 file(s) copied.
» lsqfit
Slope (m) = 1.000
No of points = 7
» !copy input1b.dat input1.dat
1 file(s) copied.
» lsqfit
Slope (m) = 1.024
No of points = 7
5.16 A modified version of lsqfit.m that reads input data from the file input1.dat using the
textread function is shown below.
96
%
% Purpose:
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/27/15 S. J. Chapman Modified to read from user file
%
% Define variables:
% filename -- Input file anme
% ii -- Loop index

% Get the file name to read

filename = input('Enter file name: ','s');

in_data = textread(filename);
x = in_data(:,1); y =
in_data(:,2);
n_points = length(x);
sum_x = 0;
sum_y = 0;
sum_x2 = 0;
sum_xy = 0;
for ii = 1:n_points
end
97
% Tell user.

% connecting lines.
plot(x,y,'bo');
hold on;

xmin = min(x);
xmax = max(x);

hold off;

xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on
When this program is executed, the results are the same as in Example 5.6. The user specifies which
file to read each time the program is executed.
» lsqfit
Enter file name: input1a.dat
Slope (m) = 1.000
No of points = 7
» lsqfit
Enter file name: input1b.dat
Slope (m) = 1.024
No of points = 7
98
5.17 The MATLAB function to calculate the factorial function is factorial(n). The result of this
function are:
>> factorial(5)
ans =
120
>> factorial(10)
ans =
3628800
>> factorial(15)
ans =
1.3077e+012
5.18 A program to smooth a noisy data set with a running average filter is shown below. Note that this
program prompts the user for the name of the input data file and the number of points to use in
smoothing.
The number of points used in smoothing should be an odd number, so that there are an equal number
of points on either side of the one being averaged. To accommodate this, the program calculates the
number of points on either side of the center using the equation n_per_side = (n_ave-1) /
2. If the user entered an even number of points, this result will contain a fraction. We take care of
this possibility by throwing away fractional part using the floor function.
Next the program has to worry about the ends of the data sets, where there are less than
n_per_side points available for averaging. It does this for each point by calculating the number
of points available on each side of the point being averaged, and using the smaller of those two
numbers if it is less than n_per_side.
% Script file: running_ave.m

%
% Purpose:
% To perform a running average filter on an input data set.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% filename -- Input data file
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values
disp('This program performs a running average filter on an ');

disp('input data set.');
filename = input('Enter the filename containing the data: ','s');
n_ave = input('Enter the number of samples to average: ');
99
% Get the number of samples on either side of the sample
% being averaged, dropping any fractional part.
n_per_side = (n_ave-1) / 2;
n_per_side = floor(n_per_side);

x = textread(filename,'%f');
% Now perform the running average

for ii = 1:n_points
% Check to see how many points we can use on either side

% of the point being averaged.
n_low = min([ (ii-1) n_per_side]);
n_high = min([ (n_points-ii) n_per_side]);
n_used = min([ n_low n_high]);
% Now calculate running average

y(ii) = sum(x(ii-n_used:ii+n_used)) / (2*n_used+1);
end

% connecting lines.
plot(x,'bo');
hold on;
% Plot the fit as a solid red line with no markers

plot(y,'r-','LineWidth',2);
hold off;

title ('\bfRunning-Average Filter');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on
>> running_ave
This program performs a running average filter on an
input data set.
Enter the filename containing the data: input3.dat
Enter the number of samples to average: 7
100
5.19 A program to smooth a noisy data set with a median filter is shown below. Note that this program
prompts the user for the name of the input data file and the number of points to use in smoothing.
% Script file: median_filter.m

%
% Purpose:
% To perform a median filter on an input data set.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% ii -- Loop index
% filename -- Input data file
% n_ave -- Number of points to average
% n_per_side -- Number of points to average per side
% n_points -- Number of points in data set
% x -- Array of input values
% y -- Array of filtered values
disp('This program performs a median filter on an input data set.');

filename = input('Enter the filename containing the data: ','s');
n_ave = input('Enter the number of samples to average: ');
% Get the number of samples on either side of the sample

% being averaged, dropping any fractional part.
101
n_per_side = (n_ave-1) / 2;
n_per_side = floor(n_per_side);

x = textread(filename,'%f');
% Now perform the running average

for ii = 1:n_points
% Check to see how many points we can use on either side

% of the point being averaged.
n_low = min([ (ii-1) n_per_side]);
n_high = min([ (n_points-ii) n_per_side]);
n_used = min([ n_low n_high]);
% Now calculate running average

y(ii) = median(x(ii-n_used:ii+n_used));
end

% connecting lines.
plot(x,'bo');
hold on;
% Plot the fit as a solid red line with no markers

plot(y,'r-','LineWidth',2);
hold off;

title ('\bfMedian Filter');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\ity');
grid on
>> median
This program performs a median filter on an input data set.
Enter the filename containing the data: input3.dat
Enter the number of samples to average: 7
102
The median filter is better than the running average filter in situations where there are really wild
points (line the ones at 28 and 71 in the data set input3.dat). These wild points perturb the
running average filter more than the median filter.
5.20 A program to calculate and plot 3, 5, and 10 terms of Fourier series approximation to a square wave
is shown below. Note that the more terms we use, the better the approximation becomes.
% Script file: fourier_series.m

%
% Purpose:
% To plot 3, 5, and 10 terms of a Fourier series approximation
% to a square wave.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% y3 -- Three-term approimation
% y5 -- Five-term approimation
% y10 -- Ten-term approimation
% Get the input data points

x = -2:0.001:2;
% Calculate the Fourier series approximation to 3 terms

103
y3 = zeros(size(x));
for n = 1:2:5
y3 = y3 + (1/n) .* sin(n*pi*x);
end

for n = 1:2:9
y5 = y5 + (1/n) .* sin(n*pi*x);
end

for n = 1:2:19
y10 = y10 + (1/n) .* sin(n*pi*x);
end
% Plot the approximations

plot(x,y3,'r-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot(x,y5,'b--','LineWidth',2);
plot(x,y10,'k-.','LineWidth',2);
hold off;

title ('\bfFourier Series Approximations');
xlabel('\bf\itx');
ylabel('\bf\itf(x)');
legend('3 terms','5 terms','10 terms');
grid on
104
The resulting plot is:
5.21 A version of program doy that checks for the validity of the input days and months is shown below.
% Script file: doy.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program calculates the day of year corresponding
% to a specified date. It illustrates the use switch and
% for constructs.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
% 1. 03/30/15 S. J. Chapman Modified to check for validity
%
% Define variables:
% day -- Day (dd)
% day_of_year -- Day of year
% ii -- Loop index
% leap_day -- Extra day for leap year
% max_day -- Last day in a month
% month -- Month (mm)
% year -- Year (yyyy)
% Get day, month, and year to convert

disp('This program calculates the day of year given the ');
disp('current date.');
105
month = input('Enter current month (1-12): ');
day = input('Enter current day(1-31): ');
year = input('Enter current year(yyyy): ');
% Check for leap year, and add extra day if necessary

if mod(year,400) == 0
leap_day = 1; % Years divisible by 400 are leap years
elseif mod(year,100) == 0
leap_day = 0; % Other centuries are not leap years
elseif mod(year,4) == 0
leap_day = 1; % Otherwise every 4th year is a leap year
else
leap_day = 0; % Other years are not leap years
end
% Check to see if month is valid valid

if month < 1 | month > 12
disp('Error--invalid month');
else
% Check to see if day is valid

switch (month)
case {1,3,5,7,8,10,12},
max_day = 31;
case {4,6,9,11},
max_day = 30;
case 2,
max_day = 28 + leap_day;
end
if day < 1 | day > max_day

disp('Error--invalid day');
else
% Everthing is ok. Calculate the day of year

% by adding current day to the days in
% previous months.
day_of_year = day;
for ii = 1:month-1
% Add days in months from January to last month

switch (ii)
case {1,3,5,7,8,10,12},
day_of_year = day_of_year + 31;
case {4,6,9,11},
day_of_year = day_of_year + 30;
case 2,
day_of_year = day_of_year + 28 + leap_day;
end
end
106
% Tell user
fprintf('The date %2d/%2d/%4d is day of year %d.\n', ...
month, day, year, day_of_year);
end
end
5.22 A program to evaluate the function ln 1 repeatedly for legal inputs is shown below.
1− x
% Script file: eval_fn.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program evaluates a function, first checking
% to ensure that the input argument is legal. Evaluate
% this function repeatedly until an illegal value is
% entered.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Independent variable
% fun -- Resulting function
% Prompt the user for the value x

x = input ('Enter x: ');
% Calculate the function

while x < 1
fun = log( 1 / (1-x) );
disp(['log( 1 / (1-x) ) = ' num2str(fun)]);
x = input ('Enter x: ');
end
disp('Ending...');
5.23 A program to calculate the nth Fibonacci number using a while loop is shown below. Note that
this program tests to make sure that the input value is greater than 2, and that it is an integer.
% Script file: fibonacci.m

%
% Purpose:
% This program evaluates the nth Fibonacci number.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% fn -- Fibonacci number
107
% n -- The item in the sequence to calculate
% Get n
n = input('Enter the Fibonacci number n to evaluate (n>2): ');
% Check to see that n is an integer greater than two

if n <= 2
disp('Error--n must greater than two!');
elseif round(n) ~= n
disp('Error--n must be an integer!');
else
% Calculate fn
fn = zeros(1,n);
fn(1) = 1;
fn(2) = 2;
ii = 3;
while ii <= n;
fn(ii) = fn(ii-1) + fn(ii-2);
ii = ii + 1;
end
% Display result
disp(['The ' int2str(n) 'th Fibonacci number = ' int2str(fn(n))]);
end
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below. Note that the error checks are
working properly, and the main calculations are also correct.
>> fibonacci
Enter the Fibonacci number n to evaluate (n>2): -1
Error--n must greater than two!
>> fibonacci
Enter the Fibonacci number n to evaluate (n>2): 3.4
Error--n must be an integer!
>> fibonacci
Enter the Fibonacci number n to evaluate (n>2): 3
The 3th Fibonacci number = 3
>> fibonacci
>> fibonacci
5.24 A program to calculate and plot the current flowing through a diode as a function of frequency is:
% Script file: diode.m

%
108
% Purpose:
% This program calculates and plots the current flowing
% through a diode as a function of the voltage across it.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% i0 -- Leakage current (A)
% id -- Diode current (A)
% k -- Boltzmann's constant (joule/K)
% q -- Charge on an electron (coul)
% temp_f -- Temperature (deg F)
% temp_k -- Temperature (K)
% vd -- Diode voltage (V)
% Initial values
i0 = 2.0e-6; % amps
k = 1.38e-23; % joule/K
q = 1.602e-19; % Coulombs
vd = -1.0:0.01:0.6; % Volts
temp_f = [75 100 125]; % def F
for ii = 1:length(temp_f)
% Convert temperature to kelvins.

temp_k = (5/9) * (temp_f(ii) - 32) + 273.15;
% Calculate currents
id = i0 .* ( exp((q*vd)/(k*temp_k)) - 1 );
% Plot line in various colors

if ii == 1
plot(vd,id,'b-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
elseif ii == 2
plot(vd,id,'k--','LineWidth',2);
elseif ii == 3
plot(vd,id,'r:','LineWidth',2);
hold off;
end
end
legend('75° F', '100° F', '125° F')
grid on;
title('\bfPlot of diode voltage vs diode current');
xlabel('\bf\itv_{D}');
ylabel('\bf\iti_{D}');
109
5.25 A program to find the attachment point that minimizes the tension on a cable is shown below:
% Script file: cable.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the connection point that results in
% minimum tension on a cable.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% dist -- Distance to attachment (m)
% lc -- Cable length (m)
% ii -- index variable
% lp -- Pole length (m)
% saved_dist -- Save attachment distance
% saved_tension -- Saved tension
% tension -- Tension on cable
% weight -- Weight of object (kg)
% Initial values
lc = 2;
lp = 2;
110
weight = 100;
clear dist tension
% Calculate tension at 0.3 m

dist(1) = 0.3;
tension(1) = weight * lc * lp ...
/ ( dist(1) * sqrt(lp^2 - dist(1)^2) );
% Save these initial values for comparision

saved_dist = dist;
saved_tension = tension;
% Calculate for other values between 0.4 and 1.8 m

jj = 1;
for ii = 0.4:0.1:1.8
% Update array index

jj = jj + 1;
% Calculate tension
dist(jj) = ii;
tension(jj) = weight * lc * lp ...
/ ( dist(jj) * sqrt(lp^2 - dist(jj)^2) );
% Find minimum tension point

if tension(jj) < saved_tension
saved_tension = tension(jj);
saved_dist = dist(jj);
end
end
% Display minimum tension point

disp(['Minimum tension at ' num2str(saved_dist)]);
disp(['Minimum tension = ' num2str(saved_tension)]);
% Plot tension vs distance

figure(1);
plot(dist,tension,'b-','LineWidth',2);
grid on;
title('\bfPlot of tension vs attachment distance');
xlabel('\bfDistance');
ylabel('\bfTension');
>> cable
Minimum tension at 1.4
Minimum tension = 200.04
111
5.26 A program to find the range of attachment points within 10% of the minimum tension is shown
below. Note that we have calculated the data at a smaller step size (0.01 m) to improve the accuracy
of the limits.
% Script file: cable.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the range of connection points that result
% in cable tension within 10% of the minimum value.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% dist -- Distance to attachment (m)
% lc -- Cable length (m)
% jj -- index variable
% lp -- Pole length (m)
% max_dist -- Max distance within 10% of min tension
% min_dist -- Min distance within 10% of min tension
% saved_dist -- Save attachment distance
% saved_index -- Index of minimum tension value
% saved_tension -- Saved tension
% tension -- Tension on cable
% weight -- Weight of object (kg)
112
% Initial values
lc = 2;
lp = 2;
weight = 100;
clear dist tension
% Calculate tension at 0.3 m

dist(1) = 0.3;
tension(1) = weight * lc * lp ...
/ ( dist(1) * sqrt(lp^2 - dist(1)^2) );
% Save these initial values for comparision

saved_dist = dist;
saved_tension = tension;
% Calculate for other values between 0.31 and 1.8 m

jj = 1;
for ii = 0.31:0.01:1.8
% Update array index

jj = jj + 1;
% Calculate tension
dist(jj) = ii;
tension(jj) = weight * lc * lp ...
/ ( dist(jj) * sqrt(lp^2 - dist(jj)^2) );
% Find minimum tension point

if tension(jj) < saved_tension
saved_tension = tension(jj);
saved_dist = dist(jj);
saved_index = jj;
end
end
% Now calculate the value that is 10% greater than

% the minimum.
tension_limit = 1.1 * saved_tension;
% Now find the values within that range.

for ii = saved_index:length(dist)
if tension(ii) <= tension_limit
max_dist = dist(ii);
else
break;
end
end
for ii = saved_index:-1:1
if tension(ii) <= tension_limit
min_dist = dist(ii);
113
else
break;
end
end
% Display minimum tension point

disp(['Minimum tension at ' num2str(saved_dist)]);
disp(['Minimum tension = ' num2str(saved_tension)]);
% Display the limits where tension is withn 10% of min

disp(['Tension is within 10% of min between ' num2str(min_dist) ...
' and ' num2str(max_dist)]);
% Plot tension vs distance

figure(1);
plot(dist,tension,'b-','LineWidth',2);
grid on;
title('\bfPlot of tension vs attachment distance');
xlabel('\bfDistance');
ylabel('\bfTension');
>> cable
Minimum tension at 1.41
Minimum tension = 200.0035
Tension is within 10% of min between 1.09 and 1.68
114
5.27 A program to calculate the area of a parallelogram using the cross product is shown below. Note
that the cross product works on three-dimensional vectors, so the input must be in the form of the
coefficients of a vector x î + y ĵ + z k̂ , with the three coefficients given as a MATLAB vector:
% Script file: parallelogram.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the area of a parallelogram defined by two
% vectors representing adjacent sides.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% a -- First vector
% area -- Area of parallelogram
% b -- Second vector
disp('This program calculates the area of a parallelogram defined.');

disp('by vectors representing two adjacent sides.');
a = input('Enter vector representing side A (three dimensions): ');
b = input('Enter vector representing side B (three dimensions): ');
% Calculate area
area = abs(cross(a,b));
% Tell user
disp(['The area is ' num2str(area)]);
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below.
>> parallelogram
This program calculates the area of a parallelogram defined.
by vectors representing two adjacent sides.
Enter vector representing side A (three dimensions): [10 0 0]
Enter vector representing side B (three dimensions): [5 8.66 0]
The area is 0 0 86.6
The area of the parallelogram is 86.6.

5.28 The area of a rectangle is given by the equation A = W  H and the perimeter of the rectangle is
given by the equation P = 2W + 2H . If the total perimeter is limited to 10, then the height of the
rectangle is related to the width by
10−2W
H=
2
where 0  W  5 (otherwise the width would be negative). Therefore, the program must calculate
the area of the rectangle as the height is varied from 0 to 5.
115
% Script file: area_of_rectangle.m
116
%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the larges area possible for a rectangle
% of perimeter 10.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% area -- Area of rectange
% h -- Height of rectangle
% w -- Width of rectangle
% saved_area -- Saved area of rectange
% saved_h -- Saved height of rectangle
% saved_w -- Saved width of rectangle
% Get an array of widths

w = 0:0.1:5;
% Calculate heights
h = (10 - 2.*w) ./ 2;
% Calculate the aera of the rectanges

area = w .* h;
% Find the maximum area

saved_area = 0;
saved_w = 0;
saved_h = 0;
for ii = 1:length(w)
if area(ii) > saved_area
saved_area = area(ii);
saved_w = w(ii);
saved_h = h(ii);
end
end
% Tell user
disp(['The maximum area is ' num2str(saved_area) ' at width = ' ...
num2str(saved_w) ' and height = ' num2str(saved_h)]);
% Plot area vs width

figure(1);
plot(w,area,'b-','LineWidth',2);
grid on;
title('\bfPlot of area vs width');
xlabel('\bfWidth');
ylabel('\bfArea');
117
When this program is executed, the results are as shown below.
>> area_of_rectangle
The maximum area is 6.25 at width = 2.5 and height = 2.5
The area of the rectangle vs width is shown below:
5.29 A program to calculate the amount of bacteria found in two different culture media over time is
shown below. Note that both linear and semilogy plots are created.
% Script file: bacteria.m

%
% Purpose:
% Program to calculate rate of bacterial growth in
% different culture media.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% double_time_1 -- Doubling time of medium 1 (hrs)
% double_time_2 -- Doubling time of medium 2 (hrs)
% n_bact_1 -- Number of bacterial in medium 1
% n_bact_2 -- Number of bacterial in medium 2
% time -- Time (hrs)
118
% Initial values
double_time_1 = 1.0;
double_time_2 = 1.5;
% Print heading.
disp('The rates of colony growth are: ');
disp(' Time Colony 1 Colony 2');
disp(' ==== ======== ========');
% Calculate the sizes of each colony

for ii = 1:9
% Set time
time(ii) = 3 *(ii-1);
% Calculate colony size

n_bacteria_1(ii) = 2.0 ^ ( time(ii) / double_time_1);
n_bacteria_2(ii) = 2.0 ^ ( time(ii) / double_time_2);
% Tell user
fprintf(' %6.1f%12.1f%12.1f\n',time(ii), ...
n_bacteria_1(ii), n_bacteria_2(ii));
end
% Plot colony size vs time

figure(1);
plot(time,n_bacteria_1,'b-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
plot(time,n_bacteria_2,'k--','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfPlot of colony size vs time');
xlabel('\bfTime (hours)');
ylabel('\bfColony size');
legend('Medium 1','Medium 2');
grid on;
figure(2);
semilogy(time,n_bacteria_1,'b-','LineWidth',2);
hold on;
semilogy(time,n_bacteria_2,'k--','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfPlot of colony size vs time');
xlabel('\bfTime (hours)');
ylabel('\bfColony size');
legend('Medium 1','Medium 2');
grid on;
» bacteria
The rates of colony growth are:
Time Colony 1 Colony 2
==== ======== ========
119
0.0 1.0 1.0
3.0 8.0 4.0
6.0 64.0 16.0
9.0 512.0 64.0
12.0 4096.0 256.0
15.0 32768.0 1024.0
18.0 262144.0 4096.0
21.0 2097152.0 16384.0
24.0 16777216.0 65536.0
119
5.30 A program to calculate and plot the dBW values corresponding to a given input power is shown
below:
% Script file: decibel2.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the decibels referenced to 1 W for input
% powers of 1 to 20 W.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% dBW -- Power in dBW (dB referenced to 1 watt)
% pin -- Power in watts
% Get input power

pin = 1:1:20;
% Calculate dBm
dBW = 10 * log10( pin / 1.0 );
% Plot dBW vs power

figure(1);
semilogx(pin,dBW,'b-','LineWidth',2);
title('\bfPlot of dBW vs input power');
xlabel('\bfInput Power (W)');
120
ylabel('\bfdBW');
grid on;
5.31 A program to calculate the geometric mean of a set of positive numbers is shown below. This
program uses a while loop to get the input values.
% Script file: geometric_mean.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the geometric mean of a set of positive
% numbers.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input values
% g -- Geometric mean
% nvals -- Number of input values
% prod -- Product of input values
% Initialize product and nvals

prod = 1;
nvals = 0;
% Read the first number

121
x = input('Enter first number: ');
% Read the remaining numbers

while x > 0
prod = prod * x;
nvals = nvals + 1;
x = input('Enter next number: ');
end
% Calculate geometric mean

g = prod ^ (1/nvals);
% Tell user
fprintf('The geometric mean is %.4f\n',g);
» geometric_mean
Enter first number: 10
Enter next number: 5
Enter next number: -1
The geometric mean is 4.7287
5.32 A program to calculate the rms average of a set of positive numbers is shown below. This program
uses a for loop to get the input values.
% Script file: rms_average.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the rms average of a set of numbers.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% x -- Input values
% rms -- Rms average
% sum2 -- Sum of input values squared
% Initialize sum
sum2 = 0;
% Read the number of input values

nvals = input('Enter number of values: ');
% Read the numbers

for ii = 1:nvals
x = input('Enter number: ');
122
sum2 = sum2 + x^2;
end
% Calculate rms average

rms = sqrt( sum2 / nvals );
% Tell user
fprintf('The rms average is %.4f\n',rms);
» rms_average
Enter number of values: 4
Enter number: 10
Enter number: 5
Enter number: 2
Enter number: 5
The rms average is 6.2048
5.33 A program to calculate the harmonic mean of a set of positive numbers is shown below. This
program uses a for loop to get the input values. Note that while loops could also have been used.
% Script file: harmonic_mean.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the harmonic mean of a set of numbers.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% hmean -- Harmonic mean
% sumr -- Sum of reciprocals of the input values
% x -- Input values
% Initialize sum
sumr = 0;

% Read the numbers

for ii = 1:nvals
sumr = sumr + 1/x;
end
% Calculate harmonic mean

hmean = nvals / sumr;
123
% Tell user
fprintf('The harmonic mean is %.4f\n',hmean);
» harmonic_mean
Enter number: 10
Enter number: 5
Enter number: 2
Enter number: 5
The harmonic mean is 4.0000
5.34 A program to calculate the arithmetic mean, geometric mean, harmonic mean, and rms average of a
set of positive numbers is shown below.
% Script file: all_means.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the average (arithmetic mean), rms average,
% geometric mean, and harmonic mean of a set of numbers.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% ave -- average
% g -- Geometric mean
% hmean -- Harmonic mean
% prod -- Product of input values
% rms -- Rms average
% sum -- Sum of input values
% sum2 -- Sum of input values squared
% x -- Input values
% Initialize sums
prod = 1;
sum = 0;
sumr = 0;
sum2 = 0;

% Read the numbers

for ii = 1:nvals
prod = prod * x;
sum = sum + x;
124
sum2 = sum2 + x^2;
sumr = sumr + 1/x;
end
% Calculate the means

ave = sum / nvals;
g = prod ^ (1/nvals);
hmean = nvals / sumr;
rms = sqrt( sum2 / nvals );
% Tell user
fprintf('Arithmetic mean = %.4f\n',ave);
fprintf('Geometric mean = %.4f\n',g);
fprintf('Harmonic mean = %.4f\n',hmean);
fprintf('Rms average = %.4f\n',rms);
» all_means
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 4
Arithmetic mean = 4.0000
Geometric mean = 4.0000
Harmonic mean = 4.0000
Rms average = 4.0000
» all_means
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 3
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 5
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 3
Enter number: 5
» all_means
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 1
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 7
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 1
Enter number: 7
125
» all_means
Enter number: 1
Enter number: 2
Enter number: 3
Enter number: 4
Enter number: 5
Enter number: 6
Enter number: 7
5.35 A program to calculate the mean time between failures of a system consisting of a series of
subsystems with known MTBFs is shown below.
% Script file: mtbf.m

%
% Purpose:
% To calculate the MTBF of a system based on the MTBFs
% of its components.
%
% ==== ========== =====================
%
% Define variables:
% mtbf -- Mean time between failure for overall system
% mtbfi -- MTBF for individual subsystems
% Initialize sum
sumr = 0;

nvals = input('Enter number of subsystems: ');
% Read the numbers

for ii = 1:nvals
mtbfi = input(['Enter MTBF of Subsystem ' int2str(ii) ': ']);
sumr = sumr + 1/mtbfi;
end
% Calculate overall MTBF

mtbf = 1 / sumr;
126
% Tell user
fprintf('The overall system MTBF is %.4f hours.\n',mtbf);
» mtbf
Enter number of subsystems: 4
Enter MTBF of Subsystem 1: 2000
The overall system MTBF is 437.9562 hours.
127
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Essentials of MATLAB

Programming 3rd Edition

5. Loops and Vectorization

% Script file: eval_loop.m

% Evaluate with loops

% Script file: eval_vector.m

% Evaluate with vectors

The resulting plot is identical, as shown below:

% Create and print squares

When these statements are executed, the results are:

5.4 An M-file to evaluate the equation y ( x ) = x 2 − 3 x + 2 is shown below.

% Script file: calc_function.m

% Calculate in a for loop

5.5 An M-file to calculate N! is shown below.

% Script file: factorial.m

% Check to see that n is a positive integer

disp('Error--n must be non-negative!');

When this program is executed, the results are:

5.9 (a) arr1 = 5 −6 7 −8  ; (b) arr1 =  0 36 49 64  .

% Script file: ball.m

%Create an array to hold ranges

% Calculate maximum ranges (vectorized)

% Calculate the maximum range and angle

% Now plot the trajectories

% Get velocities and max time for this angle

% Calculate the (x,y) positions (vectorized)

% Add titles and axis lables

% Now plot the max range trajectory

% Calculate the (x,y) positions (vectorized)

% Get acceleration due to gravity

% Create an array to hold ranges

% Calculate maximum ranges

% Calculate the maximum range and angle

% Now plot the trajectories

% Get velocities and max time for this angle

% Calculate the (x,y) positions

% Add titles and axis lables

% Now plot the max range trajectory

% Calculate the (x,y) positions

Max range is 40.8163 at 45 degrees.

Max range is 41.2371 at 45 degrees.

Max range is 41.6667 at 45 degrees.

% Script file: ball.m

% Get initial velocity

% Create an array to hold ranges

% Calculate maximum ranges

% Write out table of ranges

% Calculate the maximum range and angle

% Now plot the trajectories

% Get velocities and max time for this angle

% Calculate the (x,y) positions

% Add titles and axis lables

% Now plot the max range trajectory

% Calculate the (x,y) positions

Max range is 10.1937 at 45 degrees.

Max range is 40.7747 at 45 degrees.

Max range is 91.7431 at 45 degrees.

% Script file: lsqfit.m

disp('This program performs a least-squares fit of an ');

% Read the input data

% Now calculate the slope and intercept.

% Plot the data points as blue circles with no

% Create the fitted line

% Add a title and legend