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l;sfpg]k|lj|mof xf] .
— JolStn] cg's/0f, ;Nnfx ;'emfj / efiffsf dfèodaf6 ;d"xsf] d"No dfGotf,
Jojxf/, hLjg z}nL, k/Dk/f, ljrf/ tyf ;fdflhs Jojxf/ l;Sg] k|lj|mof
xf] .
dflg; hGd]b]lv gd?Gh]n;Dd ;dfhsf ljleGg ultljlw / sfo{df ;+nUg xG5 . o; j|
mddf p;n] ;dfhn] ckgfPsf gLlt lgod kfngf ug{] / ;f]cg;f/ Jojxf/ ug{] sfo{
;fdflhsLs/0f
xf] . To:t} ;dfh cgzf;gdf /xL ;fdflhs ]Zo k|flKtdf ;lj| ] sfo{nfO{ klg
cgsn pbb mo xg
;fdflhsLs/0f elgG5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] JolStnfO{ ljleGg ;fdflhs 1fg, l;k, zLn,
:jefj l;sfP/ ;dfhof]Uo agfp5 . ;fdflhsLs/0fn] g} JolStnfO{ ;fdflhs jftfj/0fdf
3'nldn u/fp“5 . j|mdzM pm ;dfhsf] c;n / s'zn gful/s aG5 .
ljmofsnfk
-s_ s] ltdLx¿ klg dfly pNn]v u/] em“ ;fdflhsLst[ ePsf 5f} t <
;fdflhsLst[ eP
gePsf] af/]df 5nkmn u/L cfÇgf] lgisif{ klg lgsfn .
;fdflhsLs eP gePsf] ofpg ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljz]iftf klg yfxf kfpg cfjZos

t 56
xbf] /x]5 . ca, ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljz]iftf klxrfg u/f“ x} t ¤
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ljbofyL{nfO{ sIff, 3/, kl/jf/ / ;d'bfodf 3'nldn eO{ ;fdflhsLs[t x'g ;xof]u k'Ug] lj|
mofsnfk / 5nkmndf ;xefuL u/fpg'xf];\ y

;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljziftf
— ;fdflhsLs/0f JolStnfO{ c;n / Jofjxfl/s agfpg] hLjge/ rNg] kl| jm| of xf] .
— k|lj|mof / :yfgcg;f/ ;fdflhsLs/0f km/s km/s tl/sfsf] xG5 .
— ;fdflhsLs/0f ;f:s[lts x:tfGt/0f tyf ;f:s[lts cfTd;ft\ ug{] k|lj|mof xf]
.
— ;fdflhsLs/0f ;fdflhs ;b:o agfpg] / cfTdljZjf; a9fpg] k|lj|mof xf] .
ltdLx¿n] ;fdflhsLs/0f xg ;s] g;ssf af/df] lgsfnsf] lgisif{ lzIfsnfO{ ;gfpm .
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0f eP gePsf] yfxf kfpg] tl/sf s] s] ;S5g ;dxdf 5nkmn u/L
cfkm xg ,
sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
-u_ s] ltd|f] sIffdf ePsf ;a} ;fyL ltdf| ] sIff jftfj/0fdf ;lhn} 3nldn xg ;ssf]
5g
t < 5g\ eg] s;/L / 5gg\ eg] lsg 3nldn g;ssf xfnfg\ < 5nkmn u/ .
xg ;fyL;u
-3_ ;dfhsf] c;n / szn gful/s s;/L algG5 xfnf < ;dxdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ ;gfpm .
cEof;
!= tnsf kZgsf] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ ;fdflhsLs/0f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0f ePsf] JolSt s:tf] xG5 <
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] ljz]iftfx¿nfO{ tflnsfdf u/ .
k|:tt'
@= tn lbOPsf zAbsf cy{ ldNg] u/L vfnL 7fpdf e/ M
-ljmofsnfk, cfTd;ft, ;fdflhsLs/0f, cgfkrfl/s, cfTd ljsf;, cfkrfl/s, x:tfGt/0f_
-s_ ============== – ;dfhdf 3nldn xg' ;Sg], ;dfhdf leHg ;Sg]
sfo{
-v_ ============== – Pp6f k:tfaf6 csf{] k:tfdf ;fg{'
-u_ ============== – :jLsf/ ug{] jf c¿sf] ljrf/nfO{ :jLsf/ ug{] sfo{
-3_ ============== – cfÇgf] cfGtl/s ljsf;
kf7 M $ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfWod
JolStnfO{ ;fdflhs xg ;xofu] k¥ofpg] Jojxf/, rfnrng /

sfo{nfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfèod elgG5 .
;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfèod lgDgfg;f/ ;S5g\ M
xg'
-s_ kfylds dfWod (Primary Agents)
JolStnfO{ cgf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f xg ;xofu] k¥ofpg] ;fwg jf dfèod g}
;fdflhsLs/0fsf k|fylds dfèod \ . tL dfèod o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
xg
— kl/jf/ / ldq ;fyL ;dx"
— l5d]sL / gft]bf/ ;dx"
— ljjfx, xf6, kj, dnf] cflb
-v_ låtLo dfWod (Secondary Agents)
JolStnfO{ cfkrfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f ;xo k¥ofpg] dfèod g} ;fdflhsLs/0fsf
xg fu
låtLo dfèod xg\ . tL dfèod o; ksf/| 5g\ M
— z}lIfs ;:yf jf ljbofno
— ;fdflhs ; ;+:yf, h:t} M cfdf ;wf/ ;dx, Snax¿ cflb
n3 ;dx, 6fn
— /fhgLlts ;+:yf, h:t} M ljleGg kf6Lx¿
— Jofj;flos ;dx, h:t} M Jofkf/ Joj;fo ;dxx¿
ug{
— cflys ;:yf,+ h:t} M ans}, ;xsf/L
— wfld{s Pjd\ ;f+:s[lts ;+:yfx¿, h:t} M d7 dlGb/, uDaf, ljxf/, dl:hb,
dfnlvd cflb .
o;/L dflg;x¿ ljleGg dfèodaf6 ;fdflhs aGb} hfG5g\ . xfdf 3/, kl/jf/, 5/l5ds,]
sfdsfh, dnfkftnufot ljleGg k;f Joj;fon] dflg;nfO{ ;fdflhs agfp5 .
dflg; ;fdflhs kf0fL xf] . ;fdflhs cfjZostf k/f ug{ / ;dfhsf] ljsf; ug{ To;
;dfhsf ;a} ;b:ox¿ ldNgk5{ . o; sfo{nfO{ ;fdflhs ;xeflutf klg elgG5 . ;fdflhs
;xeflutf ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] d]?b08 xf] . ctM ;fdflhsLs/0f ;dfh ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0fsf
k|dv cfwf/ xf] .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
kf7df ePsf :yfgLo ;dfhdf krlnt ;fdflhsLs/0fsf cGo ;fwg jf dfWodsf af/df
k:tt afxs
sIffdf 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
ljmofsnfk
ltdLx¿n] cl3Nnf] kf7df ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] kl/rosf af/]df 5nkmn ul/;s]sf 5f} .
JolStnfO{ ;fdflhsLs/0f dfèod s] s] ;Snfg\ < 5nkmn u/L u/ .
ug{ xg l6kf6
cEof;
!= tnsf kZgsf 5f6f] pTt/ nv M
-s_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf dfèod eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf låtLo dfèodsf ¿kdf ljbofnonfO{ lsg lnOG5 <
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0fsf cf]6f låtLo dfèod n]v .
kfr
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
;dx ‘s’ ;d ‘v’
x
;fdflhsLs/0f ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] ;fwg
;fyL ;dx ;fdflhsLs/0fsf] låtLo dfèod
ljb\ofno ;fdflhs k|f0fL
szn gful/s ls/ftx¿sf] :yn
wflds
dflg; ;dfhdf gLltlgod l;Sg] / l;sfpg] k|lj|mof
dfnlvd ;dfh ljsf; / ¿kfGt/0fsf] cfwf/
;fdflhsLs/0fsf] k|fylds dfèod
#= ldNbf] zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ k/f u/ M
-s_ ;dfhn] ckgfPsf gLlt lgod kfngf ug{] / ;f]cg;f/ Jojxf/ ug{] sfo{
========== xf] . -;dfh, ;fdflhsLs/0f, ;fdflhs lgod_
-v_ ;fdflhsLs/0f ;dfh ljsf; / =========== sf] kdv cfwf/ xf] . -¿kfGt/0f, ;wf/, ;xofu_
-u_ ;fdflhsLs/0f hLjge/ l;Sg] ================xf] . -klj|mof, lgod, sfo{_
-3_ JolStnfO{ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;fdflhsLs/0f x'g ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] dfèod g
========== dfèod ;fdbflos sfo{
xg
\ . -k|fylds, låtLo, cgf}krfl/s_
ltdf| ] ;dbfodf ;fdflhsLs/0f ;DaGwL s] s:tf ;d:of 5g\ < tL ;d:ofsf ;dfwfg s;/L
xf]nf < ;dbfosf hfGg] tyf aemg] JolStsf] ;xofu] lnO{ pTt/ tof/ u/ .
kf7 M % :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt
ljsf;df hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ dflgG5 . ljsf;

sfo{nufot hgtfnfO{ lbg] ;]jf k|jfxdf s]Gb|Lo
;/sf/n] dfq sfo{ ug{ ;Dej x'“b}g . To;}n] hgtfn]
cfÇgf nflu zf;g ug{] JolStx¿ cfkm“} 5fGg kfp5g\ .
hgtfs} kltlglwaf6
;~rfng u/sf] zf;g Joj:yfnfO{ hgtfsf] zf;g elgG5 .
hgtfåf/f r'lgPsf k|ltlglwaf6 zf;g ;~rfng, gLlt
lgdf0{ f / ljsf;sf sfo{ x'g] kb\wltnfO{ nf]stGq elgG5
. nf]stGqsf] oxL cEof;nfO{ tNnf] tx;Dd k¥ofpg
:yfgLo
;/sf/sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . o;/L g]kfndf :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ¿kdf ufp“ ljsf;
;ldlt, gu/kflnsf / lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt /x]sf x'G5g\ .
nfstGq Jofks hg;dy{g k|fKt u/sf] ;/sf/sf] :j¿k xf] . nfstGqdf hgtfsf]
OR5fcg;f/ zf;g ;~rfng xG5 . hgtfn] cfkm}“ cfÇgf k|ltlglwx¿ lgjf{rg u5{g\ . log}
k|ltlglwx¿af6
;/sf/sf] u7g x'G5 . xfd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] ¿kdf /x]sf] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf]
u7g s;/L xG5 t <
xfd|f] b]znfO{ &% lhNnfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . log} &% lhNnfdf Ps Ps lhNnf ljsf;
;ldlt -lhlj;_ /xg] Joj:yf 5 . k|To]s lhNnfnfO{ sDtLdf gf} / a9Ldf R&
Onfsfdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7gsf af/]df :yfgLo :jfoTt
zf;g P]g, @)%% n] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . pSt P]gn] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltdf o; k|
sf/ k|ltlglwTj x'g]Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 M
R= lhNnfsf k|To]s Onfsfleqsf ufp“ kl/ifb\ / gu/ kl/ifb\sf lgjf{lrt ;b:ox¿n]
cfkmdèo]af6 Ps hgfsf b/n] lgjf{lrt Onfsf ;b:ox¿
@= lhNnfsf k|To]s ufp“ / gu/ kl/ifbsf lgjf{lrt ;b:on] cfkmx¿dèo]af6 lgjf{lrt
;efklt / pk;efklt
#= lhNnfleqsf Joj:yflksf ;+;bsf ;b:ox¿ kb]g ;b:o
$= lhNnf kl/ifb\ ;b:ox¿dèoaf6 Ps hgf dlxnf;lxt lhlj;åf/f dgfgLt bO{ hgf ;b:o
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo ;/sf/ / ;n3Lotfsf ljz]iftfsf af/]df ljleGg Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f lbb“ } :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g
P]g / lgodfjnLdf ePsf Joj:yfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
o;/L ;efklt, pk;efklt, lhNnfsf ;f++;bx¿ / lhNnfsf k|To]s Onfsfaf6
lgjf{lrt / dgf]gLt ;b:ox¿ ldn]/ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] u7g x'G5 . of] ;ldltsf]
kbfjlw kf“r jif{sf] x'G5 .
lj|mofsnfk
R= ltd|f] sIffnfO{ gdgf cfwf/ dfgL gdgf lh=lj=;= u7gsf] cEof;
u/ . @= tnsf] cgR5]b k9L lbOPsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M
nf]stGqdf hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ zf;g ;~rfng x'G5 . hgtfn] cfk}m“ cfÇgf k|
ltlglw 5fG5g\ . log} k|ltlglwaf6 ;/sf/sf] u7g x'G5 . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt,
gu/kflnsf / uflj; :yfgLo ;/sf/sf ;+:yf x'g\ . o:tf ;/sf/af6 zf;gdf hgtfsf]
;xeflutf a9\5 . gLlt lgod agfpg] sfo{df ;d]t pgLx¿ ;+nUg xG5g\ . o:tf
sfo{df ljleGg hghflt,
efiff, wd{, j0f{, If]q, lnnu / ;dbfosf JolStx¿df ;dfg ¿kdf :jzf;gsf] cj;/ kfKt|
x'G5g\ . o:tf] cEof;nfO{ :jfoTt zf;g elgG5 . ;n\3Lotf eg]sf] klg o;s} Pp6f :j¿k
xf] . nf]stGq x'g lgDg lnlvt ;t{x¿ k'/f x'g'k5{ M
— /fd|f] lzIff kbwlt — /fhgLlts hfu/0f — ;dfgtf
— :j:y bnLo k|lt:kwf{ — ;xof]uL efjgf — ;r]t gful/s
— :jtGqtf — pRr g}ltstf — zflGt / ;Joj:yf
— :jtGq / lgikIf cfjlws lgjf{rg
-s_ dflysf] cgR5bdf pNnv ePadflhd ltdL /xsf] 7fpsf] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] sfd u/sf] 5 t <
-v_ ltd|f] :yfgLo ;/sf/n] dfly n]v] h:t} ;t{x¿ k'/f u/]sf] 5 ls 5}g < 5nkmn u/ .
-u_ ltdL s:tf] :yfgLo ;/sf/ rfxG5f} < Ps cg'R5]b n]v .
cEof;
-s_ nf]stGq eg]sf] s] xf] < o;sf b'O{ ljz]iftf n]v .
-v_ :yfgLo ;/sf/ lsg cfjZos k/]sf] xf] < b'O{ cf]6f sf/0f n]v .
-u_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] ;+/rgf s:tf] /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 < n]v .
-3_ lgjf{lrt :yfgLo ;/sf/ gxbf cK7of/fx¿ jf ;d:ofx¿ s] s] \ < ;rL
kg{tof/ kf/ . xg

kf7 M ^ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf sfo{x¿
>L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no

;Nn]/L, ;f]nvDa
>L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf ;b:oHox¿ ldlt M @)&)÷)(÷R%
;a} Onfsf, ;f]nvDa
o; lhNnfsf] lhNnf kl/ifb\sf] a}7s @)&) kmfu'g R% ut] a:b} 5 .
cfufdL jif{sf of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md pSt kl/ifb\af6 :jLs[t ug]{ sfo{j|md
/x]sf] 5 . To;}n] ;a
;b:ox¿n] df3 R% ut]leq cfcfkmgf] Onfsfsf of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md tof/ u/L k;]
ug cg/ 5 . gf tyf sfo{jmd 5fGbf lgDg lnlvt kljmof k/f g{ 5 M
x{ fw ofh ugk
g
R= of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md 5gf]6 ubf{ j8f e]nf / ufp“ kl/ifbaf6 kf; ug{
@= ;j;fwf/0f hgtfnfO{ kToIf kmfObf ] md 5gf]6 ug{
xg sfo
j
#= /f]huf/L l;h{gf x'g] sfo{j|md 5gf]6 ug]{
$= :yfgLo pTkfbg j[blw ug{ ;3fp k'Ug] sfo{j|md 5gf]6 ug]{
%= :yfgLo ;fwg ;|f]t, l;k, Ifdtfaf6 ;~rfng xg';Sg] sfo{j|md 5gf]6 ug{
^= jftfj/0f ;+/If0fdf ;3fp k¥ofpg] sfo{j|md 5gf]6 ug{]
&= lk5l8Psf / ul/a ju{sf hgtfsf] nflu /fxt kUg] sfo{j|md
5gf]6
ug{
]sfo{j|md tyf of]hgfsf If]qx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
-s_ s[lif ;DaGwL -v_ vfg]kfgL / a:tL ljsf; -u_ hn ljbot
-3_ lgdf{0f tyf oftfoft -n_ eld ;wf/ -r_ dlxnf ljsf;
-5_ jg tyf jftfj/0f -h_ lzIff tyf vnsb -em_ /fhuf/ ;DaGwL
-`_ l;“rfO / /+ If0f -6_ efiff / ;:slt -7_ ' pbofu]
e; 3/n
-8_ :jf:Yo -9_ ko6g ljsf; -0f_ ljljw
lhlj; ;efklt
lzIf0f ;'emfj
kf7df k|:t't kqn] lhlj;sf] of]hgf k|lj|mof, of]hgfsf If]q / lhlj;sf d'Vo sfo{x¿sf
af/]df :ki6 u/]sf] 5 y kqnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL :yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g P]g lgodsf af/]df 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf];\ y
lj|mofsnfk
-s_ dflysf] kqsf cfwf/df lhlj;n] ug{] sfd s] s] /x]5g\ < agfO{ lzIfs; 5nkmn
;dx"u/ . 5nkmndf cfPsf s'/fnfO{ a'“bfut ¿kdf u
l6kf]6 u/ .
ltdLx¿n] l6k] h:t]} lhNnfsf] ;du| ljsf;sf nflu lhlj;n] lgDg lnlvt sfox¿
u5{ M R= ljleGg gLlt lgod agfO{ nfu' ug{]
@= of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md tof/ u/L sfo{
;Dkfbg
ug{
]#= ;~rflnt sfo{j|mdsf] lg/LIf0f ug{]
$=ljleGg k|sf/sf ;]jf ;ljwf pknAw u/fpg]
%= lhlj;sf] cfDbfgLsf nflu s/, b:t/, zNs cflb nufpg]
^= s]Gb|Lo ;/sf/n] k7fPsf ljsf; sfo{j|md sfof{Gjog ug{ cflb .
-v_ ltd|f] ljbofnosf] ljsf;sf nflu uflj;, gu/kflnsf jf lhlj;af6 ePsf
sfo{x¿ lzIfs;“u ;f]w]/ ;"rL agfpm .
-u_ ltdL lhlj;sf] kbflwsf/L ePsf] eP s] s:Tff of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md uYof}{ xf]nf <
gdgf of]hgf agfpm .
cEof;
-s_ lr7Ldf of]hgf 5fGbf s;/L 5gf]6 xg] Joj:yf blvG5] <
-v_ of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md 5fGbf s:tf s'/fnfO{ ljz]if èofg lbOg] /x]5 <
-u_ lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] ug{ lhNnf ljsf; ;DaGwL sfo{If]q s] s] /x]5g\ <
k|dv
-3_ j8f e]nf / ufp“ kl/ifbaf6 lsg of]hgf kfl/t ugk/]sf] xf]nf <
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
;dx ‘s’ ;d ‘v’
x
lhlj;sf] cfDbfgL :yfgLo ;/sf/sf] Pp6f :j¿k
:yfgLo :jfoTt zf;g P]g j8f e]nfaf6 kf; kg{
xg
of]hgf tyf sfo{j|md @)%%
lhlj; lhNnfleqsf] ljsf; ug{
lhlj;sf] sfo{ s/, b:t/, zN' s
efiff / ;+:s[lt

kf7 M & lhNnfsf ljsf; sfox¿
cf]vn9nuf
@)&)÷)@÷)&
cfb/0fLo dfdf,
gd:sf/ ¤
dfdf, oxf“ xfdL ;Gr} . ] ;Dks{ gu/]sf] w]/} ;do eof] t lhlj;sf] ;efklt
5f“ tkfOn“ . xg
eP/ klg Jo:t ePsf] xf] ls < 3/df ;a}n] f] lhNnfdf ePsf w]/} ljsf; sfo{sf
xg tkfOs
af/]df ;Gg] u/]sf 5f“ . dn]} xfdf]| lhNnfdf ePsf ljsf;
sfo{ nv/]] k7fPsf] 5' . tkfOsf
lhNnf h:t} agfpg xfdLn] ca s] s] ug{knf{ < n]vL k7fpgxf]nf .
tkfO“x¿ a;fO“ ;/L lj/f6gu/ uPsf] R% jifdf oxf“ } eP h:tf] nfusf] 5 . xg t
w/ kl/jtg
tkf f] lhNnfdf 7nf] eO/xsf] xfnf . oxf“ klg } ljsf; sfo{ ePsf / jfnf 5g\ .
Os kl/jtg w/ xg
klxn] h:tf] ;a} s/fdf uf/f] . vfgkfgLsf wf/f t 3/ 3/df cfO;s] . xfdf| ] l5dsL
5g kTos
uflj;df SofDk; vNof] . ca xfdLn] pRr lzÔfsf lgldTt ;x/ hfg' . uflj;df
k/g xfd}
klg rf/ f c¿ ljb fno :yfkgf eP / xfdL ] fno clxn] pRr
cf6 cfwf/et o k9g ljbo
dfèolds ljbofno eof] . ca Ps kfljlws lzÔfno xfdf| ] lhNnf ;b/dsfddf vnfpg kof;
eO/x]sf] 5 .
vfgkfgL ljbo\ 't\;8s jg
lzIff ljsf;sf sfox¿ s[lif
:jf:Yo pbofu]ko{6g l;rfO
tkf ¿ lj/f6gu/ hfbf { ltg lbg hfgePsf] lyof] /] . clxn] 3/sf] dflysf
Ox“ bO lx“8/ xfd}
8f8fdf df6/ cfO;Sof] . b;sf] labfdf d klg df6/ r9/] dfdf3/ cfpg] 5' . xfdf]| a;L
5]paf6 aUg] vfnfdf nu] aGb} 5 . agkl5 dnfO{ ljbofno hfg w/] } glhs
df]nn' ´fn kn kn
kg{] eof] . ca t xfd|f] v]tdf snf] cfpg] eof] /] . xfdf| ] lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] cflys ;xofu
lbP/ ;f] snf] vgfpg nfusf] eGg] sf] 5' . l;rfOsf] ;ljwf ePkl5 t Toxf“ kz:t} cGg /
;g
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo ¿kdf ePsf ljsf; sfo{sf pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6 lhNnfdf x'g] ljsf; sfo{sf af/]df hfgsf/L
lbgxf \ y ;fy} ljsf; sfo{ g;ssf eP To;sf sf/0f vfhL ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxNofpg nufpgxf;\ y
; xg
gub] afnL pAhg] eof] . oxfsf] pAhgL df6/df nuL ;x/;Dd k¥' ofpg ;lsg] ePsf] 5 . ;x/df
nuL aRbf /fdf| ] cfDbfgL xb' f] /x5 . oxfsf dflg;n] art ug{] afgLsf] ljsf; u/sf 5g\ . artnfO
glhs}sf] ;xsf/Ldf hDdf u5{g\ . To;n] cfly{s n]gb]gdf ;xh ePsf] 5 .
dfdf, ca t xfd|f] ufpdf klg 6]lnkmf]g ;ljwf ] eof] . oxLaf6 tkfO;“ s/f ug{ ;S5' .
xg u
blÔ0f sfl/ofdf /xsf xfd|f sfsf;u klg oxLaf6 s/f ug{ ;lsG5 . ;ljwfg lbj;sf lbg
;a}sf] 3/df lahnL aTtL aNb} 5 . xfdf]| 3/df klg tf/ hf]8/] l7s kf/sf] 5f“} . xfdf| ]
ufpsf
kjk6l6sf] 8f8fdf tkfO“x¿ hfgeGbf { ji l5 ul/Psf] j[Ô/f]k0faf6 Toxf“ Hofb} /fd|f]
bO fk
xl/ofnL ag]sf] 5 . w]/} /fd|f];u la?jf xlsb}{' 5g\ .
xfd|f] uflj; / lhlj; ldn]/ hnhn]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ Ô]qnfO{ ko{6g Ô]qsf ¿kdf ljsf;
ug{ egL sfd } 5 . Toxf“ {]lbs :jf:Yo rf}sL agfpg] sfo{ } 5 . wd{, ;+:s[lt / dNo
xb“ cfoj xb“
dfGotfsf] hu]gf{ ug{ u? ljbof>d ]sf] 5 . d}n] ]cg;f/ xfd|f] lhNnfdf Ps h8La6L
sn vn ;g
k|zf]wg ug{] sf/vfgf klg :yfkgf xb“' } 5 /] .
xj;\ t dfdf, cfhnfO{ labf kfpm“ . oxfsf] ljsf; x]g{ fO{ lgdGq0ff ub{5' . tkfOn“
tkfOn
ug{ePsf] ljsf;sf sfo{ pNn]v u/L kq n]Vg gla;{gxf]nf / km;{b ldnfP/ cfpgxfnf] .
tkfOsL efGhL
kmnsdf/L
ljmofsnfk
R= sf]i7df lbOPsf fx¿;dtnfO{ èofgdf /fvL kmnsdf/Ln] cfÇgf] dfdfnfO{ n]v]sf] kqsf
ab
cfwf/df cf]vn9'n\uf lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltn] u/]sf d'Vo d'Vo ljsf; sfo{x¿sf]
;fyL;u 5nkmn u/L ;rL agfpm . -lzÔf / :jf:Yo, slif[ / l;rfO, oftfoft / ;~rf/,
vfg]kfgL, jg ;+/Ô0f, wd{, ;+:s[lt, pbof]u / Jofkf/_
@= lhNnfdf ljsf; sfo{ ;~rfng ug{ s] s:tf ;d:of cfOk5{g\ < cfk;df 5nkmn
u/L tL ;d:ofnfO{ ;"rLs[t u/ .
#= :yfgLo lgsfosf] ¿kdf lhlj;af6 ltdf| ] ;dbfodf pknAw ePsf ;jf / ljsf; sfo
tyf efjL lbgdf sfo{sf] ;rL agfpm .
ug{kg{
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pTt/ bpm M
-s_ kmnsdf/Ln] nv sf] kqsf cfwf/df cfvn9n
uf lhNnfsf] klxnfsf] cj:yf s:tf] /xsf] kfof} <
-v_ s] sf/0fn] ubf{ n9 fdf ljsf; xb“' } uPsf] xfnf < cfÇgf] egfO nv .
cfv nu
-u_ xfdLnfO{ ljsf; lsg rflxG5 <
-3_ ‘xfd|f] ljsf; xfdL cfkmn“ ] ugk{ 5{ .’ o; egfOnfO{ kli6 u/ .
-n_ ljsf;sf kjf{wf/sf ¿kdf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] eldsf n]v .
k'g/fjnf]sg cEof;
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ltd|f] :yfgLo ;d'bfodf oftfoft / ;~rf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu s] s:tf ;d:of 5g\ < tL
;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ lgDg lnlvt sfo{ u/ M
-s_ ltdLx¿n] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{sf] ;"rL agfpm .
-v_ ltd|f] :yfgLo ;dbfon] ug{ ;Sg] sfo{x¿sf] ljj/0f tof/ u/ .
-u_ ;dbfo ] ug{ g;Sg] sfo{x¿dèo] sg sfo{ uflj; jf gu/kflnsf / lhlj;n]
cfkmn“ sg
ug{ ;S5 < n]v .
-3_ uflj; jf gu/kflnsf / lhlj;n] ug{] sfo{x¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f agfO{ of]hgfdf kfl/lbg
cg/f]w u/L Pp6f kq n]v / k|wfgfèofks jf ljbofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltdfkm{t k7fpg
Joj:yf ldnfpm .
lj|mofsnfk
R= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿ ldn]/ lgjf{rgsf] cEof; u/ . o;sf nflu ltd|f] ;d'bfosf] gd'gf
:yfgLo ;/sf/sf] u7g u/ . o;df Ps hgf g]tf, Ps hgf pkg]tf / ltg hgf ;b:o
5fg . lgjf{rg ug{ lzIfssf] ;xof]u klg n]pm . ;fy} sIffdf ;lj|mo /xg] tyf ljleGg
If]q, efiff, hflt, 5fq5fqfsf] k|ltlglwTj gePdf ltgsf] klg k|ltlglwTj x'g]
u/L b'O{hgf dgf]gLt u/ . o;n] ug]{ sfdsf] ;"rL klg agfpm, h:t} M
— ;dbfodf kfngf ug{kg{ ljbofyL{ cfrf/ ;lxtf+tof/ ug{
— cfrf/ ;+lxtf nfu' eP gePsf] x]g{]
– ljljw ;dx lgdf{0f u/L sfo{ lhDdf lbg], h:t} M ;/;kmfO ;dx, vfg]kfgL
Joj:yfkg ;dx, ;f+:s[lts lj|mofsnfk ;~rfng ;dx, cflb
;flxlTos ;dx
— ;dbfosf] xslxtsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{]
— cfk;L xslxtnfO{ Vofn /fVg]
— cg'zfl;t / gd'gf Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] cflb
@= pSt gd'gf ;/sf/sf] a}7s a;L sIff Joj:yfkg / sIffdf x'g] lzIf0f sfo{nfO
k|efjsf/L agfpg ljleGg lg0f{o u/L ;a}sf] x:tfIf/ u/ .
#= :yfgLo ;d'bfodf s'g} ;]jfd"ns sfo{ u/]/ pbfx/0f b]vfpm .
PsfO @ xfdf| ] ;fdflhs dNo / dfGotf
l;sfO pknlAw
— ljleGg wd{cg;f/ ul/g] ;+:sf/x¿sf] vf]hL ug{
— ljleGg hfltcg;f/ ul/g] ;fdflhs ;:sf/ klxrfg / ;+/If0fdf ;xofu ug
— /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{ o;sf] ;+jw{g ] lj|mofsnfkdf ;+nUg xg'
ub{ xg
— g]kfnL nf]s uLt, nf]s g[To / nf]s afhfx¿sf] dxTTj af]w ug
— :yfgLo 7fpdf kfOg] nf]s uLt, g[To / afhfsf] ;+/If0f sfodf ;xof]u ug
nfs nfs
— :yfgLo 7fpsf] u/uxgf / klx/gsf] vfhL u/L ltgLx¿sf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;xof]u ug
— P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] sfdaf6 k]/0ff lng
— :yfgLo ;dbfodf cfljisf/ ug{ jf lj1fg ;DaGwL sfo{ u/sf] ] JolStTjsf]
vfhL] ug
— j}1flgs JolStTjsf] sfdaf6 k]/0ff lng
— :yfgLo ;dbfosf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] vf]hL ug{ / of]ubfg atfpg
kf7 M ! xfdf| ] wflds ;:sf/
xfd|f] b]zdf lxGb, afbw} , O:nfd, ls/ft, hg, l;v,

O;fO, jfg, kslt,[| axfOnufotsf wd{
dflgG5g\ . oxf“ ljleGg wdf{jnDaLx¿sf lardf ulx/f] Pstf /x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf oL
wd{cg;f/sf ljleGg ;:sf/ k|rlnt 5g\ . ] xfd|f] b]zdf ;a} ;DalGwt kjx¿df
To;n wd{;u
/fli6«o labf lbg] rng 5 . h:t} M lxGb' ;DalGwt ltxf/, 57, dxflzj/flq h:tf
wd;u b;,“
kjx¿ k \ . wd ;DalGwt hoGtL, Nxf;f/ cflb kjx¿ tyf ls/ft wd;u
5g af}bw ;u abw
;DalGwt pwfnL, pefnL kjx¿ 5g\ . To:t} O:nfd;u ;DalGwt Ob, as/ Ob tyf O;fO;u
;DalGwt lj|m;d; cflb kj{ k5{g\ . o:tf kj{x¿ slxn] slxn] kg{] /x]5g, leTt] klqsf x/] .
lxGb' wdfjnDaLn] j]b, pklgifb, wdzf:q,{ k/f0f, uLtf, Hofltif zf:q h:tf zf:qLo uGy
k95g\ . tL uGyn] atfPcg;f/ ljlw / ;:sf/ kfngf \. ] a|xdf, lzj, buf{,
u5g lxGbn lji0f,
;/:jtL, nIdL, u0f]z, ;o{, rGbdf| cflbnfO{ OZj/sf{ ] ¿kdf kH5g\ . logLx¿sf] dlt,{
tl:a/
cflbsf] khf u5{g\ . lgTosd{ ug{ dg k/fp5g\ . k~rf]krf/, bzf]krf/, iff]8zf]krf/ h:tf khf
ljlwx¿ k|of]u u5{g\ . ljleGg ltly, af/ cflbdf j|t a:5g\ . :tfq kf7 u/L Oi6bjtfsf
cf/fwgf \ . bLgbMvL, c;xfo, czSt, ul/a, afns, jbwfsf ;jf \ . lxGbx¿
u5g jbw u5g
bfg ug{ ?rfp5g\
. wsf] dlt{ tyf tl:a/df cfkmn] rfx]sf] O{Zj/sf ¿kdf kfp5g\ . pgLx¿
af}bwdfuL{n] uf}td
ab
uf}td wsf] gfddf k|fy{gf u5{g\ . èofg u5{g\ . wd{sf s]Gb|sf ¿kdf uDaf agfp5g
ab af}bw
/ ToxL“ khfkf7 klg u5{g\ . uf}td abwsf] gfddf èofg u/kl5] cfkmnfO{ klg zflGt kfKt|
ePsf] u5{g\ . o; wd{sf hfts syf / lqlk6s u|Gy \ . ;To / clx+;f af}bw\
dx;; k|dv xg
wd{sf] dGq xf] eg] bfg csf k| ljz]iftf xf] .
dn ug{ { d
v
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt wfld{s ;+:sf/sf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
O:nfdLx¿sf] wd{ u|Gy s/cfg xf] . o; wd{df dlt{ khf xb“ }g . pgLx¿ gdfh k9/] cNnfxsf
elSt jf kfygf \ . logLx¿sf] dVo rf8 Ob xf] . logLx¿ bfg ugdf ljZjf; \ . o;/L
u5g u5g
ul/Psf] bfgnfO{ lkmq elgG5 .
ls/ftn] ?v, hnun, vfnf, 9nuf, gbL, kxf8, lxdfn cflbdf cfkmn] rfxsf] O{Zj/sf]
¿k b]V5g\ / ltg} k|s[ltsf] khf u5{g\ . ltg} j:tdf kf?xfn, ;lDgdf / dfnxfnsf] k|tLs
dfgL khf u5{g\ . logLx¿ k|s[ltsf] khf u/]df O{Zj/ k|fKt xG5g\ eGg] ljZjf; /fV5g\ .
ls/ftsf] dVo
wfld{s u|Gy dGwd xf] .
O;fO wdf{jnDaLx¿ lh;; j|mfO:6nfO{ cfÇgf] wd{sf k|jt{s dfG5g\ . O;fOx¿sf] wd{u|Gy
afOan xf] . oxL uGysf cfwf/df O;fOx¿n] cfcfÇgf] k/Dk/f / ;:sltsf] kfngf u5g\ .
cfk;df ze sfdgf JoSt u5g\{ . lh;; jmfO:6sf| gfddf rr{ agfp5g\ / ToxL“ uP/ kfygf{|
u5{g\ . j|mfO:6sf gfddf k|fy{gf ubf{ ;fIffTsf/ ] s/fdf ljZjf; u5{g\ .
O{Zj/;u xg
hg wdfjnDaLx¿ ltyns/ -u?_ df OZj/sf] ¿k bV5g\ . dxfjL/nfO{ cfbz{ k?if 7fG5g\ .
ltgLx¿ OZj/sf] gfddf bfg, ;jf cflb sfo{ u5{g\ . o;f] ubf{ cfkmnfO{ ;vzflGt kfKt ePsf
dx;; u5{g\ . l;v wdf{jnDaLx¿ gfgsnfO{ O{Zj/sf] ¿k 7fG5g\ . >L u?uG| y ;flxa kf7
u?
u5g \ . u?åf/fnfO{ kljq :yn 7fG5g\ . ToxL“ uP/ khfkf7 \ . o;f] ubf{ pgLx¿ O{Zj/ k|fKt
u5g
xg] s/fdf ljZjf; \ . o:t} cGo wd{ ;Dkbfon] cfcfÇgf] dfGotfcg;f/ ljleGg
u5g wflds
wfld{s ultljlw u5{g\ .
ljmofsnfk
R= ltdL cèoog sIffdf sg ;DalGwt ;fyLx¿ 5g\ < ;f]w]/ n]v .
ug{ sg wd{;u
@= wfld{s ;lxi0ftf eg]sf] s] xf] < o;n] ;dfhnfO{ Pstfabw / ;dGgt s;/L agfp5 <
sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nv .
cEof;
!= hf8f ldnfpm M
;dx ‘s’ ;d ‘v’
x
sdf/L ljbofsL b]jL
;/:jtL O:nfd wdfjnDaLx¿sf] |Gy
wdu
s/cfg af}bw
wd{sf] k|dv u|Gy
ltyns/ ls/ft wdfjnDaLx¿sf{ bjL]
;lDgdf h}g wdf{jnDaLx¿sf bjtf
lqlk6s lxGbx¿sL hLljt b]jL
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv M
-s_ ltdLn] dgfpg] wfld{s ;+:sf/sf af/]df Ps cgR5]b n]v .
-v_ dlt{ jf tl:a/ khf / wd{x¿sf] ;rL cnu cnu agfP/ b]vfpm .
ug{ gug{
-u_ ls/ft wdf{jnDaLx¿n] O{Zj/sf] cf/fwgf ug{ tl/sf nv .
kf7 @ xfdf| ] ;fdflhs ;:sf/
Pp6f lglZrt Ifqleq a;faf; ug{] JolStx¿sf] ;dxnfO

;dfh elgG5 . ;dfhnfO{ lrgfpg] Pp6f dVo cfwf/
;fdflhs ;:sf/ klg xf] . gkfnLx¿sf cfcfÇgf wfld{s,
;f+:s[lts tyf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f 5g\ . tL
k/Dk/fdf cfwfl/t /Lltl:ylt, dNo / dfGotf klg
km/s km/s 5g\ . ltg} /Lltl:ylt, dNo /
dfGotfdf cfwfl/t eP/ xfdL gkfnL ljleGg wdx¿
dfG5f“} . cfcfkmn] dflgcfPsf wfld{s k|lj|mof /
tl/sfx¿ klg leGgfleGg} /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf kljmof /
tl/sfnfO{ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ;:sf/ eGg] rng
5 . ;fdfGotof dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s zbwtfsf nflu
ul/g] sfox¿ g} ;:sf/ \ . oL ;:sf/ hfltcg;f/
wflds xg
leGg leGg ¿kdf kfOG5g\ .
sg} klg ;dbfo, hflt jf b]znfO{ lrgfpg] df}lns kIf ;+:s[lt xf] . ;+:s[ltnfO{ ;+:sf/n] klg
k|ltlglwTj u/]sf] xG5 . ljleGg hfltx¿nfO{ Psaf6 csf{;u 56ofpg] ljlzi6 s/fx¿
;+:sf/df /x]sf xG5g\ . sltko o:tf ;+:sf/x¿df ;dfgtf klg kfOG5 . hGd, ljjfx,
d[Tonufotsf ljleGg sfodf leGg ;:sf/ / k/Dk/fn] x/s ;dfhsf] ljziftf emNsfp5 .
To:t} g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6 / hnjfon] klg sxL] g sxL]¿kdf ;fdflhs ;:sf/df+
566
klxrfg lbg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . lxdfndf a:g] dflg;sf] ;+:sf/ / t/fO{ jf kxf8df a:g] dflg;sf
;+:sf/df km/skg kfOG5 . hGdg' cl3b]lv d[TokZrft;Dd ul/g] ;+:sf/x¿df
ljljwtf kfOG5 . d"ntM hGd ;+:sf/, afNosfnsf ;+:sf/, z}lIfs ;+:sf/, ljjfx
;+:sf/, d[To'
;+:sf/, cflb xfd|f ;+:s[tsf k|dv kIf xg\ .
xfd|f] /fi6« ljleGg hfthflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf] ;femf kmnaf/L xf] . oxf“ ;a
wdfjnDaLx¿ Ps cfk;df ldn/ a;sf 5g\ . cfcfÇgf] wdcg;f/sf ;:sf/ dflgcfPsf 5g\ .
xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf klg o:tf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 M æk|To]s JolStnfO{ k|rlnt ;fdflhs
Pjd\ ;f:slts k/Dk/fsf] dofbf /fvL k/fkj{blv] rlncfPsf] cfÇgf] wdsf] cjnDag, cEof;
/ ;+/If0f ug{] xs xg]5 . t/ s;n]} s;sf} ] wd{ kl/jtg{ u/fpg kfpg] 5g} / Ps
csfsf{ ] wddf{
vnn kfg{ u/L } sfd, Jojxf/ ug{ kfOg] 5}g . k|To]s wfld{s ;Dk|bfonfO{ sfggadf]lhd
sg
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ljb fyLx¿sf] ;dbfodf krlnt ;fdflhs ;:sf/df eO{ To:tf ;:sf/sf pbfx/0fsf cfwf/df lzIf0f
o\ slGbt
ugx' \ y
f;
cfÇgf] :jtGq cl:tTj sfod /fvL cfÇgf] wfld{s :yn / wflds u7Lsf] ;~rfng / ;/If0f+
ug{ xs ] 5 .Æ oxL sfggsf] kl/lwleq /xL xfd|f] b]zdf cfcfÇgf ;fdflhs k/Dk/f /
xg
;+:sf/x¿ k|rngdf /lxcfPsf 5g\ .
g]kfnLx¿df wd{ jf ;:sf/sf gfddf ememu8f ub{gg\ . Ps wdsf dflg; csf{] wd{sf wfld{s
:yndf hfG5g\ . ;df/f]x, rf8kj{, hfqf, khfcfhfdf ;xefuL xG5g\ . ;lxi0ftf
wflds wflds
oxfsf] cfbz{ / cgs/0fLo pbfx/0f xf] . t/ klg xfd|f ;fdflhs ;+:sf/df s]xL
ljs[lt jf cGwljZjf; /x]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf 5jf5t, hfltut ¿kdf e]befj,
n}nlus e]befj
h:tf ;+:sf/ut ;d:of /xsf 5g\ . ljleGg ;:sf/sf sfd ubf{ cgfjZos vr{ ug{, efhet/]]
ug{, kzkIfLsf] aln lbg] cflb h:tf ljslt[ /xsf] 5g\ . o:tf ljslt[ jmdzM| sd ub{} cfÇgf
;+:sf/sf] ;+/If0f / ; xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo xf] .
+jw{g ug{
ljmofsnfk
;fyLsf] 3/df krngdf /xsf] ;+:sf/sf af/]df ]/ n]v / sIffdf u/ .
;fw k:tt
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv M
-s_ ;+:sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ xfd|f ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf ltg ljz]iftf n]v .
k|dv
-u_ æxfd|f] b]z g]kfn ljleGg hft, hflt, efiff, ;+:s[lt / ;Eotfsf] ;femf
kmnaf/L xf] .Æ o; egfOsf] 5f]6s/Ldf JofVof u/ .
-3_ xfd|f] b]zsf] ;+ljwfgdf wd{ ;+:s[ltsf af/]df s] s:tf] Joj:yf /x]sf] 5 < n]v
.
-n_ xfd|f ;+:sf/sf ljs[lt jf ;d:ofsf] ;rL agfO{ ;dfwfgsf pkfo klg n]v .
;fdbflos sfo{
tn lbOPsf ljleGg kIfdf cfwfl/t eO{ ltd|f] ;dbfodf k|rlnt ;fdflhs ;+:sf/x¿ ;nsng
u/L sIffdf k:tt u/ M
-s_ hGd ;:+ sf/, 56L, Gjf/fg, kf:gL, -u_ d[To' ;+:sf/
r8fsd, -3_ vfgkfg, klx/g ;DaGwL ;+:sf/
-v_ ljjfx ;+:sf/ -8_ rf8kj{ ;DaGwL ;:sf/
-r_ dVo wfld{s ;+:sf/ 5j/ jf cGo ;:sf/
-5_ kfxgf ;DaGwL ;:sf/
kf7 # sxL hfltut ;:sf/
tnsf] tflnsfsf af/df sIffdf ;fdlxs 5nkmn u/M

hflt hGd ;+:sf/ ljjfx ;+:sf/ d[To' ;+:sf/ k|d'v rf8kj{
zk] f{ afb} w\ dfuL, rf]/L, hf/L af}bw\ k/Dk/fdf UofNjf] Nxf];f/, bDhL,
k/Dk/fdf / k]|d ljjfx t];|f], cf];f] cflb
kfrblv RR lbgdf ;ftf“} / P3f/f“}
nfdfåf/f Gjf/fg lbgdf gfk/' sd{
tfdfn ltg lbgkl5 Gjf/fg dfuL / zjnfO{ uf8g\ ] ;fgfd Nxf;f/, ab' w\
5f/Lsf] kfr“ / rf/L ljjfx ltg lbg h7f] afg{] / hoGtL
5f/fsf] 5 dlxgfdf 3]jf ug{]
kf:gL
/fO{ ltgb]lv 5 lbgdf dfuL / k]d| zjnfO{ uf8g\ ], zj ;fsnf jf
Gjf/fg ljjfx ofqfdf aGbs' k8sfpg] ;fsjf GjfuL,
jf8fnd\ 6]
lnDa' aRrf hlGdPkl5 dfuL / rf]/L ljjfx d/]sf] zjnfO{ k|rlnt ks| lt khf, jifsf] bO'
5f]/L eP ltg lbg d;fg 3f6df nu/] { k6s pwf}nL / pef}nL
/ 5f]/f eP rf/ uf8g\ ] kh" f rfdfrf;fs]
lbgdf Gjf/fg
du/ RR b]lv R% Dffdf r]nL kmk' " R) b]lv R# lbg leqdf gfu khf, ntf] kmfNg]
lbg;Dddf Gjf/fg r]nf];u“ ljjfx sfhljml/of
dfuL / hf/L ljjfx
u?n klxnf] ;Gtfgdf dfuL / k|]d ljjfx R# lbg;Dd h7f] lkt[sfo{ -c3{
ljzif pT;j afg{] zj uf8g\ ] jf lbg]_ 3f6' / ;f]/7L
dgfpg] / k6k6' hnfpg]c3f“{} gfr td' Nxf];f/
]gfr gfRg]
afxg' lxGb' k/Dk/fcg;' cfkmgf] ufq] lxGb' k/Dk/fcg;f/ b;,“} ltxf/, tLh,
jf f/ RR lbg ;Dddf 5n/]dfuL / k]|d zj hnfpg], R# lbg hg} kl0fdf, cfdfaafsf]
IfqL Gjf/g, kfr“ jf ljjfx h7f] afg{] dv' x]g{], /fd gjdL,
5 dlxgfdf kf:gL / s[i0f
;ft jif{kl5 j| hGdfi6dL, >Lk~rdL,
taGw df3] ;nj\ |mflGt, tLh,
kmfu' kl0f{df cflb
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf hfltut ;+:sf/sf] ;f]wvf]h u/L 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
hflt hGd ;+:sf/ ljjfx ;+:sf/ d[To' ;+:sf/ k|d'v rf8kj{
lwdfn aRrf hlGdPkl5 dfuL / rf/] L ljjfx d/sf] zjnfO{ tflsPsf] ks| lt khf, jifsf] bO'
5f]/L eP ltg lbg hf/L ljjfx, ljwjf ljjfx, d;fg 3f6df nu/] { k6s pwf}nL / pef}nL
/ 5f]/f eP rf/ k]d| ljjfx, ;kf/L uf8g\ ] kh" f
lbgdf rfV] ofpg] ljjfx
yf¿ aRrf hGd]sf] 5 dfuL, hf/L / zjnfO{ uf8g\ ] df3L -gof“ jif{sf ¿kdf_
bl] v gf} lbgdf k]d| ljjfxsf] jf hnfpg] kmfu' cflb
Gjf/fg krng
gj] f/ aRrf hGd]sf] rf/ OxL -a]n ljjfx_, cfÇgf] wd{cg;' f/ d[To' ljleGg hfqfx¿, ltxf/df
blv RR lbg;Dddf dfuL / k]|d ;+:sf/ -lxGb' jf afb} Dxkhf cflb
Gjf/fg ljjfx w_
ljmofsnfk
dflysf] tflnsfdf h:t} cfcfÇgf] ;dbfodf krlnt hfthfltsf ;:sf/sf af/df
;fwvfh u/L 5nkmn u/ / n]v .
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ g]jf/ hfltn] dfuL, ========== / ========== ljjfx u5{g\ .
-v_ k|s[ltsf] khf ug{ hflt ========== xf] .
-u_ ;f]/7L / 3f6' gfr ========== hfltn] dgfp5g\ .
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
Dxk f yf¿
h" f du/
gfuk
h
GjfuL /fO{
tLh z]kf{
bD' hL lxGb'
g]jf/
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv M
-s_ cfÇgf] hfltdf /x]sf] s'g} Ps ;+:sf/sf af/]df cleefjs;“u ;f]wL Ps
cgR5b nv .
-v_ :yfgLo ;dbfosf ;+:sf/sf] ;+/If0f ug{ s] s] ug{knf{ <
-u_ :yfgLo ;dbfosf ;:sf/sf] ;+/If0f ubf
] sg
} kfr c f 6f kmfObf nv .
kf7 M $ /fi6«sf] ;Ddfg / /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf
ls/0f, xl;gf, k]Daf / /fdbofn sIff ;ftdf ] ;fyLx¿ x \ . pgLx¿n] km;{bsf] ;dodf
k9g u/]sf] 5nkmn o; k|sf/ 5 M g
ls/0f M xl;gf, ltdLn] b]zsf] enfO ] } sfd u/] h:tf] nfU5 <
xg s
g
xl;gf M clxn] t d ljbofyL{ g} 5' . ldlxg]t u/]/ k9\5' . ;fj{hlgs wf/f, kf}jf, af6f], k'n,
d7, dlGb/, dl:hb cflbsf] ;+/If0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . ;fdflhs tyf ljsf;sf
sfddf ;xof]u u5{ . cgzf;gdf a:5' . c¿nfO{ cgzfl;t aGg kl/t]| u5{ .
ljs[lt, e|i6frf/ / b/frf/sf r]tgf km}nfpg] sfd u5'{ . oL sfdn] klg
lj?bw b]zsf] enfO xG5, xf]Og
/ <
k]Daf M xl;gfsf] h:t} ug{ ;s] t sf] fsf ;fy} cfk"mnfO{ klg cfTd ;Ddfg ldN5 .
bz ;j
/fdbofn M xf], xfd|f] b]z ljljwtfo'St b]z xf]
. oxf“ ljleGg hflt, e]ife"iff, efiff
/
;+:s[lt 5 . ef}uf]lns ljljwtf
5 . oxL ljljwtfsf] ;Ddfg g}
/fi6«sf
;Ddfg xf] . xfdLdf d]nldnfksf] efjgf
5 . hftLo / ;f+:s[lts Pstf 5
.
xfdL ;a} Psn] csfsf] ;Ddfg u5f{+ .
o;n] ubf{ xfd|f] b]zsf] ;Ddfg a9]sf
5 . To;n] xfnf xfdf| ] bznfO{ cgstfdf
Pstf ePsf] b]z klg elgG5 lg .
k]Daf M ls/0f, ltdL eg t xfd|f] b]zdf uf}/j
ug{ s/f s] s] 5g\ <
ls/0f M n ;g, ljZjsf] ;jfR r lzv/ ;u/dfyf, zflGtbt
uftd ab' w / pgsf] hGd:yn
nlDagL cflbn] xfdf| ] hGdeldnfO{ lrgfO/fvsf 5g\ . of] bz jL/ ufvfnLsf] b]z
eg/ klg kl/lrt 5 . of] bzsf] emG8f, ufg, lgzfg 5fk, /fli6o
/fli6o /fli6o
kmn / r/f xfdf| ] bzdf uf/j ug{] \ . c¿ s] s] xl;gf <
/fli6o s/f xg xfnfg,
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf k|rlnt uf}/j ug{ nfossf s'/fx¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y

xl;gf M ] xfdf| ] bzdf krlnt snfnfO{ lrgdf nuL gfd sdfPsf 6Ln
lyP . es
c/lgsfn
cGt/f{li6«o ¿kdf d}qL ;DaGw :yfkgf ug{ ;xof]u u/]sL lyOg\ . logLx¿n
ljZj;fd' gkfnnfO{ lrgfpg ;xofu u/sf 5g\ .
/fdbofn M xfd|f] b]z cfh;Dd s;}sf] pklgj]z ag]sf] 5}g . xfdL g]kfnLn] :jfledfgL
eO{ afRgk5{ eGg] s/f kvfn] l;sfPsf 5g\ . o;tkm{ xfdL ;asf] èofg hfgk5{ .
k]Daf M P ;fyL xf] ¤ lxhf] lzIfsn] eg]sf] lal;{Psf 5f} ls Sof
xf] < ls/0f M s] s/f xf], slGg <
k]Daf M |maf/ ] ljbofno :t/Lo uLt
xg
zj
ufog k|ltof]lutfsf nflu tof/L g]kfn xf] xfd|f] b]z g]kfnL xf“} xfdL
xb“ } 5 t < ljZjdf g} g]kfnLx¿ ag]sf 5g\
xl;gf M ;/n] uLt vf]h]/ NofOlbG5' gfdL
eGgePsf] lyof] . lbgeof] t < g]kfnsf hfthflt efiffefifL ;a} g]kfnL
k]Daf M NofOlbgePsf] 5 . ;Gg] xf] ;a} wd{, ;+:s[lt, j0f{ / j]ifei" ff g]kfnL
< ls/0f M d t To; lbg bf}/f ;? y
jfn lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{, dw]; ;a} xfd|f]
nufp5' x} . g]kfn e]b x}g, åGå x}g, ;dtfd"ns g]kfn
xl;gf M d t u'lgp“ rf]nf] ' . ltdL y
nufp5 ;lxi0ftf, ;befj;fy sfod 5 /fi6«
lg /fdbofn < '. Pstf cfTd ;Ddfg, :jfledfg /fvL u/f“}
/fdbofn M d stf{ ;?jfn
nufp5“
-olTtsdf lzIfsn] NofP/ lbPsf] uLt ;fd"lxs
¿kdf ufpg] k|of; u5{g\ ._
lj|mofsnfk
R= ltd|f] ljbofno jf ;dbfodf /fli6«otfsf] hu]gf{ vfnsf sfo{j|md ePsf 5g\ ls
ug{
5}gg\ < olb 5g\ eg] cgejL JolStsf] ljrf/ ;nsng u/L sIffdf ;'gfpm . olb 5}gg
eg] ljbo fno jf ;dbfonfO{ md cfofhgf ug{ kl] /t u/ / cfkm" klg ;xefuL xfpm .
sfoj
@= /fli6otf / cEof; uf/j emNsg]
/fli6o
uLt, syf, sljtf cflb tof/ u/L sIffdf k:tt u/ .
!= tnsf k|Zgsf pTt/ n]v M
-s_ /fi6«k|lt xfd|f] s] s:tf bfloTjx¿ /xG5g\ <
-v_ ‘/fi6lxtnfO{ ;jfk] l/ /fVg' gkfnLsf] stJo xf] .’ o; egfOsf af/df cfÇgf] u/ .
ts{ k:tt
-u_ :jfledfgL eP/ af“Rg s] s] ug{k5{ <
-3_ s] s] u¥of] eg] b]zsf] ;Ddfg xG5 <
kf7 M % xfdf| ] /Lltl/jfhsf sxL kdv kIf
k/Dk/fblv rlncfPsf] Jojxf/, rfnrng, krng, /Lltlyltsf] ;dli6 ¿k /Lltl/jfh xf]

. o;df hGd, d[To' / ljjfx ;+:sf/sf ;fy} rf8kj{nufotsf ljljw kIfx¿ k5{g\ .
df}lns k;f,
efiff, wd, ;:slt, jifeiff klx/g, vfgkfg cflb ;DaGwL s/fx¿ klg /Lltl/jfhdf k5g\ .
g]kfn ax' hftLo, ax' wfld{s tyf ax' eflifs b]z xf] . oxf“ ljleGg wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hfthfltsf
dflg;sf] a;f]af; 5 . x/]s wd{, ;Dk|bfo, hfthflt / If]qsf cfcfÇgf ljlzi6 dNo
/
dfGotf 5g\ . g]kfnL ;dfhdf kfxgfnfO{ ;Tsf/ ul/G5 . cfdfafa, jbw[ jbw[ f / cfÇgf
pd]/eGbf kfsfnfO{ dfg;Ddfg / ;]jf ul/G5 . a6jfsf cf/fdsf nflu rf}tf/f], kf6Lkf}jf
agfpg] rng 5 . wf/f, s'jf agfpg] / ltvf{PsfnfO{ kfgL lbbf wd{ xg] ljZjf; 5 . wflds{
:yn, kfgL3f6, af6f], ;8s cflb 7fpdf j/, kLkn / cGo af6 la?jf nufpg] ul/G5 .
dbf{kbf{ Psn] csf{nfO{ ;s]sf] ;xof]u ug{] k|rng 5 . sg} Pp6f kl/jf/n] ugk{ g{{] ;fdflhs
tyf ;f+:s[lts sfo{ ;DkGg ug{ ;a} hgf xG5g\ . f], ;fk6L, kd{ h:tf dfèodaf6
Psh6 kr
cfk;df ;xof]u ufp3/sf ljz]iftf g} \ . ;fdbflos lxtsf nflu ljleGg ;dbfodf
ug{ xg
u7L, Sna, cfdf ;dx, dlxnf ;dx, ;d h:tf ;fdflhs ;nu7gn] sfd u/sf
wflds x
5g\ . ljleGg ;dbfosf rf8af8n] gkfnL ;dfhnfO{ a;el/ pNnf;do agfPsf 5g\ . ljleGg
;nuLt / gfrufgn] gkfn ljZjel/ kl/lrt 5 . oxfsf ljlzi6 klx/gn] o; bznfO{ ;f+:s[lts
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo txdf k|rlnt /Lltl/jfhsf af/]df sIffsf ;a} ljbofyL{nfO{ ;xefuL u/fO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y

/nueld h:t} agfPsf] 5 . g]kfnsf s]xL ;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfhnfO{ lgDgfg;f/ k|:tt ug
;lsG5 M
ljz]if klx/g
a9L krlnt klx/geGbf km/s dflns ksltsf kf;fs, nufkmf6fnfO{ ljzif klx/g elgG5 .
gkfnsf] efuflns Ifq, lnnu, hfltljzifcg;f/ ljleGg ksf/sf ljzif klx/g krlnt 5g\ .
kxf8L dnsf dlxnfn] nufpg] ljzif klx/gdf ;f/L÷ulgp, rfnf,] kml/of, k5of/f,}k6sf,
wf]tL, hfdf cflb xg\ . kxf8L dnsf ljleGg ;dbfosf k?ifn] nufpg] klx/gdf bf/f÷ef6f,]]}
;?jfn, hjf/Lsf6, / 6fkL cflb \ . To:t} t/fO{ Ifqsf k?ifn] nufpg] ljzif
O:6sf6 xg
klx/gdf stf{, sldh, kfOhfdf, wf]tL, uD5f, ku/L cflb k5{g\ . lxdfnL If]qsf dlxnfn] kfnb]g
-sDd/eGbf tn emG8ofP/_ nufp5g\ . d;ndfg dlxnfsf] lz/ 9fSg] ;n÷:sfkm{ tyf u?n
/ du/ hfltsf k?ifn] nufpg] efnu|fsf] ufbf] klg ljzif] klx/gdf k5g\{ .
3ns,] l6lsof
-sDd/sf] k5fl8 nufpg]_ u?n, du/ / tfdfn hfltsf dlxnfn] nufpg] ljz]if klx/g xg\ .
aVv' z]kf{, tfdfn, u?n ;dbfosf k?ifn] nufpg] ljz]if klx/g xf] . o;/L g]kfndf
ljleGg hft, lnnu, wd{, If]qcg;f/ ljleGg klx/g nufOG5 .
u/uxgf
dflg;n] cfÇgf gfs, sfg, 3f6L, xft, v66f cflbdf nufpg] znu[ f/sf ;fwgnfO{ u/uxgf
elgG5 . g]kfnLsf u/uxgfn] g]kfnL /Lltl/jfhsf] klg k|ltlgwTj u5{g\ . ef}uf]lns If]q, hflt,
lnnu cflbsf cfwf/df u/uxgfdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . uxgfx¿ ;g, rfbL, lx/f dftL h:tf
wft' / kTy/af6 agfOG5 . o:tf uxgfx¿ z/L/sf ljleGg cnudf nufOG5 . cf7L, l;jmL,
afnf h:tf uxgf b]ze/s} dlxnf k?ifdf k|rlnt /x]sf 5g\ . l;/aGbL 9nu|L kmnL,
anfsL,
ltnx/L, gfu]8L h:tf uxgf afxg, IfqL,] u?n, du/, /fO,{ lnDa' cflb hfltn] nufp5g\ .
3f6Ldf nufOg] x;nL t/fOdf{ krlnt| 5 . sfgdf nufOg]
dfs;L gjf/] hfltdf krlnt|
5 . 3f6Ldf nufpg] tfo klg gjf/Ldf krlnt 5 . r/f, wfuf sf6f, 6Lsf cflb kf| o ;a}
kft,hft hfltn] nufp5g\ . ,
ljmofsnfk
R= :yfgLo 7fpdf kfOg] kfr cf6f] u/uxgfsf] lrq agfpm .
@= ltd|f] kl/jf/ tyf l5dssf dflg;n] nufpg] nuf / u/uxgfsf] gfd ;nsng
u/ / hfltcg;f/sf klx/g tyf u/uxgf juL{s/0f u/ .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6f] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ g]kfnL ;dfhsf /Lltl/jfhsf ltg cf]6f ljz]iftf n]v .
-v_ æljlzi6 klx/gn] xfd|f] b]znfO{ ;f+:s[lts /nueld agfPsf] 5Æ o;
egfOsf]JofVof u/ .
kf7 M ^ xfd|f] nf]s ;+:s[lt
nfs hLjgdf Jojxf/df cfPsf] ;:slt

g} nf]s ;+:s[lt xf] . of]
;dfhdf k/Dk/fblv Ps k:tfaf6 csf{]
k:tfdf x:tfGt/0f x'“b} cfPsf] x'G5
. nf]s
;+:s[ltdf ljleGg uLt, syf,
snf, lzNk / b}lgs hLjgsf
Jojxf/x¿
k5{g\ . o;df hLjg; ;DalGwt
nfs u
ljleGg k|yf, k/Dk/f, ljZjf;, wd{,
;+:sf/, / ljrf/ k5{g\ . o; kf7df
xfdL ;:sltcGt nf uLt,
nfs ut s
n afhf, wg / gTosf
f nfs nfs
s
af/]df 5nkmn ug{] 5f“} .
nfs uLt
df}lvs ¿kdf nf]s hLjgdf k|rlnt uLtx¿ g} nf]s uLt xg\ . o:tf uLtdf bMv;v,
rfnrng, Jojxf/, ljZjf; cflbsf] lrq0f ul/Psf] xG5 . xbonfO{ kufNg' uLtsf
s7f/ nfs
ljz]iftf xf] . o:tf uLtn] cfÇgf bMv si6nfO{ . / / enf . sxL nfs
la;fp5 ef fu p5
s
uLtsf pbf/0fx¿ o;ksf/ 5g\ — kfygf uLt M dfun, r8lsnf, ehg cflb† ;:sf/ uLt M
/TofnL, hGdd[To;u ;DalGwt uLt cflb† kj{ uLt M tLh, uf/f,} enf] bp;L] cflb . lxhfcfh]
k|rlnt nf]s uLtdf ‰ofp/], sf}/f, df?gL, ;f]/7L, b]p8f cflb k5{g\ .
nfs afhf
nf]s hLjgdf k|rlnt k/Dk/fut afhfx¿nfO{ nf]s afhf elgG5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|rlnt
k| v n s]
d f
nf]s k~rafhf, dfbn, ;f/nuL, lagfof, dr f cflb k5{g\ .
afhf wg' n{
df u
ljleGg nf]s hLjgdf k|rlnt uLt, ;nuLt / g[Todf k|of]u xg] k/Dk/fut wgnfO{ nfs] w'g
elgG5, h:t} Mdfn>L, rf“r/L, ;f/7L, ahef/ cflb g]kfnsf df}lns xg\ .
nf]s wg
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo txdf k|rlnt nf]s ;+:s[ltsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y

nfs gTo
:yfgLo ;dbfodf k/Dk/fblv k|rlnt g[TonfO{ nf]s g[To elgG5, h:t} M b]p;L e}nf],
b]p8f,
afng, ;lugL, df?gL, sf8f, VofnL, ;nf ;fsnf, lemlemof, gjbuf{ gfr, sflTts] gfr,
3f6, ,
af3e}/j gfr, nfdf gfr, wfg gfr, nfv] gfr, emfu8 gfr, ;tf/ gfr, x8s] gfr, af/df;
uLt, 3/uLt, j;Gt, ;jfO{, e}nL cflb xfd|f k|rlnt nf]s g[To xg\ .
ljmofsnfk
R= g]kfnL nf]s afhf, nf]s uLt, nf]s g[To, nf]s cflbsf] ;/If0fsf nflu ltdL s] s] ug
wg
;S5f} < Pp6f 5f6f] ofhgf agfpm .
u/ . s;n] ufPsf] l7s 5 < dNofnsg
@= :yfgLo 7fpdf k|rlnt nf]s uLt sIffdf
k:tt'
;ldlt agfO{ dNofnsg Joj:yf;d]t u/ .
ug{
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6f] pTt/
n]v M
-s_ nf]s uLt eg]sf s:tf uLt xg\ < o;sf ltg cf6f] ljziftf] nv] .
-v_ ;ft cf]6f afhfx¿sf] gfd / } { cf]6fsf] lrq agfpm .
nfs nv sg b
O
-u_ nf]s wg egsf] ] s] xf] < :yfgLo txdf krlnt| ltg cf6f]
nfs] wgsf] gfd nv] .
-3_ dfnl;/L nf]s wg sg rf8 ljzifdf] agfpg] krng| 5 <
-8_ b]p8f uLt Ifqdf krlnt 5 <
sg'
;fdbflos sfo{
-R_ ltdf| ] ;dbfodf krlnt nfs uLtsf] jtdfg cj:yf / ltgsf] ;/If0fsf+ pkfo ;DaGwdf
;dbfodf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
-@_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf k| } Pp6f nf]s uLt ;nsng u/ / sIffdf u/ .
rlnt sg k|:tt

kf7 M & g]kfnsf] k|yd j}1flgs u]x]Gb|;d;]/
hg/n u]x]Gb|;d;]/sf] hGd lj= ;+= R(@* sf] kf}if

dlxgfdf ePsf] lyof] . ;fg}b]lv pgsf] :jefj r~rn,
tfls{s,
nx8L / cfkmnfO{ nfusf] sfd u/L 5f8g] lsl;dsf] lyof] .
pgL zf/Ll/s Jofofd, v]ns'b, ;n\uLt / gof“ gof“
cfljisf/df ?lr /fVy] . pgnfO{ s]xL g s]xL gf}nf]
/ c¿sf] eGbf k[ys\ sfd u/]/ b]vfpg] OR5f xGYof] .
pgsf]
:jefjcg;f/ afa' jL/;d;]/n] ;]gfdf etL{ u/]sf lyP .
;]gfdf /xbf pgn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf] xftxltof/, uf]nLu67f,
af?b, k6sf agfpg] lhDdf kfPsf lyP . To; sfdsf nflu rflxg] ;fwg ;|f]t pgsf
l;kmfl/;df k|fKt xg] Joj:yf lyof] .
lj= ; R($@ df gkfnsf >L # dxf/fh / fg dGqL eP . To;kl5 G d;/nfO
= jL/;d;/ kw ux b
;
klg dg km'sfP/ sfd ug]{ / ws kmsfP/ vr{ ug{] df}sf ldNof] . pgn] g]kfnL ;]gfsf nflu
geO{ g ] xftxltof/, ufnLu67f, hT' tf, lahnL, wfg ] sn, jfosn cflb agfpg
xg s6g
yfn] . To;sf nflu pgn] hdn, -;]tf] b/af/_, ;Gb/Lhn, afnfh' / 7f];] -/fd]5fk_
h:tf 7fp“df sf/vfgf v8f u/] . g]kfndf xltof/ agfpgnfO{ sf]Onf / kmnfd
aflx/af6
NofpgkYof{ . Tof] bv/]] pgn] gkfnsf] ] kmnfd / sf]Onfsf] kofu]|
u/sf] lyP .
lj= ;+= R(%^ sf] cGTolt/ u]x]Gb|;d;]/n] a]nfotsf] kmf]8{ sDkgLaf6 df]6/ lemsfP
. Tof df]6/sf Ps Ps k'hf{ kmsfn]/ pgn] gof“ agfpg] k|of; u/] . t/ /fhf k[YjLjL/ljj|
md zfxn]Tof] df]6/ r9\g] OR5f u/] . o; sf/0f pgsf] k|oTg lar}df :ylut eof] .
u]x]Gb|;d;]/n] cfÇgf] lgjf; ;]tf] b/af/ k|fnu0fdf wfg s6g] sn :yfkgf u/] . To;} u/L
xfjfsn (wind motor) h8fg u/L hldgleqsf] kfgL tfGg] k|ljlwsf] ljsf;sf ;fy;fy} 5fnf
k|zf]wg ug]{ sf/vfgf ;d]t :jb]zd} vf]n] . To; sf/vfgfnfO{ afnfh' 5fnf sf/vfgf
elgGYof] . a]nf;Dd g]kfnLx¿n] lahnL s:tf] xG5 eGg] b]v]sf ToxL a]nfdf
hg lyPgg,
u]x]Gb|;d;]/n] g]kfndf klxnf] k6s lahnL afn]/ b]vfOlbPsf lyP . pgn] kfgLleq klg
lahnL aTtL afNg ;lsG5 egL kbzg;dt u/sf lyP . pgn] gkfndf klxnf] k6s aGb's
agfPsf lyP . o;/L xfd|f] b]zdf klxnf] k6s j}1flgs sfo{sf] k|f/De u/]sfn] pgnfO
g]kfnsf] klxnf] j}1flgs klg elgG5 . cb\ snfsf wgL j}1flgs u]x]Gb|;d;]/sf] dTo' #%
et
jif{sf] pd]/df lj= ;+= R(^# df eof] .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf /xL s'g} dxTTjk0f{ sfo{ u/]sf JolStx¿sf] of]ubfgsf af/]df klg 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
lj|mofsnfk
R= ljleGg ;dodf k|sflzt kqklqsfsf] ;xof]udf jf ]sf] cfwf/df g]kfndf
;dfrf/ ;g
j}1flgs cfljisf/ ug]{ jf To; If]qdf sfd ug]{ JolStx¿sf] gfd / pgLx¿sf] sfdsf
ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
@= ltd|f] ;dbfodf ePsf cfljisf/ / j}1flgssf] vf]h u/L sIffdf u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ u]x]Gb|;d;]/sf] hGd ========== df ePsf] lyof] .
-v_ u]x]Gb|;d;]/n] a]nfotsf] ========== af6 df]6/ lemsfP .
-u_ u]x]Gb|;d;]/ ======================= sf 5f]/f lyP .
@= tnsf a'bfsf cfwf/df Ps cg'ō5]b n]v M
u]x]Gb|;d;]/
hGd M lj= ;= R(@* kf}if
d[To' M lj= ;+= R(^#
— xft xltof/, uf]nLu77f, hTtf, lahnL, wfg ] sn, jfosn cflb agfpg
s6g sf/vfgf :yfkgf
— ;]tf] b/af/ k|fnu0fdf jfosn h8fg
— 5fnf k|zf]wg ug{ sf/vfgf :yfkgf
#= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ u]x]Gb|;d;]/n] cfljisf/ u/]sf j:tsf] ;rL agfpm .
-v_ ltdLn] kl5 uP/ s] s] sfd ug]{ ljrf/ u/]sf 5f} <
-u_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf of]ubfg ug]{ sg} Ps JolStsf] gfd / sfd n]v .
-3_ u]x]Gb|;d;]/sf] hLjgLaf6 ltdLn] s] s] lzIff kfof} <
kf7 M * s]xL P]ltxfl;s JolStTj
x/]s b]zsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0f ug]{ sfddf dxTTjk0f{ of]ubfg k¥ofpg] JolStnfO{
P]ltxfl;s JolStTj elgG5 . g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0fsf j|mddf k|frLg sfnb]lv cfh;Dd
w]/} JolStTjsf]of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . cfwlgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0fnfO{ ljleGg sfnv08
/ r/0fdf x]g{
;lsG5 . o; ;dosf s]xL r/0f jf df]8sf P]ltxfl;s JolStTjsf] ljj/0f tn k|:tt
k|dv ul/Psf] 5 M
j|m= gfd sfo{ jf of]ubfg
;=
R= k|dv' rf/ ;lxb M @))& ;fnsf] j|mflGtsf] k[i7elddf /f0ff
zj' |m/fh zf:qL, Zff;gsf] lj/f]w / k|hftGqsf] :yfkgfsf nflu
wd{eSt dfy]df, hLjg ;dk{0f
unufnfn >]i7, bz/y
rGb
@= ljZj]Zj/k|;fb sf]O/fnf – k|hftflGqs ljrf/wf/fsf] g]t[Tj
– k|yd hglgjf{lrt k|wfg dGqL
– @)#^ ;fnsf] cfGbf]ngsf ;fy} hgdt
;nu\ |xdf axbnLo Joj:yfsf] kIfdf
jsfnt
/ g]t[Tj
#= kiknfn >]i7 – g]kfndf sDolg:6 kf6L{sf] :yfkgf
– sDolg:6 ljrf/wf/fsf] cujfO
$= u0f]zdfg l;+x – @)$^ sf] hgcfGbf]ngsf] g]t[Tj
– axbnLo Joj:yfsf] kgM:yfkgfdf of]ubfg
%= s[i0fk|;fb e66/fO{ – @)$& ;fnsf] cGtl/d
;/sf/sf]k|wfg dGqL
– g]kfn /fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& lgdf{0fdf
;lj|mo of]ubfg
^= dgdf]xg clwsf/L – g]kfnsf k|yd jfdkGyL k|wfg dGqL
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo txdf /xsf Pltxfl;s JolStTj jf ;dbfosf lxtdf dxTTjk0f{ sfo{ u/sf JolStTjsf af/df 5nkmn
u/fpg'xf];\ y
&= lul/hfk|;fb sf]O/fnf – lj:t[t zflGt ;Demf}tfsf] g]t[Tj
– g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# lgdf{0f
/ nfstflGqs u0ftGq 3fif0ff ug{] sfosf]
cujfO
*= uh]Gb|gf/fo0f l;+x – t/fO{ dw]; If]qsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts hfu/0f cleofgsf k|0f]tf
(= dnunfb]jL >]i7 – dlxnf cfGbf]ngsL cujf
R)= åfl/sfb]jL 7s/fgL – g]kfnsL k|yd dlxnf dGqL
RR= /fd/fhfk|;fb l;+x – u0ftGqjfbL g]tf
lj|mofsnfk
kf7df plNnlvt JolStTjafx]s g]kfnsf] Oltxf; lgdf{0fdf w]/} ;lxb, /fhgLlts gtf
/ JolStTjsf] cdNo ofubfg /xsf] 5 . ljleGg k:ts cèoog u/L /fli6«o, :yfgLo
JolStTjsf]
vf]hL u/ . To:tf JolStTjsf] ;rL agfO{ sIffdf 6f; .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ s:tf JolStnfO{ P]ltxfl;s JolStTj elgG5 <
-v_ g]kfnsf] cfw'lgs Oltxf;df dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] s'g} Ps JolStTjsf
of]ubfgsf] 5f]6f] rrf{ u/ .
-u_ b]z lgdf{0fdf ;lxbsf] of]ubfg ;a}eGbf dxTTjk0f{ dflgG5 . lsg <
@= ltdLn] eljiodf /fi6«sf nflu s:tf] ofubfg ug]{ ljrf/ u/sf 5f} < 5f6s/Ldf nv .
;fd'bflos sfo{
:yfgLo ;dbfodf /x]sf hfGg] ] dflg;nfO{ ;f]w]/ ltd|f] ;dfhdf ;]jf ug{ JolStn
aemg u/]sf sfdsf] ljj/0f n]v .
k'g/fjnf]sg cEof;
ljmofsnfk
R= ltdL } klg wfld{s ;+:sf/ lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL ePsf 5f} < 5f} eg] ltd|f]
sg ;Dabw
cgej n]v . olb ;xefuL ePsf 5}gf} eg] To:tf sfo{df ; ] } p;sf
+nUg xg s JolSt;u
g
cgej l6kf6 u/ / sIffdf ;gfpm .
@= ltdLn] dfGb} cfPsf]} Ps ;+:sf/sf af/]df lgDgfg;f/sf JolStx¿sf] ljrf/
sg wflds
;nsng u/L tflnsfdf k|:tt u/ M
-s_ ltd|f] kl/jf/sf] Ps hgf ;b:osf] ljrf/ -v_ sg} Ps hgf lzIfssf] ljrf/
-u_ } Ps hgf ;fyLsf] ljrf/ -3_ } Ps hgf JolStsf] ljrf/
sg jbw
sg
-n_ cfÇgf] ljrf/
ljrf/ lbg] JolSt ;:sf/df gu/L ljrf/
gx'g] sfo{ c;n kIf ;'wf/ ug{kg{] kIf
#= ltd|f] ;dbfodf sg sg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;faf;] 5, kTtf nufpm . wflds{

k/Dk/f / ;:sf/ pkof]u ubf{ cfOkg{ ;d:ofx¿ s] s] ;rL agfpm / ltgsf
5g,
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ s:tf x'g ;S5g\ < cfÇgf] ljrf/ tflnsf agfP/ sIffdf
k|:tt u/ .
$= ltd|f] ;dbfodf k|rlnt nf]s uLt, nf]s afhf, nf]s g[Tox¿sf af/]df cfkmeGbf hfGg
aemg ] ;f]wk u/ . o:tf nf]s ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{gsf nflu cfÇgf
JolSt;u 5
tkm{af6 ug{ ;lsg] sfo{x¿ ;dfj]z u/L Pp6f sfo{ of]hgf tof/ u/ .
%= ltdf| ] ;dbfodf /xsf /fli6o dxTTjsf j:tx¿ vfhL] u/ . tL
j:tsf] s;/L ;/If0f+ /
pkof]u ug{ ;lsG5 < fut l6kf]6 u/ / sIffdf u/ .
ab k|:tt
PsfO # ;fdflhs ;d:of / ;dfwfg
l;sfO pknlAw
— ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] klxrfg ug
— cGwljZjf;af6 pTkGg xg] ;d:of klxrfg ug
— ;fdflhs ;+:sf/ ljjfx, a|taGw, rf8{kj{ cflbdf ul/g] vr{lj?bwsf] lj|mofsnfkdf
kmhn
;xefuL xg'
— dfgj a]rljvg lj?bw rtgf] hufpg / /fsyfddf] ;xefuL x'g
— ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;r]t /xL /fli6«o :t/sf ;+:yf / ljbofnon] ug{
;n3 lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg'
— kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf xg] åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;xofu] ug
— åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;~rf/sf] k|efjsf/L eldsf pNnv ug
— lbuf] zflGt :yfkgf ug{ pkfox¿sf] pkofu ug
kf7 M ! ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt
cfÇgf] ;dfhdf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ . clg tnsf] 36gf
cèoog u/L ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt klxrfg u/ x} t ¤ ltdLx¿n] vf]h] h:t} cfhsf]
Ps cvaf/df ;fdflhs ljs[ltnfO{ o;/L k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .
dl0fk'/ ufpdf Ps s[ifs kl/jf/ 5 . Tof] kl/jf/df b; jifsL 5f/L l5g\ . pgL 3/d} sfd
ul5g\ . s[ifssf] R% jif{sf] 5f]/f] klg 5 . pgL glhs}sf] ljb\ofnodf gf} sIffdf k9\5g\ .
s[ifsn] 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx ug{ nfUb} 5g\ . tkfO{“n] lsg olt ;fg} pd]/df 5f]/Lsf] ljjfx
ug nfu]sf] eGbf s[ifs eG5g\, æxfd|f] rng g} o:t} 5 . 5f]/LnfO{ 7'nf] eOGh]n
/fVof] eg] kl/jf/sf] abgfd x'G5 . kl5 ljjfx ug{ klg sl7g x'G5 . ;fg} pd]/df
ljjfx u/] k'0o ldN5 eGg] rng klg 5 . To;}n] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug{'k/]sf] xf]
.Æ s[ifs yK5g\, æ5f]/L ljjfx ubf{ s]6f kIfaf6 bfOhf] dfluG5 . 5f]/LnfO{ hlt w]/}
k9fof], plt g} k9]sf HjfO“rflxG5 . clg lsg emd]nfdf kg]{ lg <Æ
s[ifs cfk"m v]taf/Ldf sfd sd u5{g\ . ljleGg axfgf u/L lbge/ h'jf tf;df /Dg] u5{g\ .
pgL hf“8 /S;L klg ;]jg u5{g\ . ;sL g;sL eP klg ef]het]/ rf8kj{ dgfp“bf k"hfcfhf,
bfg wd{ ubf{ cfÇgf] IfdtfeGbf a9L g} vr{ u5{g\ . 3/ kl/jf/df sf]xL la/fdL k/]
wfdL emf“j|mLsxf“ n}hfG5g\\ . s;}n] c¿nfO{ af]S;Lsf] cf/f]k nufP klg kTofp“5g\ .
lzIf0f ;emfj
cfÇgf] ;dbfodf krlnt ;fdflhs, ljslt, s/Llt / cGwljZjf;sf af/df slGbt eO{ 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y
ltdLx¿n] klxrfg u/] h:t} 36gfaf6 lgDgfg;f/sf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt klxrfg ug
;lsG5 M
— 5f]/f / 5f]/Llar e]befj ug{] — afn ljjfx ug{]
— bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ k|>o — kmhn' vr{ ug{]
— cGwljZjf; -af]S;L, wfdL emfj“ |mL cflb_ — hjf tf; v]Ng]
— hf8“ /S;L ;]jg ug{] cflb
lj|mofsnfk
sIffsf ;fyL x/]sn] cfcfÇgf] ;dbfodf /x]sf Ps Ps cf]6f ;d:of eg . ;fyLn] egsf
;d:ofsf] ;rL agfpm . tL ;d:of ;dfwfgsf Ps Ps ;nsng u/ .
pkfo;dt
cEof;
!= l7s a]l7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ 5f]/LnfO{ bfOhf] lbgeGbf lzIff lbg' /fd|f] xf] .
-v_ 5f]/Lsf] pd]/ gk'Ub} ljjfx u/] k0o ldN5 .
-u_ km;{bsf] pkof]u ug{ slxn]sfxL“ hjf tf; v]Ng' l7s xf] .
-3_ cGwljZjf; kmhn vr{ / bfOhf] kyf| ;dfhaf6 pGdng ugk5{ .
-n_ /S;L ;]jg :jf:Yosf nflu xflgsf/s x'G5 .
ug{
hf8
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf s:tf ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ < k|fyldstfsf cfwf/df n]v .
-v_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt s] sf/0fn] pTkGg xG5g\ <
-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt s;/L sd ug{ ;lsG5 <
;fd'bflos sfo{
R= cfÇgf] ;dbfodf uO{ Toxf“ ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltx¿ ;nsng u/ / ltgsf
;"rL agfpm . ;d'bfosf j[b\wj[b\wf;“u pSt ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfgsf pkfosf af/]df
5nkmn u/ .
@= ltd|f] ;dbfodf ;fdflhs ljs[ltaf6 kLl8t kl/jf/;u e6/]] To;af6 aRg] pkfoaf/
vf]hL ;f]sf] cfwf/df cgR5]b tof/ kf/L cleefjsnfO{ ;'gfpm .
kf7 M @ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f
xfd|f] ;dfhdf ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f / cGwljZjf; /x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ ;dfhsf]
;Gt'lnt ljsf;df afwf kl//x]sf] 5 . o:tf ljs[lt cfpgfsf] sf/0f kTtf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf
pkfox¿sf vf]hL ug'{ cfjZos 5 . xfd|f ;dfhdf /x]sf s]xL d'Vo ;d:of /
ljs[ltsf sf/0f /
;dfwfgsf pkfox¿nfO{ o;/L tflnsfdf k|:tt ug{ ;lsG5 M
;d:of / ljs[lt sf/0f ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
R= afn ljjfx – ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f – rtgfdns cleofg
;~rfng ug{]
– ul/aL – /fhuf/dns sfok{ lt
– wd{sf gfddf ;anfO{cfslif{t ug{]
ul/Psf]sk' |rf/ – sfggL k|fjwfgsf]
hfgsf/L lbg]
@= 5f]/f / 5f]/Llar – k/Dk/fut ;f]r – ;dfg xs / cj;/ k|bfg
e]befj – k}t[s ;DklTtk|ltsf] xs – cfÇgf] xs, clwsf/ /
– ?l9jfbL k|rng / cj;/ k|flKtsf
nflu k|f]T;flxt ug{]
#= bfOhf] k|yfnfO{ – r]tgfsf] cefj – bfOhf] lng / lbg aGb]h
k|>o – sk' |yfsf] lg/Gt/tf ug{]
– b]vfl;sL – ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{]
– lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg]
$= cGwljZjf; – cf8Da/ / nf]eL k|j[lTt – ;fdflhs ;n3\ ;+:yfdfk{mt\
-af]S;L, wfdL, – clzIff hgr]tgf k}mnfpg]
emfj|mL cflb_ – ?l9jfbL ;fdflhs lrGtg – o:tf sfo{ ug{]nfO{ ;fdflhs
alxisf/ ug{] / sfggL
sf/afxLsf nflu ;xofu] ug{]
%= kmhn' vr{ – e8l\ snf] ;f]r – kmhn' vr{ ug{]nfO{
– b]vfl;sL ;Demfpg]
– ldtJooL eO{ Jojxf/ k|
bz{g ug{]
lzIf0f ;emfj
cfkmgf] ;dfhdf k|rlnt ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f / ltgaf6 aōg] pkfo tyf ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
tl/sfsf af/]df s]lGb|t eO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
;d:of / ljs[lt sf/0f ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿
^= hjf tf; / – k/Dk/fsf gfddf – dlxnf ;dx" u7g u/L
dfbs kbfy{ ;]jg lelqPsf]s;' +:sf/ o:tf sfo{nfO{ k0f{ ¿kdf
– a]/f]huf/L, cN5Lkgf, aGb]h ug{kg{]
g/fdf| ] – ;fdflhs alxisf/ ug{]
;nu\ t, dlxnfx¿sf] – /f]huf/Lsf If]qx¿ a9fpg]
cGofo klg ;xg] afgL, – o:tf JolStsf] ;nut
sfggsf]sfof{Gjog gxg' ' x6fpg]
cflb – sfggL sf/afxL ug{]
lj|mofsnfk
tnsf] cgō5b k9L ;fdflhs ;d:of kTtf nufO{ ;dfwfgsf] pkfo vfhL u/ M
k|e'gf/fo0fn] cfk\mg} 5f]/L ;f]gjfsf] k9fO 5'6fOlbP . e/v/ R% jif{ k'u]sL ;f]gjf
lsg 5f]/Lx¿dfly o;/L e]befj eO/x]sf] 5 t < eGg] k|Zgdf :yfgLo csf{ ;dfh ;]jL of
;DkGgtf / ;'netf 5 t/ 5f]/Lx¿sf af/]df af]Ng ;Sb}gf}“ . aGb]hdf /fV5f}“ . o:tf
s;' +:sf/lj?bw
\5f]/Lsf] kIfdf af]n]/ lsg ;dfhaf6 alxisf/ eO/xg], '<’
x}g / xh/
;fef/ M g]kfn ;dfrf/kq
bfOhf] k|yfnufot dfly plNnlvt ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf c;/sf af/]df
kl/jf/sf dfGohgnfO{ ;f]wL l6kf]6 tof/ kf/ . pSt l6kf]6 ;fyLefO;“u 5nkmn u/L
;'wf/ u/ / sIffdf ;'gfpm .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ ‘rf8kj{df a9L vr{ ug]{ rngn] ul/aL a9fPsf] 5 .’ of] egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
-v_ ‘hftLo cfwf/df 5'jf5't ul/g] x'gfn] ;dfhdf ;d:of pTkGg ePsf] 5 .’ o;
egfOaf/] cfÇgf] ts{ k|:t't u/ .
-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljslt ;dfwfg ug{ tTsfn / bL3sfndf s] s:tf pkfo ckgfpgknf{ <
kf7 M # dfgj arlavg
-/ftsf] RR alh;s]sf] 5 . lgb|f nfu]sf] 5}g, kfgdfof lgbfpg an pgsf] dgdf

ul5{g, w]/} s/f v]ln/x]sf 5g\ ._
-a]lrP/ ljb]z ]/ kmls{PsL kfgdfof cfkmgf] ljut } cf]R5ofgdf klN6/x]sL l5g\ ._
ku ;Demb
p ¤ hlt lal;{g vf]Hof], plt uf9f eP/ tL 36gfx¿ .
km cfp5g,
cfkm } lw / ul/aLn] g} t xf], o; cj:yfdf k¥ofPsf] . d}n] klg ;fg}b]lv ljbofno uP/ k9g
g a
b
cj;/ kfPsf] eP…¤ clg 3/df ul/aL gxbf] xf] t, d klg cfh ljbofnodf lzIfs xGy“
xf]nf . o;/L ljb]zL ;x/df a]lrgkg{ lyPg xfnf] . k9fpg] sfd dnfO{ ;f/} dg kYof{ .
dnfO{ a/afb ug{nfO{ d kfgLdlg uP klg 5f]8lbg“ . To;nfO{ kj|m]/ sfggL sf/afxL gu/fP;Dd
To:tf ck/fwLx¿sf] dgf]an cem} a95 / d h:tf ;femf] rnLn] ] alrO/xgk] 5{ .
lrGb} glrg]sfn] æd ltdLnfO{ dfof ljjfx eGbf } ljZjf; ul/xfNg] d klg slt
u5{, u5{Æ l566
a " / ;f]emL /x]5' . p;}n] cfkmGt hfg] eg]/ ljb]zdf nu]/ a]Rof] .
b e]6g
w
d]/} kl/jf/df dfq lsg ;d:of cfO/xG5g\ xf]nf ¤ sfG5f] efO klg ufpdf v]tLkftL ug{ hfu/
gu/]/ ;x/ k:of] . ]ndf ef8f afn>d ug{ afèo eof] . ]n dflnssf] bJo{jxf/
xf6 dfem/ xf6
;xg g;sL l/g u/]/ ljb]z hfg] /x/ u¥of] . bnfnsf] hfndf k/]/ k};f klg 8afof] . clxn]
gSsnL kf;kf6{sf] sf/0f ljbzsf] hndf] k//] w/}] bMv kfPsf] 5 c/] . oL dfgj t:s/nfO{
s;n] sf/afxL ug] < d/f] ] efO h:tf ;femfsf] ul/aLsf] kmfObf p7fP/ dfgj arlavg
ug]{lj?b\w slxn] sf/afxL xf]nf < lhDd]jf/ lgsfon] o;nfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ ;s] o:tf
ljs[ltx¿df ;wf/ cfpg ;SYof] ls ¤ pm klg t aem]/ uPsf] eP To:tf] xGgYof] xf]nf lg
>d
:jLs[lt 5 ls 5}g, s:tf] j}b]l;s /f]huf/ sDkgL xf], slt k};f nfUg] xf], s] sfd ug{ xf,]
sfdsf nflu tflnd lngkg{] gkg{, tflnd sxfF lng] h:tf
s'/f gaemL ljb]zdf t k; k;f al;g
h:tf] u/L uof] . cflv/ b'Mv kfof] . -kfgdfof p7]/ kfgL vflG5g\ clg cf]5ofgdf klN6lG5g\ ._
wGo ¤ a]lrPsf r]nLsf] pbwf/df sfo{/t ;+:yfsf] kxndf ;dod} d To; g/saf6
aflx/ cfpg kfPF . cfh Pp6f kgM:yfkgf s]Gb|df tflnd / k9fOnfO{ cl3 a9fO/xbf s]xL
ug{] cf6“a9]/ cfPsf] 5 .
ca d}n] rf/ cf]6f s/f ug{k5{ .

klxnf], dnfO{ km;fpg] bnfnnfO{ kj]m/ k|x/L k|zf;gsf] lhDdf bf];f cfkm" lIft
nufpg; | , ;/
;+:yf dfkm{t cfkmgf] ufpdf ;fIf/tf / rtgfdns sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug{; t;f,]|] ljbzdf]
cfkm
h:t} a]lrPsf r]nLx¿sf] pbwf/ sfo{df ;+nUg /xg]; rfyf], efO h:tf 7luPsfnfO{ sf/afxL
ug{ k|x/L k|zf;gdf ph/L u/L Gofo k|bfg ug{ nflukg{ .
-oL s'/fx¿ ;f]Rb} hf“bf pgsf dgdf b'Mv kfPsf r]nLa]6Lsf] pb\wf/df ;+nUg cu|0fL
dlxnfx¿sf] ofb cfp5 . log} ofb ;ufNb} pgL lgbfpl5g\ ._
ljmofsnfk
R= ljleGg klqsfdf k|sflzt dfgj a]rlavg;u ;DalGwt ;dfrf/x¿ ;nsng u/L

sIffdf k:tt u/ / pTsi6[ ;dfrf/nfO{ ljbofnosf] ;rgf kf6Ldf 6f; .
@= r]nLa6L a]rlavg ;DaGwL rtgfdns uLt, sljtf, syf jf gf6s tof/ kf/ / sIffdf
k|:tt u/ .
#= ‘dfgj a]rlavg h3Go ck/fw xf]’ eGg] ljifodf cfkmgf] egfO /fv .
$= ;fdflhs ljslt / ;d:of klxrfg ug{ ;fyL;u 5nkmn u/ .
%= kfgdfofnfO{ k/]sf h:t} ;d:ofx¿ ltd|f] ;dbfodf s;}nfO{ k/]sf] 5 < ;dbfodf
sfo{/t ;fdflhs ;:yf jf JolStnfO{ e]6]/ u/L hfgsf/L npm / sIffdf k:tt
;f]wk5 u/ .
cEof;
-s_ ;fdflhs ljs[lt eGgfn] s] alemG5 <
-v_ ;fdflhs ljs[ltsf] dVo sf/0f ul/aL / clzIff xf] . o; egfOk|lt cfkmgf ;xdlt jf
c;xdltsf fx¿ k| u/ .
ab :tt
-u_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ljsltx¿sf] ;rL tof/ kf/ .
-3_ kfgdfofn] ug{] eg]sf rf/ s/fdèo] ltdLnfO{ dg k/]sf] sg} Pp6f s/f nvL] dg kgfsf{
sf/0f ;dt nv .
kf7 M $ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo
cl3Nnf] kf7sf] k;nu / ;dfhdf /xsf cGo ljslt tyf ;d:ofdf cfwfl/t eO{ tof/
kf/sf] tnsf] kl| tjbg cWoog u/ M
;fd'bflos sfosf] kltj]bg
xfdf| ] ;dbfosf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljslt
-s_ kl/ro
g]kfn ljleGg hfthflt, ju{, ;dbfo ldn]/ ag]sf] b]z xf] . To;}n] oxf“ ljleGg k|sf/sf /Lltl/jfh,
wd{ ;:+ sl[ t, rfnrng, afgL ax] f/] f f 5g\ . dflg;x¿n] cfcfÇg} f/sf f, Joj;fo u/L
cflb /xs ks k;
hLjg lgjf{x ul//x]sf] kfOG5 . xfd|f] ;dbfo klg o:t} ;dfhsf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . xfd|f] ;dbfodf
ljleGg ksf/sf ;fdflhs dNo, dfGotfx¿ krlnt 5g\ . o:tf dNo dfGotfdf sltko /fdf kIfx¿
5g\ . Psn] csf{]nfO{ ;xof]u ug{], ldn]/ a:g], wfld{s ;lxi0ftf sfod /fVg], cltly ;Tsf/
ug{] h:tf /fd|f kIfx¿ klg 5g\ . To:t} xfd|f] ;dbfodf s]xL ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofn]
klg
;tfO/xsf] cj:yf 5 . To:tf ljslt / ;d:ofsf] cèoog ug{ ;fdbflos of] kltjbg tof/
sfocGtut ul/Psf] xf] .
-v_ ;fd'bflos sfosf] pbb\ Zo
R= ;d'bfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of klxrfg ug'{
@= To:tf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfosf af/]df ;emfj ;nsng ug{
-u_ ;fd'bflos sfo{sf] ljlw
R= ;d"x ljefhg u/L k|ZgfjnL tof/ ug{] / k|ZgfjnLsf cfwf/df ;dbfodf ug]
;f]wk5'
@= ;dxaf6 hfgsf/L ;nsng u/L ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf] clGtd ;rL tof/ ug{
#= ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf] ;fdb' flos f] 5f6] f] kl| tjb] g tof/ ug{] / ug{]
sfos sIffdf k:| tt
-3_ ;fd'bflos sfo{af6 k|fKt ;rgf tyf hfgsf/L
;fdbflos sfocGtut sIffsf ;a} ljbofyL{ ldnfP/ agfOPsf ltg cf6f ;dxaf6 NofPsf ;rgf tyf
hfgsf/Ldf ljljwtf kfOof] . ;a} ;d:ofnfO{ PsLs[t u/L k|:tt ul/Psf] 5 M
;dx sfoaf6 kfKt ;fdflhs ljslt / ;d:ofx¿df k/Dk/fut ?l9jfb / cGwljZjf;, b/frf/,
ofg
bx Jofkf/, >d zfif0f, dbokfg, dfbs kbfy{ ;jg, afn >d zfif0f, nfu' kbfy{ bJo;gL, kmhn vr,
nfu' kbfy{ f/k;f/ / lajm| L ljt/0f, dlxnf k?' if / 5f/] f5f/] Llar eb] , L, ; L, tdfv'
cf; efj, r/' f6 vg t
;]jg, wgL / ul/alar e]befj, czSt, c;xfo / ckfn\uk|lt ckx]ngf, dfgj ckx/0f tyf
xTof, bfOhf] k|yf, rGbf cftn\s, hjf, tf;, dfgj cn\u laj|mL, rf]/L, 8s}tL, xlnof, uf]7fnf
sd}of k|yf,
bf;bf;L, sdf/f sdf/L k|yf, cj}w wGbf, dfgj a]rlavg, 5jf5t
lzIf0f ;emfj cflb /x]sf 5g\ .
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf ;d:ofsf ¿kdf /x]sf] s'g} Ps ;d:of jf ljs[ltdf cfwfl/t eO{ s'g} Ps
;fd'bflos sfo{sf] k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ / sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
-n_ ;d:ofsf sf/0f
;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ;j{k|yd ;d:ofsf] sf/0f klxrfg u/L To;sf] ;dfwfg ug{kg{] ;emfj k|
fKt ePsf lyP . xfd|f] ;dbfosf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf sf/0f o; k|sf/ kfOP M
R= ?l9jfbL k/Dk/f, ;fdflhs aGwg / cGwljZjf; @= r/d ul/aL / cfly{s ;d:of
#= clgolGqt hg;nVof / a;fO“ ;/fO $= lzIffsf] / cj;/sf] sdL
kxr“
%= juL{o, hftLo / IfqLo e]befj ^= b08xLgtf
-r_ ;dfwfgsf pkfo
R= lzIffsf] cj;/ / df j[blw ug{kg{ @= r]tgfdns |md ;~rfng ug{
kxr sfoj
#= ul/aL lgjf/0fsf sfo{j|md ;~rfng $= /fhuf/Lsf] Joj:yf ug{]
ug{] ^= /fli6«o cfo / ah]6sf]
%= hg;nVof lgoGq0f / Joj:yfkg ug{] ;dtfdns ljt/0f ug{]
&= :yfgLo 1fg, l;k / k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
ug{
*= b08xLgtfsf] cGTo ug{]
cg';rL
;dx sfosf{ nflu kZgfjnL|
R= xfdf| ] ;db' fodf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / f] ug Psf] 5 < tL s] s] xg\ <
;d:ofx¿ /xs dx; e{
;
@= o:tf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf sf/0f s] \ / ltgsf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf < } pkfo
xg b]VgePsf] 5 < sg
#= o;af/]df tkfOsf] yk sxL] eGg' 5 ls <
pTt/bftfsf] gfd M =========================== pd]/ M =========== lnnu M ===============
o;/L dflysf mfj ;/sf/, :yfgLo ;db' fo, ;:+ yf / gful/s ;db' fonufot sfofG{ jogdf
;e ;n3 ;a} ldn/
Nofpgk5{ . o;sf nflu ljbofno / ;fdflhs ;n ;:yfx¿n] rtgfdns md ;~rfng ug,{
/fli6o 3 sfoj
cfocfh{g / :j/f]huf/sf sfo{j|md ;~rfng ug]{ h:tf sfo{ ug{ ;S5g\ .
cEof;
!= pTt/ eg M
-s_ kf7df s]sf af/]df k|ltj]bg tof/ kfl/Psf] 5 <
-v_ k|ltj]bgsf] pbb]Zo s] /x5] <
-u_ ;fdbflos sfo{ ug{ s:tf] ljlw ckgfOPsf] 5 <
-3_ ltdLn] ;dfwfgsf pkfox¿ agfpg' k/] s] s] n]V5f} <
@ tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv M
-s_ ltd|f] fodf ePsf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf] L tof/ kf/ .
;db ;r
-v_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf dVo kfr sf/0f nv] .
-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljslt ;dfwfgsf s] s:tf pkfo xg ;S5g\ < ;rL agfpm .
kf7 M % ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljbofno /
/fli6«o ;n3 ;:yfsf] eldsf
xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ljleGg ;fdflhs ;d:of 5g\ . ltgsf] ;dfwfgdf fno / ;n ;:yfsf
ljbo /fli6o 3
eldsfaf/] ltdf| ] l5dsL ljbofnosf ;fyLx¿n] u/sf] ;jfb o; ksf/ 5 M
ljdnf M lgndf ¤ xfdf| ] ;dfhdf ePsf dVo ;fdflhs ;d:ofsf af/df cl3Nnf sIffdf
5nkmn u¥of“} . tL ;d:of ;dfwfgdf xfdL / xfd|f] ljbofnon] s:tf] eldsf
lgjf{x ug{knf{ <
lgn\df M ljb\ofno ;fdflhs ;Eotfsf] k|tLs xf] . rl/q lgdf{0fdf ljbofnosf] 7nf] eldsf
/x]sf] x'G5 . :jfjnDagsf] kf7 l;Sg', cg'zf;gdf /xg', cfÇgf] k/Dk/f /
/Lltl:yltsf] 1fg kfpg' klg ljbofnodf lbOg] c;n lzIffsf pbfx/0f xg\ .
vlr{nf] /xg;xgaf6 ;dfhdf kg{ ;Sg] |efjk|lt ;hutf ckgfpg klg c;n
sk lzIff g} rflxG5 .
ljdnf M ltdLnfO{ t w]/} yfxf /x]5 . ljb\ofnodf ul/g] cltl/St lj|mofsnfk /
/rgfTds ultljlwsf] dfèodaf6 klg cfk;df d]nldnfksf] efjgf hfu[t x'G5 .
;fy} cfk;L 5nkmnaf6 ;fd"lxs sfd ug]{ afgLsf] ljsf; x'G5 . o;af6
;dfgtfsf] efjgf hfu[t eO{ ;fdflhs ljs[lt l;h{gf x'g lb“b}g .
lgn\df M ljbofno lzIffsf] s]Gb| xf] . ljbofnosf lzIfs / ljbofyL{sf] cfgLafgL
/ cgzf;g cgs/0fLo ePdf o;sf] k|efj ;dfhdf k5{ . To;}n]
ljbofnosf] t dxTTjk"0f{ eldsf /xG5 x}g / <
ljdnf M xf] t, ljbofnon] pTkfbg u/]sf] hgzlStn] g} kl5 uP/ ;dfhsf] g]t[Tj ug{] xbf
ljbofnon] rl/q ljsf;df ljz]if gdgf b]vfpgk5{ . s;f] lgndf <
lgndf M clg ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf /fli6«o ;n3 ;:yfsf+ ] eldsf lg <
ljdnf M ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt ;dfwfg ug]{ pb\b]Zon] w]/} ;n\3 ;+:yf sfo{/t 5g\ .
sf]xL cGt/f{li6o, sfxL / L :yfgLo ¿kdf sfo{/t 5g\ . tLdèo] /fli6«o
/fli6o sfx
lzIf0f ;emfj
:yfgLo ;d'bfodf /x]sf ljleGg ;n3 ;:yf+ / ljbofnon] u/sf] sfdx¿sf dfWodaf6 ;fdflhs ;d:of
;dfwfgdf ltgsf] eldsfsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
¿kdf sfo{/t wfld{s, ;fdflhs / ;+:s[lts ;n\3 ;+:yfnfO{ k|d'v dflgG5 . o:tf
;n3 ;+:yfx¿sf] u7L, d7, dlGb/, r}To, uDaf, ljxf/, dl:hb, k|ToIf
Sna;u
;DaGw /x]sf] x'G5 . logLx¿ b}lgs ¿kdf ;dfhsf ljleGg txsf dflg;;“u
k'U5g\ . ;]jfsf] efjgfn] sfd u5{g\ . ctM o:tf ;n\3 ;+:yfn] cfÇgf] ultljlw
/ lj|mofsnfksf] d"Nofn\sg u/L ;xL ;"rgf pknAw u/fpg'k5{ . o;n]
;a}nfO
;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 .
lgn\df M k];fut ;n3 ;nu7gn] klg ul/aL lgjf/0f, lzIffsf] ljsf;, hg;nVof lgoGq0f
h:tf sfo{x¿df ;xof]u ug{ ;S5g\ . logLx¿n] ;dfhdf x'g] / eO/x]sf ;fdflhs
ljs[ltx¿ x6fpg ljleGg r]tgfd"ns tyf ;Gb]zd"ns sfo{j|md u5{g\ .
o;n]klg ;xof]u k¥ofp“5, xf]Og / <
ljdnf M xf, lgndf . To;} u/L pbofuL Joj;foLx¿sf] ;:yf tyf l;ljg, dfOtL gkfn
h:tf u/;/sf/L ;:yfx¿n] ;fdflhs ljslt x6fpg ljleGg sfojmd ;~rfng
u5g \ . To:t} ;emfj, ;Nnfx / gsf ;fy / ;fwg lbO{ klg u5g\ .
lgbz ;|ft ;xofu
lgn\df M xf], xfdLn] k9] h:t} cgzf;gdf a:g], cfb/ ;Tsf/nfO{ cfÇgf] clgjfo{
st{Jo 7fGg'k5{ . To:t} cfkm"v';L gug]{ / ;a}k|lt ;b\efj hufpg] afgLsf]
ljsf;
ug'
{k5{ . aflx/L ;+:s[ltsf] k|efjdf k/]/ cfÇgf] df}lns z}nLnfO{ 5f8\g
x“'b}g . o;n]xfdL ;a}sf] df}lns klxrfg b;f{p“5 .
ljdnf M nf} t cfh w]/} 5nkmn eof] . l6cf“ . ef]ln klg yk 5nkmn u/f}nf .
cfhnfO{ 56
lj|mofsnfk
R= ltd|f] ;dbfodf /x]sf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt lj? sfo{ ug{] JolStnfO{ ljbofnosf
bw tkm{af6 lbOg] k|z+;f kqsf] gd'gf tof/
kf/ .
@= ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljb\ofnosf] e"ldsfaf/] 5nkmn u/L k|ltj]bg k|:t't u/ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf pTt/ n]v M
-s_ ltd|f] ;dfhdf sfo{/t ;n\3 ;+:yfx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .
-v_ ltd|f] ;dfhdf eO/x]sf /fd|f / g/fd|f sfdx¿ l6kf]6 u/ .
-u_ æljbofno ;fdflhs ;Eotfsf] k|tLs xf]Æ o; egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
-3_ ljbofnon] s] s;/L ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 < n]v .
-n_ ;fdflhs ;d:of ;dfwfgsf nflu ; ;:+ yfsf] eldsfaf/] Ps cg'R5]b n]v .
/fli6o n
;fd'bflos sfo{ 3
ltd|f] ljbofno j/k/ jf ;dbfodf ePsf ;n3 ;:yfdf+ ;Dks{ /fvL ;fdflhs ;d:of
;dfwfg ug{ ePsf k|of;x¿ ;n\sng u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
kf7 M ^ åGå Joj:yfkg
k9 / 5nkmn u/ M
åGå s] xf] <
-s_ åGå eg]sf] dflg; jf jf ljrf/sf lardf ljjfbsf] cj:yf xf] .
;dx"
f jf unt ;dfrf/ k|;f/0fn] klg åGå l;h{gf u5{ .
-v_ ;xL ;rgf cfbfg k|bfg
gxb 'sf d'Vo sf/0fx¿
kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]sdf åGå

xg'
-s_ unt ;rgf jf ;Gb]z k|jfx xg
-v_ jf:tljstf yfxf geO{ unt ;Gb]z aflx/ hfg
-u_ kl/jf/ jf 5/l5d]sdf ljjfb xg hfg
-3_ Psn] csf]nfO{ ;Ddfg jf x]Kg
gug{' vf]Hg mg'
-n_ ;rgfdf cj/f]w jf unt
ae
-r_ :jfy{ aflemg'
-5_ lhDd]jf/L k/f gug'{
-h_ kIfkftk0f{ Jojxf/
-em_ an k|of]u
-`_ ;fdflhs c;dfgtf
-6_ ;sf/fTds ;f]rsf] cefj
-7_ c;n /fhgLlts ;+:sf/sf] cefj
kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5dsdf åGå ;dfwfgsf pkfo
åGå l;h{gf ePkl5 To;sf] To;sf] ;dfwfg ul/Pg eg] To;n] bikl/0ffd . To;}n]
Nofp5
;dod} åGå ;dfwfg ug{k5{ . åGå xgsf] vf; sf/0f klxNofO{ åGå sd ug{] jftfj/0f l;hgf{
ug{k5{ . åGå ;dfwfgsf s]xL pkfo o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
lzIf0f ;emfj
o; kf7sf] dVo pbb\ Zo åGå Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL 1fg l;k kbfg Psfn] ljleGg Jofjxfl/s ;d:of k|:t't
uge u/L ;dfwfgsf nflu 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
-s_ ;Ddfgkj{s ;dfg Jojxf/ ug]
-v_ c¿sf] s/f èofgkj{s ;Gg
-u_ :ki6 efiff / cleJolStsf] ug]
k|ofu
-3_ cfjZostf, rfxgf a‰g]
-n_ ;dfg cj;/ / ;xeflutf ;lglZrt ug{
-s_ cfk;df ;dw/ ;DaGw sfod ug{]
-v_ kf/bzL{ Jojxf/ ug]{
-u_ åGå l;h{gf ePdf 5nkmn u/L åGå x6fpg]
-3_ ;sf/fTds ;~rf/ ug]{
-n_ :ki6 alemg] / k|efjsf/L ¿kdf hfgsf/L / ;rgf k|;f/ ug]{
ljmofsnfk
R= ltd|f] sIffdf lzIfs / ljbofyL{ tyf ljbofyL{ ljbofyL{lar dgd6fj jf åGå l;h{gf
eof]eg] To;sf] ;dfwfg s;/L ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L pkfo lgsfn .
@= kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf åGå l;h{gf ePdf To;af6 kg]{ k|efjsf] ;"rL tof/ u/L
k|efjsf/L åGå Joj:yfkgsf pkfo u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
-s_ åGå eg]sf] s] xf] < åGån] s:tf] ;d:of Nofp5 <
-v_ åGå l;h{gf sf] ltg sf/0f n]v
xg . glbg s] ug{k5{ <
-u_ åGå l;h{gf
xg'
-3_ åGå l;hgf eof] eg] s;/L ;dfwfg ug{k5{ <
-n_ ltdL / ;fyLlar åGå l;h{gf eof] eg] ltdL s] u5f{ <
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/L jfSo k/f u/ M
-s_ dflg; jf ;dx jf ljrf/ ljrf/lardf ljjfbsf] cj:yf ================== xf] .
-v_ ================= sf/0fn] åGå l;hgf xg hfG5 .
-u_ åGå ;sf/fTds / ========== u/L bO{ ksf/sf| xG5g\ .
-3_ åGåsf] vf; sf/0f klxrfg ePdf åGå ========== ug{ ;lhnf] xG5 .
kf7 M & unt ;~rf/ / To;sf] kefj
tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/ M

cfbz{ dfèolds ljbofno cfÇgf] If]qs} /fd|f] ljbofno dflgGYof] . To; ljbofnosf] Joj:yfkg
;ldlt, k|wfgfèofks, lzIfs / ljbofyL{lar /fd|f] ;DaGw lyof] . ;a}n] ljbofnosf]
z}lIfs ljsf;df ;Sbf] ;xof]u ub{y] t/ cl3Nnf] jif{sf] lhNnf :t/Lo k/LIffdf sIffsf] klxnf]
ePsf ljbofyL{nufot ;ft hgf c;kmn eP . ;a}nfO{ ul0ft ljifo nfu]5 t/ c¿
ljbofyL{n] ul0ft
ljifodf pTs[i6 NofPsf lyP . ul0ft lzIfsn] cfwlgs tl/sfn] ] . ;a} ljbofyL
cns k9fpy
klg ;Gti6 lyP . t/ ljbofnosf] u0f:t/ v:s]sf] eg]/ htftt} rrf{ rNof] . :yfgLo Pp6f
klqsfn] ul0ft lzIfs sdhf/ ePsfn] ul0ft ljifodf ljbofyL{ c;kmn ePsf] s/fnfO
;dfrf/ agfP5 . To:t} :yfgLo /]l8of] / l6eLn] klg 36gfnfO{ prfn] . o;n] ubf{ cleefjs
klg ul0ft lzIfs;“u l/;fP . To:t} Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k|wfgfèofks klg l/;fP .
pgnfO ljb\ofnoaf6 ljb\ofyL{ c;kmn ePsf]df :ki6Ls/0f ;f]lwof] . o;af6 ul0ft
lzIfs w]/} xtf]T;fxL eP . To;kl5 pgsf] Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, k|wfgfèofks;“u /fd|f]
af]nrfn klg
ePg . ul0ft lzIfsn] klxn]s} h:tf] ldlxg]t klg ug{ 5f]8] . slxNo} ljbofyL{ glk6g] ul0ft
lzIfsn] ljbofyL{ klg yfn] . ljbofyL{ klg af]Ng 5f8] . o; kl/l:yltdf c¿
lk6g pgL;u
jif{sf] glthfdf emg\ cfwf ljbofyL{ c;kmn eP . o;n] k|wfgfèofksnfO{ a]:;/L
lrlGtt tNofof] . To;kl5 pgn] o;sf] sf/0fsf] vf]hL ug{ sfo{dns cg;Gwfg u/] .
sfo{dns cg;Gwfg ubf{ lgDg lnlvt tYo km]nf k¥of] M
R= klxnf] jif{ ul0ft ljifodf c;kmn ePsf ljbofyL{ ul0ft k/LIffsf] lbg ufpdf
cfPsf emf8f kvfnfsf] sf/0f la/fdL eP5g\ . To;}n] pgLx¿ Ufl0ftsf] k/LIffsf
lbg n]Vg g;s]sf sf/0f c;kmn ePsf /x]5g\ .
@= jf:tljs sf/0f yfx} gkfO{ kqklqsf, l6eLn] vf; ;dfrf/ k|;f/0f u/]sf] sf/0fn
/]l8of, lzIfssf] dgf]an v:s]sf] /x]5 .
#= ;dfrf/ dfèodx¿df htftt} ;dfrf/ cfPsf] sf/0f Joj:yfkg ;ldlt / k|
wfgfèofksn]vf; sf/0f klxrfg gu/L lzIfsnfO{ sf/afxL ug{ vfHbf To;sf] kefj emg\
pN6f] kg{ uP5 .
$= lzIfs / fgfèofkslar dgd'6fj f To;sf] c;/ fnodf kg{ uP5 .
kw xb“ ljbo
%= lzIfs / ljbofyL{lar klg af]nrfn gxg gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] /x]5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj ] / lzIfsn] ljbofyL{ lk6gfn] k9fOdf emg
ljbofno / :yfgLo ;d'bfosf pbfx/0fsf dfWodaf6 åGå Joj:yfkgdf ;~rf/sf] eldsf :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ y
pko{St sf/0f kTtf nfu]kl5 of] s/f ;a} ;dfrf/ dfèodaf6 ;wf/ u/L k|;f/0f eof] .
To:t Joj:yfkg ;ldlt k|wfgfèofks, lzIfs, ljbofyL{lar klg ;DaGw ;lw|of] . o;sf] k|
efj kgM klxn]s} h:t} eof] . ;a} ljbofyL{n] ul0ft ljifodf klg pTs[i6 glthf
Nofpg ;kmn eP .
ljmofsnfk
dflysf 36gfsf cfwf/df tnsf kZgsf] pTt/ vfh M
-s_ s] sf/0fn] ul0ftdf ;ft hgf ljbofyL{ c;kmn ePsf lyP <
-v_ klqsf, /]l8of] l6eLn] ;xL ;rgf k|;f/0f gubf{ To;sf] k|efj s:tf] k¥of] <
-u_ bf];|f] jif{ klg ul0ftdf cfwf ljbofyL{ c;kmn xgsf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-3_ o; 36gfdf Joj:yfkg ;ldlt, kwfgfèofks, lzIfs tyf lzIfs ljbofyLlar åGå
a9gsf] sf/0f s] lyof] <
-n_ åGå ;dfwfg s;/L uof] <
xg
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv M
-s_ kf7df k|:tt 36gfdf cfGtl/s åGå bvfpg] ] ltg cf6f] 36gf nv] .
-v_ ;fyL ;fyLlar afnrfn gxg' åGåsf] sf/0f xf] < :ki6 u/ .
-u_ ‘cfGtl/s åGå ;dod} ;dfwfg ug{ ;s]df JolSt jf ;+:yflarsf] ;DaGw ;'dw'/
/xG5 .’ o; egfOsf] kli6 u/ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ltdf| ] ;dbfodf unt ;~rf/sf] sf/0fn] åGå ePsf] xg;S5 . To:tf åGb klxrfg u/L
sf/0f ;dt kTtf nufpm / ;f] åGå ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf
k|:tt u/ .
kf7 M * zflGt / o;sf] cfjZostf
zflGtsf] cy{ / dxTTjsf af/df zflGt :jod\ Ps kfq / fyLl{ ar ePsf jftfnfk k9 /
ljbo 5nkmn u/ .
ljbofyL{ M zflGt ltdL sf] xf} < ltdLnfO{ xfdLn] sf] eg]/ a‰g] t <
zflGt M d]/f] Jofks cy{ 5 . ‘d’ eg]sf] qf; / eo/lxt :j:y dfgl;s / zf/Ll/s l:ylt
x“' . JolStn] :jtGq / cfgGbkj{s cfkmgf ljmofsnfk| ;~rfng ug{ d/f] ] vfhL]
ul/G5 . ;fdfGo cy{df ‘d’ sf] x“ eGg] s/f lgDg lnlvt cj:yfn] :ki6 u5{ M
– cfgGbdf /xg, /dfpg' – c¿nfO{ afwf gk¥ofO{ rfxsf] ] s/f k/f ug{
– Gofo kfpg' – dfof / ddtf kfpg
– cfk;df ;Ddfg ug{ – cGofo, 8/, f, jf n8fOsf] l:ylt gxg
lx; obw
– lx+;fsf] cjz]if g/xg' – ;fdflhs Gofo ljbodfg
/xg ljbofyL{ M cxf], zflGt eg]sf] t jf:tjd} dfgj hLjgsf nflu ] s/f /x]5 .
geO{ gxg'
;fdflhs Gofo;lxtsf] zflGtnfO{ ;sf/fTds zflGtsf ¿kdf a'‰g ;lsg] /x]5 .
To;f] eP ltdLnfO{ kfpg -zflGt kfpg_ sf nflu cfjZos tTTjx¿ s] s] xg\ t <
zflGt M ‘d’ cyf{t\ zflGtsf nflu cfjZos tTTjsf] ;rL nfdf] xg ;S5 . d dVo
tTTjsf af/df atfp5' M
–
;a}sf] ;xeflutf – ;femf aemfO – ;xofu]
–
;lj|mo ;gfO – ljlwsf] zf;g – cfb/ / ;Ddfg
–
;dtf / ;dfgtf – ;fdflhs Gofo – kf/blztf
–
d]nldnfk – ;sf/fTds ;frfO – ;/Iff
– nfs tflGqs ;:sf/ – ;xgzLntf – cfwf/et"
cfjZostf klt
ljbofyL{ M cxf], ;dfhdf ltd| f] dxTTj /x]5 . ;dfhnfO{ zflGtsf] cfjZostf / dxTTj
f] 7n s] 5 t <
lzIf0f ;emfj
zflGtsf] cjwf/0ff, o;sf] cfjZostf / dxTTjsf af/df ljbo fyLnfO{ ljleGg ;dx
agfO{ 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y
;fy} ;dxsf] k|:t'ltsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos ;'emfj klg lbg'xf];\ y
zflGt M dflg;n] dnfO{ sxL“ vf]Hg'kb}{g . cfGtl/s ¿kdf zfGt x'g ;Sg'k5{ .
;a} JolSt zfGt /xg ;s] ;dfhdf d]/f] k|flKt xG' 5 . To;kl5 dnfO{ k|efj kfg]{
lhDd]jf/ tTTj dfgj ;dbfo xf] . To:t} d/f] nflu ;fdflhs Gofosf] klg
plTts}
cfjZostf k5{ . ;fdflhs Gofosf] cefjdf ;dfhleq ck|ToIf ¿kdf lx+;f
df}nfpg kU5 . cfTd ;Ddfg ug{], c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{, kf/bzL{ xg], c;n ;fr,]
efj / Jojxf/ ug{] h:tf s/fn] d]/f] k|flKt xG5 . dvn] zflGt zflGt eGb} lx8g
t/ Jojxf/df To;f] gubf{ d] / f] pkl:ylt x' “ b }g . c¿nfO{ afwf
gk¥ofpg, c¿sf] cfTd ;Ddfgdf 7]; gk¥ofpg' / ;dfhsf] clxt ] sfo{ gug{
xg
g} d]/f] pkl:yltsf dfu{ x'g\ .
ljbofyL{ M ljbofnonfO{ zflGt Ifq agfpg s] ugk{ nf{ t <
zflGt M ljbofnodf d]/f] pkl:ylt rfxG5f} eg] ljbofnodf lgDg lnlvt sfo{ ug{kb{5 M
– ljbofnodf eodSt jftfj/0f l;h{gf ug]{
– e]befj/lxt jftfj/0f agfpg]
– ljbofnodf ;a} ;dfg ;xefuL xg] jftfj/0f agfpg
– ;dfjzL jftfj/0f agfpg] – lx+;fTds ultljlw ;~rfng gug]
– cgzf;gsf] kfngf ug{ – ;d:of zflGtk0f{ tl/sfn] ;dfwfg ug]
– gd| afnL / c;n – ;a}nfO{ cfb/, ;Ddfg / dfof ug{
Jojxf/ ug] – afndqL lzIf0f ljmofsnfk| ;~rfng ug]{
o;/L JolSt, 3/ kl/jf/, ;dbfo / ljbofnon] dnfO{ kfpg ;S5g\ .
ljbofyL{ M cfh}b]lv xfd|f] ljbofnonfO{ zflGt If]q agfpg xfdL u5 . zflGtsf
;xofucfjZostf atfpgePsfdf wGojfb ¤ f“{
ljmofsnfk
R= l;sfOsf nflu pkoSt jftfj/0f ePsf] zfGt ljbofno agfpg ljbofyLn] ugk{ g] b;
cf6f sfo{x¿sf] ;rL agfpm / sIffdf 5nkmn u/]/ clGtd ¿k b]pm, h:t} M
– ;fyLx¿;u ldn/] a:g
– gd| af]nL / c;n Jojxf/ ug] cflb
@= ‘zflGt ljsf;sf] cfwf/’ zLif{sdf js[Tj snf sfoj|md ;~rfng u/ .
cEof;
-s_ zflGt eg]sf] s] xf] < zflGt :yfkgf ug{ ltg pkfo n]v .
ckgfpgkg{
-v_ zflGtsf cfjZostf / dxTTj a'emfpg] kfr jfSo nv] .
-u_ ljbofnonfO{ zflGt agfpg s] s] ug{knf{ <
Ifq
kg/fjnfsg cEof;
ljmofsnfk
R= ‘dlxnf / k?if Ps /ysf { kf |f ’, s] ltd|f] ;dfhdf of] tYo k/f ePsf] 5 <
bO nu xg
@= ltd|f] fodf ;fdflhs ljslt / ;d:of x6fpg s] s] kof; ePsf 5g\ < u/L nv .
;db ;fwk5
#= ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf af/]df 5nkmn u/ . ljleGg pbfx/0fsf dfèodaf6
;fdflhs ljslt / ;d:oflarsf] leGgtf klxNofpm .
$= ljleGg kqklqsf, ;dfrf/kq cflbdf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf k|sflzt
nv tyf ;dfrf/x¿ cèoog u/ / ;dfwfgsf pkfo klxrfg u/L sIffdf k:tt u/ .
%= ;fdflhs ljslt / ;d:of ;dfwfgdf ljbofno / ;fdflhs ; ;+:yfx¿n
/fli6o n3
v]Ng ;Sg] eldsfsf af/df 5nkmn u/ / lgisif{ lgsfnL lzIfsnfO{ ;gfpm .
;fdbflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;dbfodf klg ljleGg k|sf/sf ;fdflhs ljs[lt / ;d:of xf]nfg\ . cfÇgf] sIffdf
ePsf ;a} ljbofyL{ ;nVofcg;f/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ lzIfssf] ;xofun] ltgblv kfr ;dxdf
ljefhg u/ . To;kl5 x/]s ;dx cfcfÇgf] ;dbfodf uO{ tnsf kZgsf| cfwf/df
cfÇgf] ;dbfodf ePsf ;fdflhs ljslt / ;d:ofsf af/df vfhL u/ M
-s_ ltdf| ] ;dbfodf s:tf s:tf ;fdflhs ljslt /xsf] u/]sf 5f} <
dx;;
-v_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf s] s:tf ;fdflhs ;d:of 5g\ <
-u_ ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[ltsf sf/0f s] s] xG5g\ <
-3_ o:tf ;fdflhs ;d:of / ljs[lt s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 <
-n_ ljbofno / /fli6«o ;fdflhs ;n3 ;:yfx¿n+ ] vNg] ;Sg] eldsf s]
s] xfnfg] \ <
cfjZostfcg;f/ c¿ k|Zg klg ug{ ;lsG5 . oL k|Zgsf cfwf/df cfPsf
pTt/nfO{ ;a} ;dxn] 6f5 } ;rL agfO{ sIffdf ;gfpm / ltg cf]6} ;dxaf6
56 66
k|fKt hfgsf/LnfO{ ldnfP/ Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ .
PsfO $ gful/s r]tgf
l;sfO pknlAw
— /fHosf tTTjsf] ;nlIfKt kl/ro lbg
cfwf/et
— ;+ljwfgdf /x]sf df}lns xsx¿ atfpg
— afn clwsf/sf] cy{ / dxTTj atfpg
— afn clwsf/ ;/If0fdf ePsf kof;x¿sf] ;rL agfpg
— gful/s clwsf/ ;/If0f ;DaGwL sfodf ;xefuL eO{ nfstflGqs ;:sf/ kbzg ug
— ;fyL, 3/kl/jf/, 6f]n l5d]s / ;dbfodf ;a}k|lt ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{
— ;fdflhs lgodsf] hfgsf/L lnO{ kfngf ug{
kf7 M ! /fūosf cfwf/et tTTj M eld / hg;nVof
/fūosf] kl/ro
/fHo eg]sf] ;dbfox¿sf] klg ;d'bfo xf] . o;nfO{ /fhgLlts ;d'bfo klg elgG5 . lglZrt
l;dfgfleq a;f]af; ug{ dflg;sf] ;dbfonfO{ /fHo dfGg] ul/G5 . o:tf] /fHoleq ljleGg
hfthflt, ju{, lnnu / ;dbfosf dflg;x¿sf] a;faf;] /xsf] ] xG5 . /fHo dflg;sf] lxtsf
nflu ljsl;t ePsf] xf] .
/fHosf] pTklTt dflg;sf] pTklTt;“u ePsf] dflgG5 . c/:t' eGg] bfz{lgs eG5g\, æ/fHosf]
pTklTt dfgjLo /fhgLlts Pjd\ ;fdflhs cfjZostf k/f ug{ ePsf] xf] .Æ /fHo dflg;sf]
rfxgf kl/k"lt{ ug{sf nflu :yfkgf ePsf] k|fs[lts ;+:yf xf] . /fHo ;/sf/eGbf km/s
x'G5 .
/fHosf] Pp6f kIf dfq ;/sf/ xf] . /fHosf] k|ltlglwsf ¿kdf ;/sf/ /x]sf] x'G5 . /fHo
:yfoL :jefjsf] x'G5 eg] ;/sf/ kl/jt{gzLn x'G5 . /fHo;“u df}lns clwsf/ / zlSt
xG5 eg] ;/sf/;“u ;+ljwfgåf/f lbOPsf] clwsf/ / zlSt dfq xG5 .
/fūosf cfwf/et" tTTj
efO alxgLx¿, ltdLx¿n] k9]s} 5f}, xfO8«f]hg / clS;hg Uof; ldn]/ kfgL ag]sf]
x'G5 . xfd|f] z/L/ klg xf8, df;', kfgL cflb ljleGg tTTjn] ag]sf] 5 . Pp6f 3/
agfp“bf klg ljleGg tTTjsf] cfjZostf k5{ . To:t} Pp6f /fHo x'gsf nflu ljleGg
cfwf/e"t tTTj cfjZos x'G5g\ . o:tf tTTjsf] cefjdf /fHo x'g ;Sb}g . /fHosf
cfwf/e"t tTTjx¿df e"ld, hg;n\Vof, ;/sf/, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf / ;+ljwfg /x]sf x'G5g\
. oL tTTjdèo] o; kf7df
eld / hg;n\Vofsf af/]df tn 5f]6f] kl/ro ul/Psf] 5 .
k|:tt
e"ld
e"ldnfO{ hldg jf e"efu klg eGg] ul/G5 . e"ld gePsf] /fHo x'g ;Sb}g . x/]s
/fHosf] lglZrt e"ld x'G5 . e"ld /fHosf] z/L/ h:t} xf] . z/L/lagf dflg;sf] hLjgsf]
sNkgf ug{ g;lsP h:t} e"ldlagfsf] /fHo aGg ;Sb}g . e"ldnfO{ /fHosf] ef}lts
cfwf/ klg elgG5 .
/fHo aGgsf nflu :yfoL ¿kdf hgtf a:g] lglZrt eld rflxG5 . eldleq l;df Ifq,
jfod08n, vlgh kbfy, jg n gbL gfnf, t6 cflb k5g\ .
lzIf0f ;emfj hnu ;dbL
/fūosf tTTjsf ¿kdf eld / hg;nVof ;DaGwL ljleGg ;fdu cWoog u/L ljbofyLx¿nfO
cfwf/et ;f| t L
:ki6 kfl/lbg'xf];\ y
hg;nVof
sg} lglZrt ef}uf]lns If]qleq a;f]af;
ug{] ;Dk0f{ dflg;sf] ;dxnfO{ hg;nVo
f elgG5 . hg;nVof klg /fHosf nflu
geO{ gx'g] clgjfo{ tTTj xf] . sltkon]
o;nfO{ k|yd clgjfo{ tTTj dfg]sf 5g\
. hg;n\Vof /fHosf] ultzLn tTTj
xf] .
/fHosf nflu slt hg;nVof rflxG5
eGg] lglZrt 5g . c/:t' eGg] bfzlgsn
c;n gful/s ePdf /fHo klg c;n
x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ . /fHodf ljleGg efiff,
wd{, ;+:s[lt /x]sf] kfOG5 .
/fHosf] k|ult Toxf“ a:g]
hg;nVofsf] u0f / Ifdtfdf e/ k5{
.
o;/L /fHosf tTTjsf ¿kdf eld / hg;nVof tTTjsf ¿kdf /xsf xG5g\ .
cfwf/et kdv
lj|mofsnfk
ltd|f] ljb\ofno klg Pp6f ;n\ul7t ;+:yfsf ¿kdf ;~rfng ePsf] 5 . /fHo x'gsf nflu
lglZrt clgjfo{ tTTj rflxP h:t} ltd|f] ljbofno /fd|f];u ;~rfng ug{ s] s:tf clgjfo
tTTj rflxG5 < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L nv .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ /fHo eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ /fHo x'gsf nflu clgjfo{ tTTjx¿ s] s] \ <M
xg
-u_ /fHo / ;/sf/df s] km/s 5 <
-3_ /fHosf] k|dv tTTjsf ¿kdf lsg e"ldnfO{ lnOPsf] xf] <
-n_ ‘c;n gful/s ePdf /fHo klg c;n x'G5 .’ o; egfOsf] k'li6 u/ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;dbfo s] s]af6 ag]sf] 5 < ;dbfosf tTTj s] s] ;Snfg cfkmeGbf
cfwf/et xg ,
hfGg] ;f]wk u/L n]v / ;fyLnfO{ ;gfpm .
JolSt;u 5
kf7 @ /fūosf cfwf/et tTTj M ;/sf/,
;fj{ef}d;Ttf / ;+ljwfg
xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df /fHosf cfwf/e"t Gofokflnsf

tTTjdèo] e"ld / hg;n\Vofsf af/]df 5nkmn u¥of}“
. ca o; kf7df ;/sf/, ;fj{ef}d;Ttf/ ;
+ljwfgsf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{ 5f}“ .
;/sf/
/fHosf] t];|f] clgjfo{ tTTj ;/sf/ xf] . e"ld / hg;n\Vofn] dfq /fHo aGb}g . ;/sf/ /fHo
;~rfngsf] dfèod jf ;fwg xf] . ;/sf/lagfsf] hgtf jf hg;n\Vof c;n\ul7t / c/fhs
x'G5 . To;}n] ;/sf/n] hgtfnfO{ ;xL ¿kdf kl/rfng u5{ . ;/sf/n] cfÇgf]
l;dfsf]
;/Iff, sfgg lgdf0f,{ zflGt, ;/Iff u5{ . To:t} /fh:j ;nsng, kzf;g| ;~rfng ug{
j}b]lzs ;DaGw sfod ug{] nufotsf sfo{ u5{ . ;/sf/sf] sfo{ ug{ sfo{kflnsf, Joj:yflksf,
Gofokflnsfnufot cGo ;+jwflgs cnusf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] xG5 . jt{dfg ;dodf
nf]stflGqs
/ hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ rNg] ;/sf/ /fd|f] dflgG5 .
;fj{ef}d;Ttf
;fj{ef}d;Ttf Ps k|sf/sf] ljz]if zlSt xf] . o;nfO{ zf;g ;~rfngsf]
clwsf/ dflgG5 . cfÇgf] l;df If]qleq /fHonfO{ k|fKt ;Ttfsf] clwsf/
;fj{ef}d;Ttf xf] .
;fj{ef}d;TtfnfO{ ;Dk|e'tf klg elgG5 . of] /fHosf] clt dxTTjk"0f{ / clgjfo{ tTTj
xf] . o;nfO{ /fHosf] k|f0f klg elgG5 . o;sf] cefjdf /fHon] k"0f{tf k|fKt ug{
;Sb}g . o;n]
/fHonfO{ /fli6«o / cGt/f{li6«o dxTTj / dfGotf k|bfg u5{ . ;+ljwfg, sfg'gdf
;fj{ef}ldstf s;df /xg] eGg] s'/fsf] :ki6 Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5 . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;
+ljwfg @)^# n]g]kfnsf] ;fj{ef}d;Ttf g]kfnL hgtfdf /xg] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 .
;+ljwfg
/fHosf] csf{ dxTjk"0f{ tTTj ;+ljwfg klg xf] . of] b]zsf] sfg xf] . o;n] /fHo
dn g
;~rfngsf tf}/tl/sf / hgtfsf clwsf/ / xsx¿sf] ;lglZrt u/]sf] xG5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
/fūosf cfwf/et tTTjsf ¿kdf ;/sf/ / ;fjefd;Ttf}{ ;DaGwL ljifo j:tsf'nflu yk ;ft]| ;fduLsf|
cWoog u/L lzIf0f ug{'xf];\ y

o;/L Pp6f ;kmn / ;an /fHo x'gsf nflu ljleGg tTTjsf] cfjZostf k5{ . /fHon
;/sf/dfkm{t hgtfnfO{ ljleGg ;]jf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fp . hgtfsf] ;'/Iff ub}{ b]zdf
zflGt sfod ug'{ /fHosf] d'Vo bfloTj xf] . hgtfsf] OR5fcg';f/ nf]stflGqs zf;g
kbwlt ckgfpg' x/]s /fHosf] st{Jo xf] .
lj|mofsnfk
R= /fHosf tTTjsf] cfk;df s:tf] ;DaGw /x]sf] xG5 < 5nkmn
cfwf/et ;fyLx¿;u
u/L cGt/;DaGw s]nfpm .
@= s] ltd|f] 3/kl/jf/ klg s]xL lglZrt lgod cfbz{af6 ;~rflnt ePsf] 5 < 3/kl/jf/nfO{
/fd| ;~rfng ug{ s] s:tf s/fx¿ cfjZos k5{g\ < 5nkmn u/L ;fgf] l/kf]6{
f];u“
agfpm .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f]6f] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ ;/sf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < /fHosf nflu of] lsg cfjZos xG5 <
-v_ s:tf] ;/sf/ /fd|f] dflgG5 < c;n ;/sf/sf kfr cf6f] u0f nv] .
-u_ ;fj{ef}d;TtfnfO{ lsg /fHosf] k|f0f klg elgPsf] xf]nf <
-3_ ;+ljwfgnfO{ /fHosf] Ps cfwf/et tTTjsf] ¿kdf dflgG5 . lsg <
-n_ /fHosf tTTjsf] ;rL agfO{ } Pssf] 5f]6f] JofVof u/ .
cfwf/et sg
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
;dx ‘s’ ;d ‘v’
x
e"ld /fHosf] k|yd clgjfo{ tTTj
hg;n\Vof /fHosf] ;fwg
;/sf/ /fHosf] k|f0f
;fj{ef}d;Ttf /fHosf] z/L/
;+ljwfg /fHosf] dfkb08
/fHosf] dn sfgg
kf7 M # df}lns xs
df3 R ut], cfh gkfnsf] cGtl/d

;ljwfg, @)^# nfu' ePsf] lbg . ;ljwfg
lbj; dgfpg ‘zflGt ;dfh’ gfd u/sf]
ojfx¿sf] Ps ;:yfn To; cj;/df
‘g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg / df}lns
xs’ ljifodf kjrg sfojmd cfofhgf u/sf
lyof] . k|jrgdf cltly jStfsf ¿kdf
/fhg u?n cfPsf lyP . /fhg u?nsf] k|
jrg o:tf] lyof] M
cfb/0fLo bfhefO, lbbLalxgLx¿ ¤
;j{k|yd cfh u0ftflGqs ;+ljwfg ag]sf] lbgsf] ;Demgf ub}{ oxf“x¿ ;a}nfO{ awfO
/ z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5' . ;+ljwfg lbj;sf] pknIodf of] sfo{j|md cfof]hgf ug]{
o'jf efOalxgL klg awfOsf kfq ePsf 5g\ . zflGt ;dfhn] dnfO{ jStfsf ¿kdf af]Ng]
df}sf lbPsf]df d cfef/L 5' .
g]kfndf @))& ;fnb]lv ljleGg j|mflGt, cfGbf]ngx¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k xfdLn]
b]znfO{ u0ftGq gkfn agfpg ;kmn ePsf 5f“} . u0ftGq gkfnsf] klxnf] ;ljwfgn] gkfnL
gful/sx¿nfO{ w/] } dflns xssf] Joj:yf u/sf] 5 . @)$& ;fnsf] ;ljwfgn] w/] } dflns
xs kbfg u/sf] lyof] . jtdfg ;+ljwfgn] o;df yk df}lns xs ;dfj]z u/L cem
Jofks agfPsf] 5 .
x'g t sltko JolStnfO{ df}lns xs eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] hfgsf/L gx'g ;S5 .
df}lns xs eg]sf] dflg;nfO{ geO{ gx'g] / k|fs[lts clwsf/sf ¿kdf /x]sf xs
x'g\ . gful/s ePsf gftfn] k|of]u ug{ kfpg] clwsf/x¿ df}lns xs x'g\ . df}lns
xsnfO{ gful/s xs klg elgG5 . /fHosf] sfg'gåf/f df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] x'G5
. g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfg b]zsf] d"n sfg'g xf] / o;}df df}lns xssf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
:jtGqtfk"j{s af“Rg kfpg], ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg], lx“88'n ug]{, af]Ng] :jtGqtf
nufotsf xs df}lns xs x'g\ . ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf b[li6df ;dfg x'g' klg
df}lns xs xf] . g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] g]kfnL gful/snfO{ ljleGg xs
k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . tL xsx¿ d sljtfsf ¿kdf tkfOx¿;dIf /fVg rfxG5' M
lzIf0f ;emfj
gkfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^# sIffdf NofP/ To;df /xsf Joj:yfsf af/df sIffdf 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y
:jtGqtf, ;dfgtf, 5'jf5't tyf hftLo e]befjlj?bwsf] xs y
k|sfzg, k|;f/0f tyf 5fkfvfgf ;DaGwL xs ef]u ug{ gdfGg';\ x} ws yy jftfj/0
/f]huf/L tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iff yk xs xf] cfh{g ug{ kfpg] ;DklTt yy dlxnf, afna
\/ ;++j}wflgs pkrf/sf] xs klg x'b“ }g ge} yy
b]z lgsfnflj?bw
gkfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg @)^# n] wf/f R@ blv #@ ;Dd hDdf @R cf6f dflns xssf] Joj:yf
u/sf] 5 . oL xsx¿sf] ;xh / :jtGq ¿kdf pkefu ug{ kfpg' xfdf| ] clwsf/ xf] . t/ xfdL
gkfnLdf xssf] dfq vfhL / stJo k'/f tkm{ èofg ]sf] 5}g . xfdL ;a}n] cfÇgf
ug{ ug{ ku
xssf] vf]hL ubf{ csf{sf] xssf] xgg x'g lbg'x“'b}g . ;a} /fhgLlts kf6L{, ltgsf sfo{stf{
;a}n] cfcfÇgf st{Jo lgefpg' cfhsf] d'Vo cfjZostf ePsf] 5 . cfhsf] ;+ljwfg lbj;sf]
pknIodf ;a} g]kfnLn] ;j{k|yd st{Jo k/f u/]/ clg xs vf]Hg] k|j[lTtsf] ljsf; xf];\
eGg]z'esfdgf lbg rfxG5' . cGtdf g]kfndf zflGt / ;'zf;g a9f];\ eGb} d]/f ljrf/
oxL 6'n\Uofp“5' . wGojfb ¤
lj|mofsnfk
g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg @)^# df wf/f !& df lzIff tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL lgDg lnlvt
xs /x]sf 5g\ M
-R_ k|To]s ;d'bfonfO{ sfg'gdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd cfÇgf] dft[efiffdf cfwf/e"t lzIff
kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
-@_ k|To]s gful/snfO{ /fHoaf6 sfggdf Joj:yf ePadf]lhd dfèolds tx;Dd
lgMzNs lzIff kfpg] xs x'g] 5 .
-#_ g]kfndf a;f]af; ug{ kTos]| ;dbfonfO{ cfkmgf] efiff,
lnlk, ;:slt,[+ ;f:slts[+ ;Eotf
/ ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug]{ xs x'g] 5 .
ltd|f] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ b'O{ ;d"xdf ljefhg eO{ ltdLn] lzIff ;DaGwL klxnf] xs k|
of]u ug{kfP gkfPsf] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
cEof;
-s_ df}lns xs eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ‘df}lns xs / st{Jo Ps l;Ssfsf b'O{ kf6f x'g\ .’ efj :ki6 u/ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# df plNnlvt df}lns xssf] ;"rL agfpm .
kf7 M $ afn clwsf/
afnaflnsf b]zsf] efjL gful/s xg\ . To;n]} ;a} afnaflnsfn] afRg kfpgk5{ . cfÇgf
ljsf; ug{] cj;/ kfpg'k5{ . k9g / nVg] kfpgk5{ . plrt :jf:Yo ;jfsf] ] cj;/ / ;/Iff'
kfpgk5{ . o;/L afnaflnsfsf geO{ ] ljleGg cfjZostfnfO{ afn clwsf/sf ¿kdf
gxg lnOG5 .
sIffsfo{ !
ltd|f] 3/kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]sdf afnaflnsf 5g\ . pgLx¿ cfÇgf cleefjs;u, æd}n] eg]sf
s'/f ;'lglbg'xf];\ . dnfO{ k9 k7fpg'xf];\ . d ;Sg] hlt dfq sfd u5'{ x} . dnfO{ /fd|f n'uf
lslglbgx \ . 3dlkm/ ug{ \ .Æ cflb dfu /fVg] \ . oL dfun] st} afn clwsf/nfO{
f; nhfgxf; u5g
t lrq0f ug{ vflh/xsf] 5gg\ < 5nkmn u/ .
xf], ltdLx¿n] plrt x]/rfx, pkoSt lzIff, :jf:Yo / ;rgf k|fKt clwsf/,
atfPem“ ug{
ljrf/sf] ;Ddfg afn clwsf/sf If]qleq k5{g\ . ;fy} hf]lvdaf6 ;/If0f, dgf/~hg,
zfif0fsf cGTo, ;dfg Jojxf/, lje]b/lxt Jojxf/ cflb klg afn clwsf/sf If]qleq
k5{g\ . 3/ kl/jf/, ljbofno, ;dfh / /fHon] o;tkm{ ljz]if èofg lbO{ cfcfÇgf] st{Jo /
bfloTj lgjfx{ug{k5{ . o;y{ xfdLn] afnaflnsfsf] rf}tkmL{ ljsf;nfO{ èofgdf /fvL sfd
ug{k5{ . ;a} vfn]e]befjaf6 afnaflnsfnfO{ ;/lIft /fVgk5{ . pgLx¿sf] ljrf/ /
efjgf aemL plrt sfo{ug{ k|f]T;fxg ug'{k5{ .
sIffsfo{ @
afnaflnsfsf s] s:tf clwsf/ xG' 5g\ < 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn .
xf, ltdLn] lgsfnsf] lgisif{ h:t} afn clwsf/nfO{{ rf/ rf/ cf6f kIfdf ;lsG5 M
kdv af8g
R= afRg kfpg] clwsf/ M vfgf, cfjf;, sk8f, plrt :jf:Yo / ;/Iff kfKt ug{ ] clwsf/
@= ljsf;sf] clwsf/ M lzIff, v]nsb, Jofofd, dgf]/~hg, ;xof]u, kfl/jfl/s dfof
ddtf k|fKt ug{ clwsf/
#= ;/If0fsf] clwsf/ M e]befj, zfif0f, ckxngfaf6 ;/lIft xg], hflvdk0f{ sfoaf6
;+/lIft xg ], >d zfif0f ;fdflhs ljebaf6 ;/lIft ], b08,
xg
lz If0f ;emfj obw
tyf hf]lvdk0f{ sfo{ af6 ;+/lIft xg ] clwsf/
afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f jf lbb“ } afn clwsf/ xgg ePsf 36gf cflbsf] clego
k|;nu ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
$= ;xeflutfsf] clwsf/ M afn ljsf;sf ljleGg lj|mofsnfkdf ;xefuL xg kfpg,] cfÇgf
ljrf/ JoSt ug{ kfpg, wflds, ;fdflhs tyf cGo ljmofsnfkdf
;xefuL kfpg], cfÇgf] ;DalGwt kIfdf xbf
xg' hLjg;u“kfpg] lg0fo
ljmofsnfk ;xefuL clwsf/ cflb .
xg
R= olb ltd|f] 6f]nl5d]sdf afn clwsf/sf] xgg eO/x]sf] b]Vof} eg] ltdL s] u5f{ < sg
36gfdf cfwfl/t eP/ cfÇgf] ljrf/ nv .
@= afn clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ltd|f] ljbofnodf xfn;Dd s] s:tf sfo{ ePsf
5g\ < 5nkmn u/ .
#= tn s]xL 36gfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ . tL 36gfsf cfwf/df afn clwsf/ xgg ePsf
k|:tt'5 ls 5}g <
olsg u/ M
-s_ ;GtnLsf] ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx eof] .
-v_ kNnf] ufpsf sxL blnt ljbofyLnfO{ ljbofnodf c¿ u} a:g lbOPsf] 5g .
ljbofyL;
-u_ sf]xnk/sf] Ps a:tLdf afnaflnsfn] ;ssf] sfddf cfÇgf cfdfaafnfO{
;xofu]u5{g\ .
-3_ uf]/vfkq blgs klqsfdf emf8fkvfnf nfUbf pkrf/ gkfP/ tL
afnaflnsfsf]d[To' ePsf] ;dfrf/ k|sflzt ePsf] 5 .
-n_ ;8s afnaflnsfx¿ vfgs/fsf] cefjdf efsefs}]] ;lt/xsf] 5g\ .
dfly lbOP h:t} u/L c¿ 36gfsf af/df 5nkmn u/ / xfdLn] afn clwsf/sf nflu
ug{kg{] sfdsf] ;rL agfpm / sIffdf u/ .
cEof; k|:tt
-s_ afn clwsf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ afn clwsf/leq s] s] s/fx¿ k5{g\ < ;rL agfpm .
-u_ afn clwsf/ ;DaGwL dVo rf/ kIf s] s] xg\ <
-3_ afn clwsf/ ;+/If0fdf kl/jf/sf] s] s:tf] eldsf /xG5 <
-n_ afn clwsf/sf] dxTTj atfpm .
-r_ afn clwsf/sf] pkofudf ljbofnosf] eldsf pNnv u/ .
kf7 M % afn clwsf/ ;/If0fsf kof;
xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df afn clwsf/sf]

kl/ro k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f“ . afnaflnsf
eg]sf] b]zsf] efjL s0f{wf/ x'g\ .
To;}n pgLx¿sf] eljio ;lglZrt eP
dfq b]zsf eljio pHHjn xG' 5 . afn
clwsf/sf] ;dlrt
¿kdf ;/If0f / ;jwg ug{ ;s] dfq /fi6
;dGgt xG5 . o;} sf/0fn] x/s bzn] afn
clwsf/sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ljleGg k|
of; u/sf 5g\ . g]kfndf afn clwsf/sf
nflu ePsf pNn] v gLo sfdnfO{
lgDgfg' ;f/
;rLabw ug{ ;lsG5 M
R= afn clwsf/sf] ;+/If0f / ljsf;sf nflu ;g\ R(*( df ;oSt /fi6« ;n3af6 afn
clwsf/ dxf;lGw kfl/t ePsf] 5 . pSt dxf;lGwnfO{ g]kfnn] klg cg'df]bg u/]sf] 5 .
@= ;fs{n] ljleGg sfo{j|mdsf ;fy ;g\ R(() nfO{ aflnsf jif{, ;g\ R((R b]lv ;g\ @)))
;Dd aflnsf bzs, ;g\ @))R–@)R) ;Dd afn clwsf/ bzssf ¿kdf dgfPsf
lyof] .
#= g]kfn ;/sf/n] afn clwsf/ ;/If0f / ;jwgsf nflu afnaflnsf ;DaGwL Pg, @)$*
/ afnaflnsf lgodfjnL, @)%^ nfu' u/]sf] 5 .
$= xfdf| ] b]zdf afn clwsf/ ;/If0fsf nflu afn sNof0f ux, afn ;wf/ ux, afn
Ohnf; cflbsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
%= lzIff dGqfno / dlxnf, afnaflnsf tyf ;dfh sNof0f ljleGg |md
dGqfnodfkmt sfoj
;~rfng eO/x]sf 5g\ . ;fy} afn ;nu7g, s]Gb|Lo / lhNnf afn sNof0f ;ldlt,
;:t dgl:ylt s]Gb| cflb ;+:yfdfkm{t klg afnaflnsfsf xslxtsf sfd
eO/x]sf 5g\ .
^= g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;ljwfg, @)^# df afnaflnsfsf] xsnfO{ dflns xssf ¿kdf Joj:yf
ul/Psf] 5 . To:t} ;+ljwfgdf /fHon] afnaflnsfsf xs ;/If0fsf nflu ljzif
Joj:yf ug{ ;Sg] Joj:yf ul/Psf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
:yfgLo :t/df afn clwsf/ ;+/If0fsf nflu ePsf Jofjxfl/s k|of;sf dfWodaf6 afn clwsf/
;+/If0fsf af/]df :ki6 kfg'{xf];\ y
sIffsfo{
afn clwsf/sf nflu ePsf ¿ s] s] xfnfg\ < cèoog / u/L f l6kf]6 u/ .
sfox ;fwvfh a“b
ljmofsnfk
-s_ afn clwsf/ ;/If0f / ;jwgsf nflu s] s] sfd ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L
;fyL;u sfdsf] ;"rL tof/ kf/ .
-v_ ltd|f] 6f]n jf l5dsdf afnaflnsfsf] pGglt kult, ug{] sfo{df ;+nUg JolSt jf
;:yfn u/]sf] c;n sfo{sf af/]df Pp6f n]v tof/ kf/ .
-u_ afn clwsf/ ;/If0fdf s] s:tf ;d:of bv]sf 5f} < ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo;lxtsf
tflnsf agfpm / sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo
-3_ ltd|f] ufp6f]ndf tnsfdèo] k|sf/sf] afn>d k| ] u/]sf] 5 < 5nkmn u/L s]
sg of]u xg
s:tf] sfddf afn>d kof]u ul/G5, 5f6f] l/kf]6{ agfpm M
s[lif sfo{, lgdf0f sfo,{ 3/n] ' sfd÷3/fo;L sfd, k;n, snsf/vfgf,
pbofuwGbf, O“6f e6\6f, Joj;fo, ko{6g tyf kbofqf, of}g Joj;fo, sdn/L,
nfu' cf}ifw cf;f/ k;f/,/fhgLlts sfo{, åGå, bf;bf;L, sd/f sdf/L, xlnof,
uf]7fnf, sdof, ckx/0f tyf dfgj cn\u laj|mL
cEof;
!= tnsf jfSo l7s al] 7s 5'6ofO{ al7s jfSonfO{ l7s agfO{ nv M
-s_ afnaflnsfnfO{ ld7f] vfg / /fd|f] nufpg lbP k'U5, k9fpg' kb{g .
-v_ ug{ ;fdflhs ck/fw xf] .
5jf5t
-u_ afnaflnsfsf] s/f ;Gg' eg]sf] km;{bsf] ;do s6fpg' dfq xf] .
-3_ kl/jf/n] efjL of]hgf agfpbf afnaflnsfsf] lxtnfO{ èofg lbgk5{ .
-n_ ;+ljwfgn] afn clwsf/nfO{ df}lns xssf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df pkoSt zAb 5fgL vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ sg} bzsf] ] ljwfgcg;f/ ;fdflhs, /fhgLlts cflb clwsf/ kfPsf] /
tbg;f/
lglZrt st{Jodf /xgkg{ JolStnfO{ ========== elgG5 . -gful/s, afnaflnsf,
kf| 9_
-v_ R^ jif{dlgsf afnaflnsfnfO{ ========== elgG5 . -afns, gfafns, lzz_'
-u_ afnaflnsfsf] OR5f, cfsfn\Iff ljk/Lt ul/g] sfo{nfO{ afn clwsf/==========
elgG5 . -ckx]ngf, xgg, ;+/If0f_
kf7 M ^ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/
l;h{gf dfèolds ljbofno, l;DkfnLsf lzIfs >L 6Lsf/fd >]i7nfO{ nf]stflGqs Jojxf/
kf7 lzIf0f ug{lyof] . pgn] ljbofyL{af6} s:tf Jojxf/ nf]stflGqs xg\ / s:tf Jojxf/
nf]stflGqs xf]Ogg\ eGg] 56ofpg nufpg] ljrf/ u/] . pgn] Ps xKtfsf uf/vfkq] blgs}
klqsfx¿ ltg ;dxdf x]g{ nufP . klqsfdf ePsf ljleGg ;dfrf/af6 nf]stflGqs Jojxf/
eP gePsf zLif{s l6Kg nufP / To;sf af/df 5nkmn u/fP . 5nkmnaf6
nfstflGqs
;+:sf/ eg]sf] o:tf] lgisif{ lgl:sof] M
— dflg;n] dflg;nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ .
— dflg; ;a} a/fa/ x'g\ . pgLx¿ ;a}df ;dfg clwsf/ x'G5 .
— dflg;n] cfÇgf] clwsf/ vf]Hbf csf{sf] clwsf/ xgg\ x }g .
ug{ b“
— xTof, lx+;f, ck/fwhGo sfo{ dfgjLo Jojxf/ xf]Ogg\
.
— ;a}nfO{ ;dfg sfggL pkrf/sf] xs xG5 .
— sfg'gsf] k|of]udf ;a} ;dfg x'G5g\ .
— csf{sf] OR5f ljk/Ltsf sfo{ ug'{ xb“ }g .
— dlxnf / k'?if b'j}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{'k5{ .
— x/]s JolStnfO{ af]Ng], ljrf/ /fVg] :jtGqtf x'G5 .
— ;xcl:tTTj, zflGt, d]nldnfk, :jfledfg cflb nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf d]?b08 xg\ .
plNnlvt ljrf/cg';f/ Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug'{ nf]stflGqs Jojxf/ xf] . ltd|f] ljb\
ofno, sIff sf]7fdf nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] l:ylt s] 5, 5nkmn u/ / unt ;+:sf/
eP ;'wfg]{ pkfo s] s] x'G5g\ < vf]hL u/ . h:t} M nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ ckgfpg
lgDg lnlvt s/fdf èofg lbgk5{ M
— ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{]
— nf]enfnr gug{]
— JolStut :jfy{eGbf ;fdflhs :jfy{nfO{ èofg lbg]
— ;dosf] k/f ;bkof]u ug{]
— cGwljZjf; s'/Lltsf] lj/f]w ug]{
— c;n ljrf/ /fVg]
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljbofyL{x¿nfO{ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf af/]df lzIf0f ug{'kbf{ :yfgLo :t/sf pko'St gd'gf
Jojxf/ jf 36gfsf pbfx/0f lbP/ :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ y
— c¿nfO{ ;Ddfg / >bwf ug{]
— ;fj{hlgs ;DklTtsf] ;bkof]u ug{
— cfÇgf] lhDd]jf/L k/f ug{]
— kmh'n vr{ gug]{
— 5jf5t kyfsf| ] cGTo ug{
— sfg'gsf] ;Ddfg / kfngf ug]{
— x/]s dflg;nfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg
— hflt, wd, lnnu, j0f{ / Ifqsf cfwf/df e]befj gug{
xfdLx¿n] klg cfk;df nf]stflGqs Jojxf/ k|bz{g ug{k5{ . x/]s JolStn] cgzfl;t
Jojxf/ b]vfpg ;s]df ;dfh / b]z gd'gf aGg ;S5 .
lj|mofsnfk
R= nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ kfng ug{ ;fyLsf] Jojxf/x¿sf] ;rL tof/ u/ .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] rf6{ tflnsf tof/ kf/ . ;a}eGbf /fd|f ltg
cf]6f rf6{ tflnsf sIffdf 6f;“ .
cEof;
-s_ nf]stGq eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ nf]stflGqs ;++:sf/sf cf]6f pbfx/0f n]v .
kfr
-u_ ltd|f] ;dfhsf nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ lj?bw ePsf ltg 36gf nv] .
-3_ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/ eP gePsf] yfxf ] cf]6f cfwf/sf] ;rL agfpm .
xg kf
r
@= tnsf l7s Jojxf/ h:tfsf] t:t} / a]l7s Jojxf/ ;ōofP/ sfkLdf ;f/ M
-s_ xfdLn] ;fyLsf] ;Ddfg ubf{ ;fyLn] klg xfd|f] ;Ddfg u5{ .
-v_ ckfn\utf ePsf, sd / a9L hfGg] ;a}nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ ;lsb}g .
-u_ csf{sf] ljrf/sf] sb/ ubf{ cfÇgf]kg /xb }g .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;dbfodf c;n u0f ePsf dflg;x¿ klg xg' ;S5g\ . pgLx¿n] u/]sf sfdx¿ /
pgLx¿sf c;n u'0fx¿ nf]stflGqs ;+:sf/sf] ljsf;df s;/L ;xof]u
k'¥ofPsf]5 < cfÇgf] ljrf/ n]v]/ ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;gfpm .
kf7 M & ;dfg Jojxf/
;dfhdf Ps JolStn] csf{ JolSt; sfod ug{ ;DaGw, cfr/0f jf rfnrngnfO{ Jojxf/
u
elgG5 . o:tf Jojxf/ ljleGg xg ;S5g\ . u0f, cfsf/ cflbsf bli6n[ ] pxL / p:t} jf
a/fa/ ¿kdf k|bz{g ul/g] Jojxf/nfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ elgG5 . sg} JolStn] ;a} wd{, j0f{,
lnnu, hfthflt, efiff ePsf JolStnfO{ pxL / p:t} Jojxf/ u5{ eg] Tof] ;dfg Jojxf/ xf] .
Pp6f c;n gful/sn] x/]s JolStnfO{ ;dfg Jojxf/ u5{ . ;dfhdf ;dfg Jojxf/sf
cefjdf emu8f / snx l;h{gf xg hfG5 . To;af6 ;dfhdf czflGt kmnG5 . To;n] JolSt
/ ;dfhnfO{ cgzfl;t / dof{lbt agfpg x/]s gful/sn] ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{ clgjfo
xG5 . ;dfhdf ;dfgtf sfod ug{ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# n] gful/ssf df}lns
xscGtu{t ;dfgtfsf] xssf] Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . o; xsdf elgPsf] 5 M
R= ;a} gful/s sfg'gsf] b[li6df ;dfg x'g] 5g\ .
@= } klg gful/sdfly wd{, j0f{, hfthflt, pTklTt, efiff jf j}rfl/s cf:yf
lnnu
sg
cflbsf cfwf/df e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
#= ;dfg sfdsf nflu dlxnf / k?ifsf lar kfl/>lds tyf ;fdflhs ;/Iffdf
e]befj ul/g] 5}g .
dflysf Joj:yfn] s;}n] klg c¿k|lt c;dfg Jojxf/ u/]df ljk/Lt xG5 eGg
Tof] sfgg s/f :ki6 u5{ .
xfdLn] klg wgL, ul/a, hfltkftL h:tf s/fsf cfwf/df e]befj ug'{ xb“ }g . dflg; 7nf' ] lbnn
xG5, hftn] xbg eg] em“} sfd / Jojxf/af6 dflg; c;n / v/fa xG5 . To:t} dlxnf / k?if,
5f]/f5f/Llar klg ;dfg Jojxf/ ug{k5{ . 3/kl/jf/, 5/l5d]s / ljbofnodf ;a}n]
Ps csf{k|lt ;Ddfg / ljZjf; ug{k5{ . s;}n] ;dfg Jojxf/ gu/]df p;nfO{ ;dfg
Jojxf/ ug{
;xo / ;Nnfx lbgk5{ . ;fyL ;fyL, 3/ kl/jf/, / ;dbfodf ;dfg
fu 5/l5ds ugkg{
Jojxf/sf s]xL pbfx/0f o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg c;n tyf ;dfg Jojxf/ / v/fa Jojxf/cg'¿ksf lj|mofsnfk l;h{gf u/L sIffdf
To;sf af/]df clego ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
;dfg Jojxf/
;fyL ;fyLlar kl/jf/df 5/l5dsdf ;dbfodf
ldn]/ a:g' / v]Ng,' ;a} ;b:osf] ;v' bM' vdf wd{sf cfwf/df e]befj
;/;Nnfx ug{,' cfb/, ;Ddfg, ;xof]u ug{,' ljrf/ gug{,' hftsf cfwf/df
;xof]u lng' / dfof / ;]jf / e]befj gug{,' efiffsf
lbg'csf{sf] kL/dsf{ ug{,' Ps ;Nnfx lng' / cfwf/df e]befj gug{,'
ae' mg' / czSt csf{sf]ljrf/ / lbg,' af6f], kfgL, sfdsf cfwf/df e]befj
tyf ckfnu\ tf efjgfsf] sb/ kw“ ]/f] cflbdf gug{,' 5jf5tsf
ePsfnfO{ e]befj ug{,' sfddf ;xh k| cfwf/df e]befj gug{,'
gug{' ;xof]u ug{,' of]usf nflu wgL / ul/alar e]befj
;a};u“ ld7f] kxn ug{,' gug{'
af]nL jrg ;fdflhsLs/0fdf
ug' ;xof]u ug{'
{
lj|mofsnfk
R= c;dfg Jojxf/af6 s] s:tf ;d:of cfpg ;S5g\ < To;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/
sIffdf ;d"x agfO{ 5nkmn u/ / kfn}kfnf] k|:t't u/ .
@= ;fyL ;fyLlar xg] ;dfg / c;dfg Jojxf/sf] ;rL agfpm M
;dfg Jojxf/ c;dfg Jojxf/
R= ldn]/ a:g], v]Ng] cflb R= ;u“ } a:g dg gk/fpg], v]Nbf s'g} ;fyLnfO{
x]Kg], xf]Rofpg] gv]nfpg] cflb .
======================== ===========================
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ ;dfg Jojxf/ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ c;dfg Jojxf/af6 ;dfhdf s:tf] c;/ kg{ ;S5 < pNn]v u/ .
-u_ g]kfnsf] ;+ljwfgdf ;dfgtfsf] xsdf s] s] s/f pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 <
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|+f] ;dbfodf c;dfg Jojxf/ ePsf xf]nfg\ . tL 36gfdèo] sg} Psaf6 ;dfhdf kg{] c;/
/ To;sf] ;dfwfgsf] nflu s/fx¿af/] ufpsf } k| JolStnfO{ e]6]/ To;sf
ug{kg{ sg abw
;dfwfgsf] pkfox¿ ;f]wL l/kf]6{ tof/ u/ .
kf7 M * ;fdflhs lgod
;dfhnfO{ Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ ;dfhåf/f tof/ u/L Jojxf/df cfPsf lgod g}
;fdflhs lgod x'g\ . ;dfhnfO{ :jLsf/ x'g] k/Dk/fut gLlt lgodnfO{ ;fdflhs d"No
dfGotf klg elgG5 . o:tf dNo dfGotfnfO{ ;fdflhs lgodsf ¿kdf ;an] kfngf u/sf
xG5g\ . dNo dfGotfnfO{ rfnrng klg eGg] ul/G5 . ;dfhdf /x]sf ;a} rfnrng /fd|f
dfq} xb“ }gg\ . ;dfhdf /x]sf /fd|f rfnrngnfO{ cg';/0f ugk5{ . ;dfhdf ljs[lt Nofpg
rfnrngnfO{ x6fpg kxn ug{k5{ . c;n ;fdflhs rfnrngn] JolSt / ;dfhnfO{
;xL af6f]df lx8fpg ;xof]u u5{ .
sIffsfo{ M ltdLn] kfngf ug{] u/]sf ;fdflhs lgodx¿sf] ;rL agfpm
. l5d]sL ljbofnosf ;fyLx¿n] xfd|f] ;dfhdf k|rngdf /x]sf lgDgfg;f/sf ;fdflhs
ltd|f
lgod l6kf]6 tof/ u/]sf 5g\ . ltdLn] agfPsf lgod;u tngf u/L cèoog u/ M
— cfkmeGbf 7nfnfO{ cfb/ ug{ / ;fgfnfO{ dfof ug{
— kl/jf/sf] h]i7 ;b:on] eg]sf] ;a}n] dfGg]
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg c;n ;fdflhs lgod / v/fa Jojxf/sf] pbfx/0f, gdgf lbO{ ;fdflhs lgod kfngf ug{ pTkl| /t
ugx{{' f;\ y
— rf8kj{df kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:o hDdf eO{ /dfOnf] ug{]
— ljjfx, j|taGw, Gjf/fg, kf:gL h:tf ;+:sf/df ;dfhdf ePsf ;a} hDdf eO{
zesfdgf cfbfgk|bfg ug{]
— ;dbfodf sg} JolStsf] dTo[ ' ePdf ;a} hDdf eO{
bfx;:sf/+ / cfjZos ;xof]u ug{
— ;dbfodf /x]sf sjf, wf/f, Ogf/, snf], af6f], wfld{s :ynsf] ;/;kmfO tyf ;+/If0f
ug{ . To:tf 7fpdf kfnf] kvg]{ afgL a;fNg
— bMvL, czSt, ckfnu, c;xfo, 6x' /f, j[bw\ j[bwf cflbnfO{ ;xof]u ug{]
— ;a}nfO{ ldqjt\ Jojxf/ ug]{
— kfxgf, u?, u?cfdf, cfdf / aafnfO{ b]jtf ;dfg dfGg]
— c¿nfO{ c;lhnf] kbf{ ;Sbf] ;xof]u ug{]
— JolStuteGbf ;fdlxs lxtnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg]
— cfÇgf] k/Dk/fut rfnrng / ;+:sf/ dfGg]
— ldtJolotf k|bz{g ub{} :yfgLo j:t' tyf ;]jfsf] k|of]u ug{]
— afxo\ ;+:s[ltsf] gsf/fTds k|efjaf6 aRg] / cfÇgf] df}lns snf ;+:s[lt tyf
;fj{hlgs
;DklTtsf] ;+/If0f / ;+jw{g ug{]
— k|fs[lts / /fli6«o ;Dkbfsf] k|of]u / ;+/If0fnfO{ k|fyldstf lbg] cflb .
ltdLn] tof/ kf/]sf / dflysf ;fdflhs lgodlar s] cGt/ kfof} t < dgg u/ .
sg} klg ;dfhsf] P]gf eg]s} Toxf“sf] dflg;sf] rfnrng / Jojxf/ xf] . xfdLn] ;dfh
cgsn lzi6, cg'zfl;t Jojxf/ eg] ;dfh klg To:t} aG5 . To;}n] ;dfhnfO
ckgfof“
;Eo / cfbz{ agfpg x/]s JolStn] ;fdflhs lgodsf] ;xL ¿kdf kfngf ug{k5{ .
lj|mofsnfk
R= s] ltd|f] ;dfhdf s]xL g/fd|f lgod jf k|rng klg 5g\ < 5g\ eg] To:tf
lgod jf k|rngsf] ;rL agfpm / tL g/fd|f lgodnfO{ ;wf/ ug{ s] ug{knf{ <
;fyL;“u 5nkmn u/L pkfox¿ n]v .
@= ltdf| ] sIff sf7fnfO{ cgzfl;t agfpg lgod agfO{ sIff sf7fdf 6f“; .
cEof;
-s_ ;fdflhs lgod eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ;fdflhs lgod lsg cfjZos k5{ <
-u_ ltd|f] ;dfhdf k|rlnt kf“r cf]6f dVo lgod n]v .
kf7 M ( ;fdflhs lgod kfngfsf] k|efj
;fdflhs lgodsf] 1fg / k|of]un] ;dfhnfO{ ;xL af6f]df 8f]¥ofp5 . To;sf] ;sf/fTds
k|efj ;dfhsf x/]s If]qdf k5{ . xfdLn] klg xfd|f ;dfhdf k|rlnt ;fdflhs
lgodx¿sf]kfngf ug{k5{ . ltd|f] l5d]sL ljbofnosf ;fyLx¿n] ;fdflhs lgod
kfngfsf] k|efjsf
af/]df ;dx sfo{ u/sf lyP . pgLx¿n] tof/ kf/sf] ;rL o; ksf/ 5 M
;fdflhs lgod kfngf ubf{ x'g] kmfObf
R= ;dbfodf /xsf sjf, wf/f, Ogf/, R= ;fjhlgs ;DklTtsf] ;/If0f / ;bkofu]
snf,] af6f,] wflds{ :ynsf] xG5 .
;/;kmfO tyf ;+/If0f ug{] . —cgzfl;t eO{ sfd ug{ ] afgLsf] ljsf; xG5 .
To:tf sfo{sf]k|of]u ubf{ kfnf] —;fdflhs sfdklt rf;f] /
kv{g] afgL a;fNg] pTt/bfloTjsf]af]w xG5 .
@= cfdf, aa' f / u?' nfO{ cfb/ @= cfkmeGbf 7nfsf] cfb/ ;Tsf/ ug{]
;Ddfg ug]{ afgLsf]ljsf; u/fp5, u?af6 yk 1fg
lng
;xof]u k¥ofp5, cfdfaafaf6
#= cgzf;g / dof{bfsf] kfngf ug{] Jofjxfl/s s/f l;Sg ;xof]u k¥ofp5“
.
#= ;Eo xg' l;sfp5, cgzf;g l;sfp5,
$= cltlysf] ;Tsf/ ug{] ;Hhg x'g l;sfp“5, ;fdflhs
lgod l;sfp5“ .
%= k|fs[lts j:tsf] ;+/If0f - $= ;]jfsf] efjgf ljsf; xG5, dfgj
k|s[lt khf_ ug]{ ;Eotf l;sfp5“ .
^= hGdb]lv d[To;Dd ul/g] ljleGg %= jftfj/0f ;Gtng /fVg ;xof]u u5{, ;
;+:sf/ kfngf ug{] [li6
;~rfngdf ;xof]u k¥ofp5“ .
^= kl/jf/ tyf ;dfhdf 3nldn u/fpg
&= k/Dk/fut dNo dfGotfsf] cg;/0f ;xof]u k¥ofp5, JolStsf] of]ubfgsf]
ug{] sb/ ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . st{Jo k/f ug{
;xof]u u5{ . snlkt[sf ;Demgf ug{
l;sfp5“ .
*= ljleGg rf8kj{ dfGg] &= cgzf;g l;sfp“5, nf]enfnrfaf6
arfp5, Ifl0fs ef}lts ;'v lng]
k|j[lTt
36fp5, dfgj ;]jf ug{ l;sfp5, wfld{s
:yn ;+/If0f ug{ l;sfp5“ .
*= ;:slt x:tfGt/0f xg' ,] ;:sltsf] ;/If0f
xg' ] .
lzIf0f ;emfj
;fdflhs lgod kfngf ;DaGwdf ;a} ljbofyLnfO{ ;xefuL u/L ljleGg ljmofsnfk u/fO{ lzIf0f ugx' f;\ y
lj|mofsnfk
ltdf| ] kl/jf/ tyf ;dbfodf dNo dfGotfsf gfddf /fdf / bj} rng f x'g
g/fdf /xs
;S5g\ . To:tf rngx¿ ;f]wvf]h u/L pbfx/0fdf lbOP h:t} ltg ;d"xdf ljefhg
u/L n]v .
h:tfsf] h:t} cg';/0f ug'{kg{] ;'wf/ u/]/ cg';/0f ug'{kg{] x6fpg'kg{]
kfxgfsf] ;Tsf/ ;f+:s[lts k/Dk/f bfOhf] lng] / lbg]
5jf5't ug]{
cEof;
R= ;fdflhs lgodsf] kfngf lsg cfjZos xG5 < 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
@= ltdf| ] kl/jf/ jf ;dfhdf ePsf yk ;fdflhs lgod / ] kmfObf ab' fut ¿kdf nv .
To;af6 xg #= ;fdflhs lgodsf] dxTTj zLif{sdf Ps
cg'R5]b n]v .
$= ;fdflhs lgod kfngf ubf{ xg ] kmfObfx¿ ;rLabw
u/ .
k'g/fjnf]sg cEof;
;fd'bflos sfo{
-s_ g]kfnsf] cGtl/d ;+ljwfg, @)^# sf] wf/f @@ df afnaflnsfsf] xssf] Joj:yf 5 .
ljbofno k:tsfno jf lzIfs;u ePsf] ;ljwfgsf+ ] k:tsaf6 afnaflnsf ;DaGwL
df}lns xsx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm . pSt xsx¿ ltd|f] ;d'bfosf afnaflnsfdèo]
sltn pkef]u ug{ kfPsf 5}gg\ . ljj/0f agfpm . ;fy} ltgLx¿n] tL xssf] k|of]u
s;/L ug{kfpnfg\ 5nkmn u/L lgrf]8 lgsfn .
-v_ ;+ljwfg cèoog
;+ljwfg cèoog u/]/ tn n]lvPsf fx¿ g]kfnsf] jt{dfg ;+ljwfgsf] df}lns
ab'eP l7s -_ / geP a]l7s -X_ xsdf
n]v M
R= :jtGqtfsf] xs - _ @= xftxltof/ ;lxt e]nf x'g] - _
_ #= ;dfgtf xs - _ xs
%= dlxnfsf] xs - _ $= a9L xg' ]sf] vf];]/ lng] xs
&= afnaflnssf] xs - _ -
^= k?ifsf] xs - _
*= k|f}9sf] xs - _ g
(= wd{ ;DaGwL xs - _ R)= ;"rgfsf] xs - _
RR= 5jf5t' tyf tLo e]befj R@= wd{sf cfwf/df e]befj ug{
hf kfO
lj?bwsf]
R%= lzIff tyfxs - _lt ;DaGwL xs -
;+:s[ _xs - _
-u_ ltd|f] ;d'bfodf k'/fgf] b/af/, u9L, dlGb/, rr{, u'Daf, dl:hb s'g} wfld{s :yn,
kf6Lkf}jf, rf}tf/f], ;Ttn cflbdèo] } } ;Dkbf kSs} xf]nf . pSt ;Dkbf /x]sf] 7fp
sg s
g
s:tf] cj:yfdf 5 -/fd|f], lau]|sf], eTs]sf], ;kmf kmf]xf]/ cflb_ To;sf] cj:yfsf af/]df
n]v . pSt 7fpsf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ltdL PSn} jf ;dx ldn/] s] ug{ ;S5f} < ;ssf]
sfd u/ / s] sfd u¥of} < sIffdf u/ .
k|:tt
lj|mofsnfk
-s_ cfufdL afn lbj; eJo ¿kdf dgfpgsf nflu ;dbfosf dflg; / ;Nnfx
lzIfs;u u/L of]hgf agfpm .
-v_ b]z ;Gtlnt ¿kdf ;~rfng ug{ sfokflnsf, Joj:yflksf / Gofokflnsfsf lar zlSt
;Gtng / lgoGq0f lsg xgk5{ xfnf] < ;dxdf 5nkmn u/L lgisif{ lgsfn .
PsfO % xfdf| ] kYjL
l;sfO pknlAw
— k[YjLsf] w/ftnnLo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] afxo\ tTTjx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
— hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] kl/ro lbg
— ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfosf vf]hL ug{
— ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug{] pkfosf] cjnDag ug{ Pjd\ pbwf/ sfo{df ;+nUg xg'
— g]kfnsf] k|fs[lts :j¿ksf] kl/ro lbg
— k|fs[lts :j¿kcg;f/ xfjfkfgL / hghLjgsf] kl/ro k|:tt' ug{
— cIffz+ / bzfGt/sf] kl/ro lbg
— Unfa] / gS;f k|of]u u/L b]zfGt/ / cIffzsf] ;xfotfn] sg' } :yfg sxf“ 5 eg]/
kTtf
nufpg
— o/fk / c:6l] nof dxfbzsf] gS;f cèoog u/L Toxfsf] kfsl| ts cj:yfnufot
ljleGg kIfsf] j0f{g ug{
— o/f]ksf] ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts cj:yfsf] j0f{g ug{
— o/f]k / c:6]lnof dxfb]zsf] ljleGg If]qsf dflg;x¿sf] hghLjg / ljsf;sf
cj:yfaf6 k]/0ff kfKt ug{
kf7 M ! cIffz / bzfGt/sf] kl/ro
-cIff+z_ -b]zfGt/_
-pTt/_
-ed" Wo /vf_
-klZrd_ -k"j{_
-blIf0f_ - fg dWofGx_
kw
xfdL al;/x]sf] k[YjL s:tf] cfsf/sf] 5, slt 7nf] 5 eGg] ltdLx¿n] yfxf kfO;s]sf 5f} .
k[YjLsf] } Ps efudf cGo :yfgsf af/]df hfgsf/L kfpg, Toxfsf] b/L / cjl:ylt
sg a;/
yfxf kfpg k[YjLdf ljleGg cIff+z / b]zfGt/sf] ;xof]u lnOG5 . cIff+z / b]zfGt/
/]vfsf af/]df ltdLn] sIff 5df hfgsf/L k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f} . To;}n] ljbofnodf
/x]sf] Unf]a Nofcf] . Unf]a x]/]/ cIff+z b]zfGt/sf af/]df 5nkmn u/ x} t ¤
cIffz+
R= edèo /vfsf] sGblaGbaf6 pTt/ jf blIf0fdèo] sg} 7fpsf] sf0fdf gflkPsf] cyft\{ sfl0fs]
b/LnfO{ cIffz elgG5 .
@= sg} 7fpsf] cIffz+ eGgfn] edèo /vf] / ;f] 7fpaf6 lvrsf] ] /vf] ldn/]
kYjLsf[ ] sGbdf|]
ag]sf] sf0fnfO{ aemfp5 .
#= edèo /]vfsf] pTt/tkm{ ()) / blIf0ftkm{ ()) u/L R*)) cIff+Zf x'G5g\ . tL cj:yfnfO
b]vfpg lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /vfnfO{ cIffz /vf] elgG5 .
$= cIff+zsf] dbbtaf6 } 7fp“ edèo /]vfb]lv pTt/ jf blIf0fk6l6 slt 6f9f k5{ eGg
sg s'/f yfxf x'G5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
gS;fdf cIff+z / b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] ;xfotfaf6 ljleGg 7fp“sf] cjl:ylt kTtf nufpg] cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ y
%= cIff+zsf] dbbtaf6 sg} 7fpsf] xfjfkfgLsf] cj:yf kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 .
^= cIff+zsf] dbbtaf6 } avt } lglZrt 7fpdf lbg / /ftsf] nDafO yfxf xG5 .
sg sg
&= cIff+zaf6 } :yfgsf] jf:tljs b/L lgsfNg ;lsG5 .
sg
bzfGt/
R= k|wfg -lu|gljr ldg6fOd_ /]vfsf] { jf klZrdsf] } 7fpsf] sf]0fdf gflkPsf
dèofxg kj sg
b/LnfO{ b]zfGt/ elgG5 . k|wfg dèofxg /vfsf] ] bzfGt/] zGo l8uL| xG5
. oxL zGo
l8u|Lsf] k|wfg /]vf / To;sf] { jf klZrdsf] } 7fpaf6 lvlrPsf] /]vf
dèofxg kj sg
ldn]/ aGg] sf]0f g} To; 7fpsf] b]zfGt/ xf] .
@= b]zfGt/ k|wfg /]vfsf] {df R*) c+z / klZrddf R*) c+z u/L hDdf #^)
dèofxg kj
c+z xG5g\ . b]zfGt/ b]vfpg lvlrPsf] sfNklgs /]vfnfO{ b]zfGt/ /]vf elgG5 .
#= b]zfGt/af6 } :yfg dVo /]vfb]lv { jf klZrd slt 6f9f 5 eGg] s/f
sg yfxf xG5 .
dèofxg kj
$= b]zfGt/sf] ;xfotfaf6 ljleGg :yfgsf] :yfgLo ;do yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 .
%= k[YjL x/]s rf/ ldg]6df Ps l8u|L b]zfGt/ 3D5 . cyf{t\ R% l8u|L b]zfGt/ klZrdaf6
kj{tkm{ 3Dg Ps 306f nfU5 . o;sf/0f k|To]s Ps l8u| {sf] ] klZrdsf] eGbf
L kj 7fpn
rf/ ldg]6 klxn] ;o" sf] ls/0f kfKt u5{ . o; s/fsf cfwf/df g} kYjLsf] ;do
lgwf/0f ul/Psf] xG5 .
gkfndf uf/Lzns/ lxdfnnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;do lgwfl/t ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L cIffz /
b]zfGt/sf] ;xfotfn] ;du| k[YjLsf] b/L / :yfgsf af/df hfgsf/L lng ;lsG5 . ] cIffz
To;n
/ bzfGt/nfO{ efuf]lns lgofds klg elgG5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= Unf]a jf gS;f x]/]/ cIff+z /]vf / b]zfGt/ /]vf klxrfg u/ .
@= P6nf; jf leTt] gS;fx¿df ePsf] /fhgLlts gS;f x/]/ gkfn] / gkfnsf l5dsL]
dnssf] cIff+z / b]zfGt/ kTtf nufpm .
cEof;
tnsf] kZgsf] pTt/ nv M
R= cIff+z eg]sf] s] xf]
< @= b]zfGt/ eg]sf] s] xf]
<
#= cIff+z / b]zfGt/lar km/s b]vfpm .
$= cIff+z / b]zfGt/ /]vfsf] pkof]lutf n]v .
kf7 M @ w/ftnLo :j¿k
k[YjLdf sxL“ cUnf], sxL“ xf]rf], sxL“ vfN6f] 5 . To:t} sxL“ Hofb} cUnf] kxf8, sxL“ k7f/ -pRr
;d:ynL_, sxL“ d}bfg cflb efu 5g\ . k[YjLsf] oxL c;dfg aflx/L ;txnfO{ w/ftn
(topography) elgG5 . hldgn] } g } cfsf/ lnO{ b]lvg] cfs[ltnfO{ w/ftnLo :j¿k
sg sg
elgG5 . oL :j¿ksf] lgdf{{0f jf cfs[lt jf :j¿k ;w“ Psgf; geO{ lg/Gt/ kl/jtg{
eO/xG5 . o:tf :j¿ksf] ljsf; Ps} k6s geP/ ljleGg r/0fdf ePsf] xf] . o;/L
x'g]kl/jt{g cg'ej ug{ ;lsg] x'G5 .
;do / km}nfj6sf cfwf/df w/ftnLo :j¿kdf ljljwtf /x]sf] 5 . k[YjLdf afxo cfj/0fdf
dxfb]z / dxf;fu/ u/L bO{ dVo :j¿k /xsf] 5g\ . o:tf] :j¿k Ifl0fs geO{ bL3sfnLg{
xG' 5g\ . To;kl5 dxfb]zcGtu{t ljsf; ePsf k|dv :j¿kx¿ kj{t, kxf8 / dbfg} xg\ .
dxf;fu/cGtu{tsf :j¿kx¿df dxfåLkLo lsgf/f, dxf;fu/Lo d}bfg, dxf;fu/Lo 8f8f xg\ .
oL :j¿ksf] ljsf; / lgdf{0fdf afXo / cfGtl/s zlStsf] eldsf /x]sf] xG5 . o:tf :j¿k
:yfoL geO{ c:yfoL xG5g\ .
w/ftnLo :j¿k kl/jt{g ug]{ tTTjx¿
w/ftnLo :j¿kdf ljleGg kljmofn] cfpg] . w/ftnLo :j¿k kl/jt{g ug]{
kl/jtg ub5
tTTjx¿nfO{ cfGtl/s / afXo u/L { efudf \g ;lsG5 M
bO af8
-s_ afXo tTTj M afXo ¿kdf w/ftnsf] :j¿kdf Nofpg] gbL, tfk, lxdgbL, jiff,
kl/jtg jfo,
hLjhGt' cflb afXo tTTjx¿ \ . o:tf tTTjn] } Ps 7fpdf lvofPsf] df6f] cf;f//,
xg sg
cGoq} gof“ cfslt . h:t} gkfnsf] kxf8L Ifqaf6 gbLn] lvofP/ nusf] df6f
ykf// agfp5
t/fOdf ykf/L dbfg agsf 5g\ . ] kfv/fdf gbLn] ulx/f] uN5L agfPsf] 5 .
To;n
lzIf0f ;emfj
w/ftnLo :j¿k :ki6 kfg{] Unfa, gS;f jf P6nf;sf] kofu u/L cjwf/0ff :ki6 kfgx' f;\ y

-v_ cfGtl/s tTTj M w/ftnsf] :j¿knfO{ cfGtl/s ¿kdf ug]{ tTTj cfGtl/s tTTj
kl/jtg
elgG5 . esDk / HjfnfdvL h:tf tTTjn] kYjLsf ;txdf t?Gt} kl/jtg Nofp5g\ .
esDksf] sf/0f hldg dfly tn efl;g, lr/f / klx/f] hfg] xG5 . HjfnfdvL
p7g, kg{
ljikmf6 x'bf kYjL leqsf] tftf] nfef aflx/ lg:sG5 / ylkP/ kxf8 aG5 . o;/L afXo /
cfGtl/s } tTTjn] kYjLsf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf Nofpg] ub{5g\ .
bj kl/jtg
ljmofsnfk
R= P6nf; jf kYjLsf] w/ftnLo gS;f cèoog u/ / gS;fsf cfwf/df kxf8, ;dy/ d}bfg
/ ;db| ePsf ltg ltg cf6f] :yfgsf gfd 5nkmn u/L nv]
.
@= lzIfssf] ;fydf uO{ cfkmgf] ljbofno glhssf] vfnf lsgf/sf] cjnfsg u/L Toxf“ lvofpg,
cf;fg{ ] / ykfg{ ] dèo] sg sfd To;n] Toxfsf] w/ftndf s] NofPsf] 5 < kTtf
sg ePsf, kl/jtg
nufp / sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
#= ltdL /x]sf] w/ftnLo :j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofpg] cfGtl/s / afXo tTTjx¿ s] s] xg\ <
n]v .
cEof;
-s_ w/ftnLo :j¿k eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ k[YjLsf] w/ftnLo :j¿k s:tf] 5 <
-u_ w/ftnLo :j¿kdf k|efj kfg{ afXo tTTjx¿ s] s] xg\ <
-3_ w/ftnLo :j¿k kl/jt{g ug]{ cfGtl/s / afXo tTTj s] s] \ < logn] s;/L w/ftnLo
xg
:j¿kdf kl/jt{g Nofp“5g\ .
-n_ esDk, HjfnfdvLnfO{ lsg w/ftnLo :j¿kdf Nofpg] cfGtl/s tTTj elgPsf] xf] <
kl/jtg
;fd''b'bflos sfo{{
cfcfÇgf] ljbofno jl/kl/sf] e:j¿k /fd/L cjnfsg u/ . To;sf] cfsf/ ksf/ tyf cGo
ljz]iftf cfÇgf] cEof; kl:tsfdf n]v . tL :j¿kx¿ s] s;/L ag]sf xf]nfg, s] tL ;w“} To:t
/xnfg\ < olb ePsf] eP s]xL ]t kTtf nufO{ sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
kl/jtg ;ns

kf7 M # gkfnsf] efuflns cj:yf
p
lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L k|b]z t/fO{ k|b]z

– gkfndf sn' Ifqkmnsf] – t/fOb]lv pTt/ tyf lxdfnL – t/fO{ kb| znfO{ dw;]
efuflns ljefhgcg;f/ sl/a kb| zsf] blIf0fdf ^R) ld6/blv kb| z] klg eGg] ul/G5 .
R% kltzt e"efun] cf]u]6]sf] ##)) ld6/;Ddsf] eefunfO{ kxf8L – gkfndf ;aeGbf blIf0fL
5 . k|bz]elgG5 . efudf kj" { drLblv
– g]kfndf pTt/L efudf dxfsfnL;Dd ;db' L|
kg{] lxdfnL k|b]z ##)) –*) lsnfld6/ blv R@* ;tx nueu ^) ld6/blv
ld6/ b]lv lsnfld6/ rf}8fOdf k}mlnPsf] ^R) ld6/;Ddsf prfOsf]
**$* ld6/;DDfsf] prfOdf kxf8L k|b]zn] gkfnsf] sn' ;dy/ eefunfO{ t/fO{ kb|
/x]sf] 5 . Ifqkmnsf] ^* kltzt eefu z] elgG5 .
cf]u6]sf] 5 .
– %))) ld6/eGbf dflysf ;a} – t/fO{ kb| z] kj" df @%
kj{ t z[ n \ v nfx¿ lxp“ n ] – g]kfnsf] blIf0fdf cjl:yt kj" ls=ld= / klZrddf #@
5f]lkG5g\ . {b]lv klZrd;Dd kmlnPsf] ^R) ls=ld=;Dd km}lnPsf] 5 .
– lxdfnL k|b]zdf cfwf hlt ld6/ blv R*&@ ld6/sf] prfO;Dd – r/' ] / dxfef/t kj{t
ePsf] kjt{dfnfnfO{ r/' ] kj{t >]0fLsf] aLrdf leqL dw];
jiff{
dflgG5 . /x]sf] 5 .
;do lxpn“ ] 9fSg] ub5{ .
To;n} ] – ;db' |L ;txb]lv R%)) – g]kfnsf] sn' If]qkmnsf]
oxf“ w/} pAhgL x'“b}g . ld6/b]lv #^^) ld6/;Ddsf] R& k|ltzt e"efu t/fO{
oxf“ cfn,' hf}, :ofp h:tf prfO ePsf] df]8bf/ kj{tnfO{ k|b]zn]cf]u]6sf] 5 .
vfbofGg dxfef/t n]s
/ kmnk'mn pTkfbg x'G5g\ . elgG5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
t'ngfTds rf6{ jf tflnsf agfP/ gkfnsf] efuflns kb| zsf af/df 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y
lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L k|b]z t/fO{ k|b]z
– lxdfnL kb| zdf hg;nVofsf] – dxfef/t kj{ t / lxdfno – t/fO{ k|b]zsf] eefu
rfk Psbd} sd 5 . of] If]qdf kjt{ lardf 7n' f 7n' f ;dy/ tyf pj{/ /x]sf] 5 .
ef]6], xofNdf,] zkf,{ nKrf, kxf8sf ;fy} tfn, a;] L / – o; k|b]zsf dflg;sf
ysfnL, u?n cflb hfltsf d'Vo pkTosf klg /xsf 5g\ . d'Vo k;f vtLkftL /
a;f]af; 5 . – kxf8L k|b]zdf ljleGg hflt, kzkfng xf] eg] o;
– lxdfnL k|b]zsf dflg;x¿n] hghfltsf dflg;x¿ a:5g\ . If] qdf ljleGg k|sf/sf
kj{tf/f]x0f ko{6g, – kjL{ gkfndf /fO,{ lnDasf] pbof]u klg /x]sf 5g\ .
kzkfngnfO{ d'Vo k];f afxNo 5 eg] dèo tyf klZrd – o; Ifqdf afxg, /fhkt, yf?,
agfPsf] kfOG5 . h8La'6Lsf g]kfndf afxg, IfqL, gjf/, du/, rdf/, lwdfn, d';ndfg,
Jofkf/ klg o; If]qsf] u?n cflb hflt a:5g\ . To:t} d' ; x/, ofb j, emf“ u 8,
cfDbfgLsf] ;|f]t xf] . blntx¿sf] kf;jfgnufotsf hflt
– hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] c;/n] of] ;n\Vof klg k|z:t kfOG5 . a;f]af; u5{g\ .
If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ dflg;x¿sf] – of] k|b]zdf cfn,' ux,'“ ds},
sf]bf], wfg, cnr“} L, cbj' f,
;G' tnf cflb pTkfbg xG5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= g]kfnsf] ef}lts gS;f x]/]/ t/fO{, kxf8 / lxdfnL efu ]lv sxf;Dd xf] ofpm .
sxfb 56
@= gkfnsf] gS;f agfpm . To;df t/fO{ kxf8 / lxdfnL 5 f } jf lbP/
Ifq 66 566 ;nst
56ofpm . To;df /n e/ / sIffdf k|bz{g u/ .
#= ltdL sg efuflns]} kbzdf]| a:5f} < cfÇgf] efuflns]} kbzsf]|
] efuflns]} ljj/0f pNnv] u/L
Pp6f kq ldqnfO{ lr7L n]v .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ M
nv]
]zlar km/s ofpm .
-s_ lxdfn / kxf8L 56
kb
-v_ t/fO{ k|b]zsf dVo kfr cf6f] ljziftf] nv] .
kf7 M $ ljljwtfsf] ;nud gkfn
g]kfn ;fgf] 5 t/ of] cfkm}“df ljljwtfn] el/Psf] ljzfn 5 . g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO

lgDgfg;f/ x]g{ ;lsG5 M
s|= Ifq] ljljwtf
;=
R= Effuflns ljljwtf – Pp6} b]zdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{÷dw]; /x]sf]÷jg hnu\
n, gbLgfnf, cflbdf ljljwtf
@= kfslts ljljwtf – jftfj/0fLo ljljwtf – lxdfnL If]q, kxf8L / t/fO{df ljljw
ksf/sf] jftfj/0f /xsf] -xfjfkfgLdf ljljwtf_
– udL{b]lv clt hf8f] xg' ] xfjfkfgL
– hLjhGtd' f ljlzi6tf -t/fO{, kxf8, lxdfndf x'g]
hLjhGt,'hgfj/df ljljwtf /x]sf_]
– h}ljs ljljwtf -ljleGg hLj, la?jf h8La6' Ldf ljljwtf_
#= slifhGo ljljwtf – lxdfn, kxf8, t/fO{df kfOg] s[lifhGo jfnLgfnLdf ljljwtf
/xsf]
$= ;f:slts ljljwtf – /fli6otf klxrfg u/fpg ljleGg ljeltn] ofubfg u/sf . uftd
ab' w\ , es[ 6L, c/lgsf,] /fhlif{ hgs cflbn] ljlzi6tf kbfg
u/sf
%= hftLo ljljwtf – %( hghflt bl] v lnP/ ;of“} y/ ufq] sf hghLjgdf
hftLo ljlzi6tf /x]sf]
– R)R eGbf a9L hflt /xsf
^= eflifs ljljwtf – g]kfndf sl/a R@# efiff /x]sf 5g\ .
&= èfflds{ ljljwtf – gkfndf lxGb,' afb} w\ , ls/ft, dl:nd, ljml:rog, hg, lzv,
axfO nufot ljleGg wdf{jnDaL /x]sf 5g\
*= ;fdflhs ljljwtf – efiff ;:sltdf ePsf] ljljwtfn] ;fdflhs ljljwtfsf] kltlglwTj
u/]sf]
– ljleGg hft hfltsf cfcfÇg} k|sf/sf ;fdflhs klxrfg
/xsf
(= juLo{ ljljwtf – g]kfndf clt wgLblv clt ul/a;Ddsf] a;f]af; /x]sf] . ul/a
/ wgLlarsf] b/L a9g\ ' Ps rgf}tLsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
of] kf7 lzIf0f ubf{ :yfgLo kl/jznfO{ klg pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf u/L 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y
k:tt
g]kfnsf] sn Ifqkmn] R,$&,R*R ju{ ls=ld= /xsf] ] 5 . ;fgf] Ifqkmn]
eP/ klg gkfn] ;db
;txaf6 sl/a ^) ld6/ prfOb]lv ljZjsf] ;jf]Rr lzv/ *,*$* ld6/;Dd km}lnPsf] 5
. blIf0fdf t/fO{b]lv pTt/df lxdfn;Dd kUbf oxf“ ljljw k|sf/sf e:j¿k b]lvG5g\ .
To:t} xfjfkfgL, jg:kltdf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . ef}uf]lns ljlzi6tf ePs} sf/0f
g]kfnsf cg]s hflt, ;f:s[lts :j¿k, kfs[lts ;Dkbf cflbdf ljljwtf dfq geP/
ljlzi6tf / df}lnstf kfOG5 . g]kfnsf] hnjfo' clt 708fb]lv clt udL{;Dd 5 eg]
cUnf] lxdfnb]lv xf]rf d}bfg;Ddsf] w/ftn /x]sf] 5 . ef}uf]lns ljljwtfn] ;fdflhs,
cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, k|zf;lgs
/ /fhgLlts ¿kdf ;d]t ljljwtf NofPsf] 5 . k|fs[lts jftfj/0fsf] ljljlwtfn]
kzkIfL Pjd\ k|fs[lts jg:klt / hghLjgdf Jofkstf e]l6G5 . To;}n] g]kfnnfO{
ljljwtfsf] ;nud elgPsf] xf] .
ljmofsnfk
R= ‘ljljlwtfsf] ;nud g]kfn’ ljifodf Ps k|jrg sfo{j|mdsf] cfof]hgf u/ . lnlvt jf
df}lvs k|jrg kfn}kfnf] k|:tt u/ .
@= ltdL a;]sf] If]qdf kfOg] ljljwtf / ljlzi6tf s] s] 5g\ . ;f]wvf]h u/]/ n]v .
cEof;
tnsf kZgsf] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ ljljwtf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfnnfO{ ;+;f/df lrgfpg] kfr cf6f] ljlzi6 u0f nv] .
-u_ g]kfnsf] w/ftn / xfjfkfgLdf ePsf ljljwtfsf ltg cf]6f pbfx/0f n]v .
-3_ g]kfndf s:tf] ;dflhs ljljwtf kfOG5 <
-n_ ‘g]kfn ;fgf] 5 t/ ;+;f/ 5 .’ o; egfOsf] kli6 u/ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ltdL a;]sf] :yfgsf] ef}uf]lns cj:yf, w/ftn, xfjfkfgL, jg:klt, df6f] / hghLjg
-;fdflhs, cfly{s / ;f+:s[lts_ kIfsf af/]df cèoog u/]/ Pp6f k|ltj]bg tof/
u/ . o; sfo{df cfjZostfcg;f/ lzIfs, ;dbfodf hfGg] JolSt jf bfh' lbbLsf]
;xof]u n]pm .
kf7 M % gS;f sfo
e;txsf] If]qnfO{ } gfksf cfwf/df kltlglwTj ] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] cfsf/nfO{ gS;f
sg xg
elgG5 . Jojxf/df { t];|f] ztfAbLb]lv gS;fsf] k| } cfPsf] xf] . gS;fsf] k|of]u
O;fkj of]u xb“
u sfo{ cfh cfP/ cTofwlgs } cfPsf] 5 . Pp6f sf]7fdf a;]/ OG6g]6sf] dfèodn
g] xb“
;+;f/e/sf] gS;f x]g{] k|ljlw cfO;s]sf] 5 . ;fdflhs cèoogdf gS;fsf] k|of]u clt
dxTTjk0f{ xG5 . sg} klg :yn, j:t' jf lgldt{ ;/rgfsf+ ] l:ylt bvfpg] gS;fsf]
kofu]|
ul/G5 . gS;f dVo ¿kdf bO{ ksf/sf| xG5g\ .
-s_ k|fs[lts gS;f M– k|fs[lts j:tx¿ b]vfpg
-v_ ;f+:s[lts gS;f M– dfgj lgld{t j:tx¿ b]vfpg
o; afxs ljzif cj:yfsf cfwf/df w/ftnLo gS;f, efuflns gS;f / cflys{ gS;f xG5g\ .
To:t} oftfoft ;DaGwL gS;f, xfjfkfgL ;DaGwL gS;f, P]ltxfl;s gS;f, ljt/0f bvfpg
df6fsf] juLs/0f bvfpg] gS;f cflb ljljw ksf/sf gS;f klg kofu ul/G5 .
sg} If]qsf] gS;fnfO{ ljifout gS;f (thematic map) elgG5 . o;sf] vf; pbb]Zo g} To;
If]qnfO{ b[Zodfg u/fO{ cyjf cfvfn] b]v]sf] h:tf] u/fO{ hfgsf/L k|bfg ug{ xf] . kYjLsf[
w/ftndf /xsf ljleGg ef}uf]lns j:tsf] l:ylt, jftfj/0fLo kl/jtg tyf ;fdflhs ;f:slts[+
l:yltnfO{ ptfg{ sl7g xG5 . t;y{ To:tf ljifosf] j:tl:ylt tyf To;sf] :j¿ksf] ljz]iftf
Pjd\ cfsf/sf cfwf/df ljleGg ;fns]lts lrGxx¿sf] kofu]| u/L gS;fåf/f ljj/0f k:tt|
ul/G5 . gS;fdf ;ns]taf6 bvfOg] ] sxL] :j¿kx¿ o; ksf/|5g\ M
– dfgj lgld{t :j¿kx¿ – dlGb/, ;8s, 3/, k'n cflb
– hn :j¿kx¿ – gbL, tfn, ;d'b|, gx/ cflb
– :yn :j¿kx¿ – kxf8, le/, rr/f], dbfg} cflb
– jg:kltsf :j¿kx¿ – ljleGg gS;fdf jg hnun, s[lif pTkfbg
cflb
lzIf0f ;emfj P6nf; j f gS;f x//
gS;f ptfg, g{ jf ptf/sf] gS;f eg{
;ns
6;] u t;lxt cEof;
u/fpg'xf];\ / cfjZostfg';f/ ki7kf]if0f k|bfg ug{xf];\ y
o;/L gS;fdf :yfg / ;DalGwt w/} hfgsf/Lx¿ ug{ ;lsG5 . gS;faf6 sg
;dfh;u k|:tt
:yfg ljz]ifsf] hfgsf/L l56f] k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . To;}n] elgG5, Pp6f tl:a/ xhf/ zAb
a/fa/ dxTTjk0f{ xG5 . ca, oxf“ xfdL g]kfnsf] gS;f agfpg] cEof; u/f“ M
R= R) ;]=ld= nDafO / ^ ;]=ld= rf}8fOsf] Pp6f cfot lvr . 7nf] k[i7df agfpg' k/]
o;sf]gfk a9fP/ lng ;S5f}, h:t} M @) ;]=ld= x R@ ;]=ld=sf] cfot .
@= @ ;]= ld= sf] km/s kf/L cfotsf] sgfaf6 /]vfx¿ tfg . afs;sf] l7s laraf6 Pp6f
7f8f] /]vf klg tfg . oL /]vfx¿n] xfd|f b]zsf] gS;fsf sgfx¿ b]vfp5g\ .
#= R) ;]=ld= x ^ ;]=ld=sf] cfot eP R ;]=ld= a/fa/ *) ls=ld= xG5 t/ @) ;]=ld= x
R@ ;]=ld= eP R ;]=ld= n] $) ls=ld= . of] :s]n klg gS;fsf] Ps 5]pdf n]v .
b]vfp5
$= of] cEof; w]/} k6s bf]xf]¥ofpm .
ljmofsnfk
R= dfly ePafx cGo tl/sfaf6 cfkmgf] sfkLdf kfgfel/sf] g]kfnsf] gS;f tof/
pNnv s
u/ / kf“r ljsf; If]qdf af“8 .
@= cfÇgf] uflj; jf gu/kflnsfdf cfÇgf] 3/ sxf“ k5{ < b]vfpm .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv] M
-s_ gS;f eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ gS;f lsg cfjZos 5 < o;sf] dxTTj n]v .
;fdbflos sfo{
uflj; jf gu/kflnsfsf] gS;fdf l;dfgf kxf8, dVo gbL, slif eld, a;faf; ePsf] Ifq,
k|dv ufp“ jf 7fpx¿ wfld{s tyf P]ltxfl;s s]Gb|, af6f]3f6f]nfO{ pkoSt /n jf ;ns
]t lrxg
k|of]u u/L b]vfpm .
kf7 M ^ o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] ef}lts, cfly{s /
;fdflhs hghLjg
o/f]k dxfb]z k[YjLsf] pTt/L uf]nfw{df

/x]sf]5 . o;sf] blÔ0fL efusf] e"dèo
;fu/Lo
Ô]qdf xfd|f] lxdfnosf kj{t >]0fLx¿ h:t} yk}
kj{t >]0fLx¿ 5g\ . o;nfO{ cfNk; kj{t
z[nvnf klg elgG5 . pTt/L v08df Hofb}
k/fgf s8f r66fgn] ag]sf] pRreld
(high- land) 5 . :s6NofG8 /
:s] l G8g] l eof (Scandinevia) sf Ô]qx¿
o;df k5{g\ . of]eefu k[YjLsf clt k/fgf
eefudèo]sf] Ps xf] . oxfsf] pRr eld /
blÔ0fL v08sf] kj{t
znvnfsf] lardf lj:tt dbfgL eefu 5 .
ef]Nuf / oxfsf dVo gbLx¿ \ . oxf
8]Goa xg
aUg] gbLx¿df leq leq;Dd klg Jofkfl/s 8'n\
ufx¿ rNg ;S5g\ . o;n] ubf{ klg
o/fksf] d}bfgL efudf a:tL Hofb} afSnf] 5 / oxf“ Jofkf/, oftfoft cflb Hofb} pRr
pbofu
:t/sf] 5 . :k]g, k|mfG;, hd{gL, g]b/NofG8, ?dflgof, l:j6h/NofG8, O6fnL a]nfot, gj{,
l:j8]g, 8]gdfs{, lkmgNofG8 / ?; cflb oxfsf dVo b]zx¿ xg\ . oL ;a} bzx¿sf] ] xfjfkfgL
klg :jf:Yosf] b[li6n] pkoSt 5 . pTt/L efudf a9L 7G8f / blÔ0fL efudf Gofgf] xG5 .
klZrdL v08df jif{el/ kfgL k5{ t/ blÔ0ftkm{ lxpbdf dfq kfgL k5{ . o:tf] lxpb] jiff{sf]
xfjfkfgL kmnkmn vtLsf lglDt pkoSt ] :kg, kmfG;, O6fnL, lu;df /nufotsf
xg ePsfn, cnu
ljleGg kmnk'mnx¿ pAhfOG5g\ . ] tL bznufotsf IfqnfO{ ;;f/sf] f (Garden of World)
o;n aur
elgG5 . o/f]k]nLx¿sf] hLjg:t/ w]/} pRr /x]sf] 5 . oxf“ cnu]hL, kmGr,]| :klg;,] 8r, /l;og
cflb efiff af]N5g\ . hghLjg Hofb} Jo:t ePsfn] xfd|f] ;dfhdf h:t} w]/} rf8 kj{x¿ dgfO/
xg] km;{b pgLx¿df 5}g . tklg} kmfG;| h:tf b]zx¿ ;f+:slts[ ¿kn]
Hofb} ;an 5g\ .
clwsf+z dflg;x¿ lj|ml:rog xgfn] lqm;d; tyf O:6/ h:tf rf8 dgfp5g\ . o/f]k]nL
b]zdf Pl;ofnL tyf clk|msL dnsf dflg;x¿ klg :yfoL ¿kdf a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|Lsf] ;d]t ;xof]u lnO{ o'/f]k dxfb]zsf] ef}lts, cfly{s / ;fdflhs hghLjgsf
ljleGg kIfsf af/]df hfgsf/L u/fpg'xf];\ y
pgLx¿sf] hLjgz}nL klg ltg} o/f]k]nLsf] h:t} 5 . of] dxfb]z ljsl;t 5 . o/f]ksf b]zx¿
ldn]/ o/f]lkog olgog u7g u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿n] ;a} b]zsf nflu ;femf db|f o/f] krngdf|
NofPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿sf] Jofkf/, Joj;fo / cGo cfly{s sf/faf/ ug{ Hofb} ;lhnf
ePsf] 5 .
of] dxfb]zsf clwsf+z b]z wgL ePsfn] lzÔf / :jf:Yosf] ;ljwf Hofb} g} /fd|f] 5 .
sltko b]zdf ljbofno :t/;Ddsf] lzÔf / :jf:Yo ;ljwfx¿ lgMzNs 5g\ . xfd|f] b]z
g]kfnn]o'/f]ksf y'k|} b]z;“u bf}To ;DaGw sfod u/]sf] 5 / ltgaf6 7'nf] ;xof]u
klg k|fKt
ul//x]sf] 5 . xfd|f] b]zdf cfpg] ljb]zL ko{6sx¿dèo] w]/}h;f] saf6 cfp5g\ .
ltg} dn o;af6 klg g]kfnn] w]/} kmfObfx¿ lnO/x]sf] 5 .
ljmofsnfk
!= o'/f]ksf] dfglrq / lgDg lnlvt fx¿ b]vfpm M
x/ s/
cfNk; znvnf, :slG8gleof pRr eld, dèojtL{ dbfg, kl/;, pTt/L cfGw
kjt d:sf,
dxf;fu/, edèo;fu/, dxf;fu/, o/fn kjt, /fOg gbL, O6fnL, lu;, efNuf
;d? 8gdfs,
gbL, Onln; Rofgn, gbL / ]hL efiff af]Ng] / n]Vg] Ps b]z .
8]Goa cnu
@= dfly kf7\o j:t'df plNnlvt o'/f]ksf b]zx¿ gS;f x]/L kTtf nufpm / gfd
pNn]v gePsf c¿ b]zx¿ s'g s'g x'g, nv] y
#= gkfnnfO{ u o/ nL b]zx¿ s'g ltgn] u/]sf ;xof]usf af/]df
;xofu g{ fk sg x'g,
k':tsfnosf k:ts / kqklqsfsf] lnP/ ljj/0f tof/ u/L sÔfdf 5nkmn u/ y
;xofu
cEof;
-s_ o/fk dxfbzsf] ] w/ftnLo :j¿ksf af/df 5f6s/Ldf]
nv .
-v_ o/f]k dxfb]zsf] cfly{s / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf] lrq0f u/ .
-u_ lxp b
] jiff{ xg ] o/f]lkog b]zx¿nfO{ lsg ;+;f/sf] f elgPsf] xf]nf <
aur
-3_ o/f]knfO{ lsg ljsl;t dxfb]z elgPsf] xf] <
;fdbflos sfo{
o/fksf } sdf ed0f u/sf s;nfO{ e6L s/fsfgLåf/f jf cGo } ;~rf/
sg d pxf;u sg
n
dfèodåf/f s:tf] / < hfgsf/L lnO{ sÔfdf ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;gfpm .
o/fk x5

kf7 M & c:6lnof dxfb]zsf] ef}lts, cfly{s /
;fdflhs hghLjg
c:6]lnof dxfbz blÔ0fL

uf]nfw{df /x]sf] 5 .
o; dxfb]zdf vf;u/L
Pp6}
bz c:6l« nof / GolhNofG8
dfq k5{g\ eg] klg xG5 .
cGo ;;fgf /fHox¿
klg oxL dxfb]zdf 5g\
.
c:6l« nofsf] kj{ v08df
pTt/ blÔ0f km}lnPsf
kj{t >]0fL 5 . o;nfO{
u6] l8efOl8n /]Gh (Great
dividing range) elgG5 .
of] o/f]ksf] :s]lG8gleof pRr eldeGbf gof“ t/ lxdfno / cfNk; kj{t z[nvnfeGbf
k/fgf]xf] . c:6]«lnofsf] klZrdL v08 Hofb} k/fgf] r66fgn] ag]sf] efu xf] . of] k7f/
pRreldn
´G8} c:6]«lnofsf] cfwf efu cf]u65 . larsf] v08df ;dtn dbfg} 5 . o;sf] pTt/tkm
lkmnG8;{ (Flinders) gbL 5 . of] gbL pTt/tkm{ au]/ uNkm ckm sfk]{G6]l/ofdf v:5 .
dèov08af6 cfPsf] c:6]lnofs} ;aeGbf 7nf] gbL d/– blÔ0ftkmsf] ;d |df cfP/
au/ 8flnn b
v:5 . s]xL cGo gbLx¿ cfP/ tfndf v:5g\ . blÔ0ftkm{sf] d}bfg blÔ0ftkm{ 9Ns]sf] 5 eg
pTt/L v08sf] w/ftn pTt/lt/ j|mdzM xf]rf] xb“ } uPsf] 5 .
c:6]«lnofsf] xfjfkfgL ;a} 7fpdf Psgf; 5}g . klZrdL efu d?eld xf] . pTt/df
u|Lid ofddf kfgL k5{, blÔ0fL v08df lxpbdf / kjL{ v08df u|Liddf a9L kfgL k5{
. oxf“ u|Lid
xbf xfdL sxf“ / xfdL sxf“ u|Lid f oxf“ xG5 . ; |sf] k|efj a9L xbf
lxpb xb lxpb db kg{
tf:dflgof / GolhNofG8df xfjfkfgL dflg;sf lglDt c´} /fd|f] 5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
c:6]«lnof dxfb]zsf] k|fs[lts / ;f:s[lts gS;fsf] ;xof]u lnO{ o; dxfb]zsf ef}lts, cfly{s /
;fdflhs kIfsf af/]df lzIf0f ug{'xf];\ y
c:6«]lnofdf ljleGg k|sf/sf hLjhGt'x¿ kfOG5g\ . ;+;f/df cGt st} gkfOg]
sn\uf? c:6]«lnofdf kfOG5 . oxf“sf] hgcfjfbL w]/} 5}g t/ ljt/0f eg] Hofb}
c;dfg 5 . klZrdL
v08sf] d?elddf a:tL 5}g eg] klg xG5 . { cf]6f k| ;gvfgLx¿ sfnunL
Toxfsf bO l;bw
/ snuf8L{df eg] d?eld eP klg a:tL afSnf] 5 . blÔ0fL / blÔ0fLkj{ v08df 7nf ;x/x¿
5g\ / cfjfbL Hofb} afSnf] 5 . of] dxfåLkdf ;gsf] cltl/St sf]Onf / kmnfd k|
z:t kfOG5g\ . oxf“ o/f]k]nL dnsf uf]/f hftsf dflg;x¿ / oxfsf cflbjf;L klg 5g\
. ltg cflbaf;LnfO{ Pjf]/f]lhlgh elgG5 . logsf] hLjg:t/ Hofb} k/fgf] 3dGt] k|
sf/sf] 5 .
of] dxfb]z klg pbof]u, Jofkf/ cflbsf] lx;fan] cufl8 5 . hLjg:t/ dfly 5 . g]kfnaf6
yk} ljbofyLx¿{ cèoogfy{ Toxf“
hfG5g\ . sltko t ToxL sfd u/]/ klg a;sf] 5g\ . of
dxfbzsf { b]z c:6]lnof / gkfnsf] /fdf| ] ;DaGw 5 . logn] g]kfnsf
bO GolhNofG8;u
ljsf;df ;xof]u k¥ofO/x]sf 5g\ . vf;u/L jg hnun ;+/Ô0f / pkof]udf c:6]lnofsf]
;xof]u ;¥xfgLo 5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= P6nf;df ePsf] c:6«]lnofsf] gS;fdf lgDg lnlvt tYox¿ b]vfpm M
u]|6 l8efOl8n /]Gh, c:6lnog d?e"ld, lkmnG8;{ gbL, cfo/ tfn, t:dflgof
6fk', sfk{G6l/ofsf] vf8L GolhNofG8, kzfGt dxf;fu/, lxGb dxf;fu/, ds/ /vf,
l;8gL, d]njg{, Pl8n]8 / 3gf cfjfbLsf] Ps Ô]q .
@= c:6]lnofn] h:t} ljsf; ug{ g]kfnn] s] s] nf{ < sÔfdf 5nkmn u/L Ps ;´fj
ugktof/ kf/ .
cEof;
-s_ c:6]lnof dxfbzsf] ef}lts cj:yf s:tf] 5
<
-v_ c:6«lnof dxfbzsf] cflys cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
-u_ c:6«lnofsf] xfjfkfgL s:tf] 5 <
-3_ c:6]lnof dxfb]zsf] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] lrq0f u/ .
;fdbflos sfo{
cfÇgf] ;dbfosf hfgsf/ e6L pSt dxfbzsf af/df efuflns,
c:6«lnof;u JolStx¿;u
cflys / ;fdflhs cj:yfsf af/]df hfgsf/L lnO{ sIffdf u/ .
k:tt

kf7 M * hnjfo' kl/jtg
dgf d:tfn lhNnfsf] hglxt dfèolds ljbofno hf]d;f]ddf sIff ;ftdf k9l5g\ . pgsf
aaf Toxfsf] lhNnf lzIff sfof{nodf sd{rf/L xG5 . pgL } hf]d;f]ddf al:5g\ .
xg aaf;u
pgL clxn] b;“ labfdf cfÇgf] hGd 3/ lrtjg cfPsL 5g\ . sxL] jifblv]{ d:tfndf ePsf
hnjfo' kl/jt{gnfO{ kqklqsfn] ;dfrf/ agfO/x]sf 5g\ . ;f]sf af/]df pgn] cfÇgf sfsf /
lbbL;u u/sf] ;jfb+ tn k:tt 5 M
sfsf M dgf, s:tf] nfUof] t ltdLnfO{ hf]d;f]d <
dgf M sfsf ¤ d:tfn t crDds} lhNnf /x]5 . Toxfaf6 t lxdfn klg pTt/ / blIf0f
bj}lt/ /x]5 . ;w“ lr;f] xfjfkfgL xbf] /x5] . t/ clxn]sf] hfd;fdsf]] ]
xfjfkfgL
klxn] klxn]sf] h:tf] 5}g /] sfsf ¤
lbbL M P dgf ¤ s] ljleGg ;~rf/ dfèodn] hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ lxdfndf lxp“ klg
hDg 5f8of] eG5g\ . d:tfndf klg To:tf] c;/ k/]s} xf] <
dgf M hf]d;f]ddf klxn] klxn] kfgL g} kb{gYof] /] ¤ o; jif{ t kfgL k/]/ 3/x¿ klg elTsP
/ ltg hgfsf] Hofg} uof] . To:t} lxp“ hDg lxp“ /lx/xg] f klg l/Tt} blvg yfn]
5f8/ eG5g\ Toxf“ t ¤ 8f8
sfsf M d}n] klg /l8of]af6 hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ :ofp pTkfbgdf c;/ u¥of, nfdv66
gkfpg] 7fpdf klg clxn] blvg cln cln dfq kg{] kfgL o; jif{ k/]sfn
yfn, bs/{
df6fsf] 5fgf ePsf 3/ elTs“bf w]/}sf] larNnL 5 eGg] ;g]sf] lyP“ .
dgf M xf] sfsf ¤ Toxf“ To:tf] 36gf ePs} xf] t/ s] sf/0fn] To:tf] ePsf]
xf]nf < lbbL M hnjfo' kl/jt{g / To;sf] k|efjaf/]df ltdLnfO{ yfxf 5}g
<
dgf M xg t sIff 5df hnjfo' kl/jtgsf{ ] kl/rosf af/df] t 5nkmn u/sf
lyof+ t/
To;sf af/]df Tolt w]/} hfgsf/L 5}g dnfO{ t ¤ eGgxf];\ g lbbL ¤ To;sf af/]df .
lbbL M hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] k[YjLsf] jfod08nsf] tfkj|md j[lbwn] hn, jfo' / jftfj/0fdf
xg] gsf/fTds xf] . sf]Onf, «f]lnod bfp/f, kfslts Uof; a9gfn
kl/jtg k6 kbfy,
jfod08ndf gsf/fTds c;/ k/]sf] 5 . cfb} oflus ljsf;sf sf/0f
xl/t ux[Uof;x¿, h:t} M sfag8fOcS;fO8, ldyg, ;Nkm/ 8fOcS;fO8,
Snf/fÇnf/f] sfag{
cflb eP/ jfod08ndf tx agfP/ a;]sf 5g\ .
j[lbw
lzIf0f ;emfj
hnjfo' kl/jtgsf] wf/0ff :ki6 kfg{ ljleGg Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f lb“b} 5nkmn u/fpgxf;\ y
sfsf M c¿ sf/0f klg atfOb]pm g gfgL ¤
lbbL M j1flgs k|of]uzfnfaf6 lg:s]sf] Uof;n] ubf{ xl/t u[x Uof;sf] } uPsf
dfqf a9b
5 . ;o {af6 k[YjLdf kg{ k|sfz k[YjLdf 7f]lSsPkl5 s]xL ls/0f k[YjLn] ;f];]/ afsL
kms{G5 . Tof] ls/0fnfO{ xl/t u[x Uof;n] kgM k[YjLlt/ kmsf{OlbG5 . o;n]
ubf{k[YjLsf] tfkj|md a95, lxp“ kUnG5 / cgfo;} kfgL k5{ . af9L, klx/f] /
eMIfo eO{
;d'b|sf] ;tx a9\5 .
dgf M xj;\ t cfh w]/} dxTTjk0f{ s/fdf 5nkmn eof] . ef]ln km]l/ hnjfo'
kl/jt{gsf]k|efj jf c;/sf af/df 5nkmn ug{] 5f“} .
ljmofsnfk
R= hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fsf af/]df 5f]6f] lgaGw n]vL sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
R= olb ltdLx¿ d:tfnaf;L ePsf] eP hnjfo' kl/jtgsf c;/x¿ sd ug{ s] s] sfd ug{
;SYof} < tnsf fsf 5nkmn u/L sfo{ of]hgf tof/ kf/ M
ab cleefjs;u
-s_ ul/g] sfd -v_ sfo{ k|lj|mof -u_ ;do
cEof;
!= tnsf kZgsf] pTt/ eg M
-s_ sg lhNnfsf] blIf0fdf lxdfn k5{ <
-v_ d:tfndf 3/sf 5fgf sn] agfOPsf /x5g\ <
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ s]sf sf/0f jfod08nsf xflgsf/s Uof;n] tx agfO/x]sf xG5g\ <
-n_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0fx¿sf] ;rL agfpm .
@= kf7sf cfwf/df vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{g eP/ lxdfndf ======= hDg 5f8\of] .
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ubf{ ======= pTkfbgdf c;/ u¥of] .
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] af9L, klx/f] / eIfo eO{ ========== ;tx a95\ .
-3_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ================ ;do tflnsfdf kl/jt{g xG5 .
kf7 M ( hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj
efO alxgLx¿, cl3Nnf] kf7df dgf,

lbbL / sfsfn] u/sf] ;jfb clego
u/ em“} o; kf7df klg clego u/
M
dgf M xfdLn] lxhf]
hnjfo' kl/jtgsf af/df
dxTTjk0f{ 5nkmn u¥of}“
. lxh}sf]
;Nnfxcg;f/ cfh hnjfo'
kl/jtgsf] kefjsf af/df
5nkmn u/f“} g .
lbbL M g]kfndf uPsf] #)
jif{sf]df};dsf]
cèoog ubf{
-;g\ R(&) blv @))) ;Dd_
)=^ l8u|Lsf b/n] tfkj|md
a9]sf] lyof] . hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] tfkj|md j[blw ePsf], cltj[li6 / cgfj[li6 ePsf],
:jf:Yo If]qdf c;/ k/]sf] / k[YjLsf] ;f}Gbo{ gf; xb“ } uPsf] 5 .
dgf M sfsf ¤ hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] u/]sf c;/af/] ;Gg' ePsf] 5 ls < atfOlbgxf];\ g .
sfsf M hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] ljleGg c;/ . n s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ M
kfb5 ;g
— ;db' sf] ;tx uO{ 6fk' bzx¿ / xfrf :yfgdf ePsf a:tL 8Ag h:t} M
a9g dflNbE; ;S5g,
.
— lxdfnsf] lxp“ kUng uO{ lxdfnx¿ gfnuf 8f8fdf kl/0ft xG5g\ .
— lxp“ kUn]/ ag]sf lxdtfn km'6b\ f 7n' f] Iflt xG' 5 .
— tfkj|md a9g\ fn] cGg afnL pTkfbgdf sdL xG5 .
— df};dL kmnkmnsf] ;do tflnsfdf kl/jt{g xG5 .
— k[YjLsf] ;f}Gbo{ gf; xb“' } a;f]af;sf nflu of]Uo If]q sd xG' 5g\ .
— lxdfnaf6 aUg] dn" tyf gbLx¿ ;Sb} hfG5g\ .
lzIf0f ;emfj
hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf k|efj / c;/sf Jofjxfl/s pbfx/0f lbP/ 5nkmn jf clego u/fpg'xf;\ y

dgf M lbbL ¤ tkfO+nfO{ o;sf] c;/ sd ug{ pkfo yfxf 5 ls <
lbbL M 5, èofg lbP/ ;g x} t M
—xl/t u[xsf] k|efj 36fpg hn \ pTkfbg a9fO{ tLo pks/0fsf
ljbot k|of]u ug'{k5{ . ljbo
—sf]Onf, bfp/f / k]6«f]n h:tf j:tsf] k|of]u sd ug{k5{ .
—sf/vfgfaf6 lg:sg] k|bif0f Go"g ug{k5{ .
—Snf]/f]Çnf]/f] sfa{g cflb xl/t u[x Uof; a9fpg] j:tsf] pkof]u sd ug{k5{ .
sfsf M o;sf nflu ;fdl" xs k|of; klg eO/x]sf 5g\ . ltgLx¿dèo] dflNbE;n]
kfgLdl' g u/sf] dGqL kl/ifbsf] a7s ;g\ @))(, gkfnn] ;u/dfyfsf] cfwf/eld
sfnfkTy/df u/]sf] dGqL kl/ifbsf] a}7s ;g\ @))(, d]lS;sf]df /fi6« ;n3Lo
hnjfo' kl/jt{g
;DaGwL ;Dd]ng ;g\ @)R) cflb k|dv 5g\ . o;n] lug| SnfOd6] kmG8
:yfkgf
u/L ;g\ @)@) ;Dddf k|To]s jif{ Ps ca{ p7fpg] lg0f{o u/]sf] 5 . o;af6
ul/a /fi6nfO{ hnjfo' c;/ /fSg u pb ]Zo lnOPsf] 5 .
;xofu g{ b
dgf M cxf] ¤ dnfO{ t xh/cfdfn] af]nfpgePsf] lyof] . clxn] hfG5' x}, yk s/f
e/ u/f}“nf x} .
ljmofsnfk
R= ljleGg kqklqsf, ;dfrf/kq cflbdf hnjfo' kl/jtg / o;sf c;/x¿sf af/df
k|sflzt nv tyf ;dfrf/x¿ cèoog u/L sIffdf 5nkmn u/ / c;/ sd ug]{ pkfox¿
l6kL ljbofno Joj:yfkg ;ldltnfO{ aemfpm .
@= ltdL a:g] cf;kf;sf Ifqdf ePsf] hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] k|efj :ynut cèoog
u/L sg b}lgs klqsfsf nflu n]v tof/ kf/ .
cEof;
tnsf kZgsf pTt/ nv M
-s_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gaf6 kg{ c;/x¿sf] l6kf6]u/ .
-v_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ sd ug{ ckgfpg'kg{ pkfox¿ nv] .
-u_ hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf c;/ sd ug] s] s:tf kof;| eO/xsf] 5g\ <
kf7 M !) ljkt\ Joj:yfkg
>L af/fxL df=lj= sf sIff ;ftsf ljbofyLx¿n] ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL ljifodf jStTj
snf u/]sf 5g\ . gsdL{n] JoSt u/]sf] ljrf/ o; ksf/ 5 M
k|:tt /fhz
Kof/f ;fyLx¿,
d ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df s]xL s/f /fVg uO/]x]sf] 5' . t xfdLn] sIff 5df cfunfuL,
xg
89]nf], af9Lklx/f] Hf:tf ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df s]xL 1fg, l;k k|fKt ul/;s]sf 5f“} .
To;}n]xfdLnfO{ To;af/]df s]xL hfgsf/L ePs} 5 .
;j{k|yd t xfdLn] ljkt\ eg]sf] s] xf] eGg] af/]df g} :ki6 xg h?/L 5 . ljkt\ egsf] ] sg
k|fs[lts jf dfgjåf/f l;lh{t jf lgld{t 36gfx¿af6 cfpg] clk|o kl/0ffd xf] . o:tf ljktn\
;dbfo, /fi6« jf ;dfhsf] Joj:yfkg IfdtfeGbf a9L Ifdtfsf] dfu ub{5 . o;n] ;fdfGo
hLjgnfO{ l5GgleGg kfb{5 . o;/L ljkt\ eg]sf] Pp6f To:tf] kl/l:ylt jf 36gf xf]
h;n kL8f jf lrGtf Nofp“5 . o;n] wghgsf] Iflt jf ljgfz ub{5 . ;fdfGo
hghLjgdf vnn
kfb{5 . dflg; jf hLj hgfj/sf] d[To' ], 3fOt] ] / xg] ub{5 . esDk, HjfnfdvL,
xg xg ckfnu
lj:kmf6, klx/f, af9L, eIfo, cfunfuL, dxfdf/L, x}hf, {6gf, ]/L, cl;gf, cftnsjfbL
b3 cfwLax
lj|mofsnfk cflb ljktsf ¿k \ . oxf“ xfdL dntM dxfdf/L x}hf, / {6gfaf6 ] ljktsf
xg b3 xg
af/]df s]lGb|t xg uPsf 5f}“ . ul/aL / hgr]tgfsf sdLn] klg ljkt\ cfOkg{] u/sf] ] 5 .
dxfdf/L / x}hf eg]sf] ;DalGwt ljkt\ xf] . To:t} {6gf klg c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f
:jf:Yo;u lglDtG5 . b3
dxfdf/L xhfsf sf/0f b3' 6gfsf sf/0f
R= :jf:Yo ;jfsf] sdL R= c;fjwfgLkj" {s lgdf{0f sfo{ ug{'
@= hgr]tgfsf] cefj @= oftfoftsf ;fwg b3' {6gfdf kg{'
#= c:j:y jftfj/0f / vfgkfg #= ¿v, le/ / kxf8af6 n8g\ '
$= ;/;kmfOsf] sdL $= sdhf/] kjf{wf/
%= vf]k ;O' { cflb lgoldt ¿kdf %= sg' } xltof/ rnfpg ghfGg'
gnufpg'
^= cGwljZjf; ^= gbL / ;db' | kf/ ubf{ c;fjwfgL
xg' '
&= cJojl:yt a;f]af; &= hgr]tgfsf] sdL xg' '
*= c;fjwfgL *= lahnL / cfunfuLaf6 xg' ] b3' {6gf
(= cGo ljktsf sf/0faf6 xg' ] b3' {6gf
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljktsf ljleGg 36gfx¿ k|:t't ub{} To:tf 36gf {, 36gf 36]sf] ;do / o;kl5 Wofg lbg'kg{] s'/fsf
x'g'kj
af/]df 5nkmn u/fpg'xf;\ y
o;/L ljleGg sf/0fx¿n] ljkt\ cfOk5{ . o:tf ljkt\ cfpg glbg kj{;fjwfgL ckgfpg
k5{ . kl5 ljkt\ cfOk/]df To;sf] ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ug{k5{ . gq emg\ ljktdfly ljkt
ylkg kU5 . ;fyLx¿ klg o:tf ljktsf af/]df ;r]t /xg] u/ x} t, wGojfb .
ljmofsnfk
R= ltd|f] ;fyL ljbofnosf] 5t jf dflyNnf] tnfaf6 v;]/ {6gfdf k¥of] eg] s] s] u5f{} <
b3 5nkmn u/L n]v .
@= ljkt\ cfpg glbg s:tf k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg' knf{ < ;dxdf 5nkmn u/L 5f]6f]
ljj/0f k|:tt u/ .
#= c;fjwfgLsf sf/0f ePsf] b3{6gfsf] Ps ;dfrf/sf] gdgf agfpm / ljbofnosf] leTt
klqsfdf u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
-s_ ljkt\ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ljkt\ cfOkgf{sf sf/0f s] s] xg\ <
-u_ dxfdf/L / x}hf cfpgsf sf/0fsf] ;rL agfpm .
-3_ b3 {6gf lsg xG5 < {6gf sf dVo sf/0fsf] ;rL agfpm .
b3 xg
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ ljkt\ eg]sf] ========= xf] .
-v_ ========= ;fdfGo hLjgnfO{ l5GgleGg kfb{5 .
-u_ =========== sdLn] ljkt\ cfOk5{ .
-3_ cfunfuL ============= xf] .
kf7 M !! ljkt\ Joj:yfkgdf kj;fjwfgLsf] dxTTj
ljkt\ Joj:yfkg / {;fjwfgLsf af/]df wd{Gb| emfn] u/]sf] ljrf/ o; k|sf/ 5 M

kj k|:tt
;fyLx¿,
cl3Nnf] jStf -cl3Nnf] kf7df_ /fhzhLn] ljktsf] kl/ro, o;sf sf/0f / k|efjsf af/df
tkfO ¿ cfÇgf ljrf/ /fVgeof] . d ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/df sxL eGg rfxG5' .
x ;u
ljkt\ Joj:yfkg eGgfn] ljkt\ cfpg' cufl8 / k5fl8 ;fjwfgLk"j{s ul/g] sfo{nfO
aemfp5 . o;df ljkt\ kg{' cufl8 ljkt\ /fSg] jf To;sf] c;/ sd ug{ ckgfOg] pkfo Pp6f
xf] . To:t] 36gf jf ljkt\ k/kl5 ul/g] Joj:yfkg o;sf] bf;|f] kIf xf] . ljkt\ Joj:yfkgcGtut
;j{k|yd t xfdLn] ljkt\ cfpg} }g . dflg;sf sf/0f l;lh{t ] ljkt\ xfd|f cfkmg
lbg' xb“ xg
c;fjwfgL / sdL sdhf]/Ln] ] ub{5 . To;}n] dxfdf/L, {6gf h:tf ljkt\ cfpg glbg
xg x}hf, b3
kj{;fjwfgL ckgfpg h?/L xG5 . dxfdf/L, x}hf h:tf ljkt\ cfpg glbg cfÇgf] j/k/sf
jftfj/0f :j:y /fVgk5{ . ;/;kmfO ug], :j:ys/ vfgf vfg,] lgoldt ¿kdf :jf:Yo k/LIf0f
u/fpg], vf]k ;O{ cflb lgoldt ¿kdf lng] ugk{ 5{ . ;?jf /fu] s;/L nfU5, s;/L ;5{ /
s:tf] ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk5{ eGg] af/]df :Jff:Yo lzIff lngk5{ . o;sf nflu hgr]tgf
a9fpgk5{ . cGwljZjf;df nfu]/ wfdL emfj||mL nufpg], b]jL b]jtfnfO{ efsn ug]{ ug{' xb“ }g .
jftfj/0fsf] ;+/If0f ug{k5{ . Jojl:yt a;f]af; ug{k5{ . /f]u lgDTofpg] vfnsf ultljlw /
lj|mofsnfk ug{' lzIf0f ;emfj }g . To:t} b3
xb“
{6gfaf6 aRg xfdLn] kj {;fjwfgL ckgfpgk5{ . lgdf{0f sfo
ljkt\ Joj:yfkgsf af/]df ljbofyL{x¿nfO{ cfkmgf] ljrf/ JoSt ug{ nufpg'xf;\ y
ubf{, oftfoftsf ;fwg, r9bf, embf{, rnfpbf ljz]if èofg lbgk5{ . sg} vt/fhgs xftxltof/,
ljb\o't cflbsf] k|of]u ubf{ ljz]if ;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ . cfunfuL x'g glbg ;hstf
ckgfpgk5{ . le/ tyf kxf8 r9bf, vf]nfgfnf tbf{ ljz]if ;hutf ckgfpgk5{ .
olt ubf{ klg } sf/0fjz ljkt\ cfOnfu]df cflTtg' }g . w}o{ u/]/ pbwf/sf sfd ug{k5{ .
sg xb“
dxfdf/L xhf nfu]df t?Gt} :jf:Yo sGb|, c:ktfn k¥ofpg] jf 8fS6/sf] ;]jf lng]
Joj:yf ldnfpg'k5{ . hlt;Sbf] rf“8f] :jf:YosdL{;dIf k'¥ofpg'k5{ . To:t} dxfdf/L
x}hf /f]Sg
;/;kmfO ug], ;O{ lbg,] :jf:Yo lzlj/ rnfpg] nufotsf sfo{ ugk{ 5{ . hyfefjL vfgf / kfgL
k|of]u x }g . hyfefjL lb;f tyf lk;fa kmf]xf]/ ug{ lbg' }g . :jf:Yo ;+:yf tyf
ug{ b“ u// xb“
;fdflhs ; ;+:yfdf ;xof]usf nflu va/ ug{k5{ . To:t} {6gf k/]df tTsfn
n3 sf]xL b3
pbw f/ u/L kf| ylds pkrf/ 5{ . kf| ylds pkrf/kZrft\ :jf:Yo ;:+ fg] k|aGw
ugk{ yfdf nh
ug{k5{ . 3fOt]nfO{ ;/lIft 7fp“ jf lzlj/df nuL pkrf/ u/fpgk5{ . yk ljkt\ cfpg glbg
;tstf / ;fjwfgL ckgfpgk5{ . o:tf s/f g} xfdf| ] kl/jzdf pkoSt xf] eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 .
yk s'/f sIffd} 5nkmn u/f}“ . n t d]/f egfO cGTo wGojfb .
ub{5,
ljmofsnfk
R= ltd|f] ufp“ jf 6f]ndf s'g} /f]usf] dxfdf/L cfpg glbg s] s] s/fdf
k"j{;fjwfgL ckgfpg'k5{ < 5nkmn u/]/ n]v .
@= olb ltdf| ] ufp÷6fndf dxfdf/L kmlnP s;n] s] s] ugknf{ < ;fdlxs 5nkmn u/L nv M
ltdLn] ljbofnon] ;dbfon] :jf:Yo ;:yfn]
cEof;
-s_ ljkt\ Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ b3{6gf lglDtgsf ltg sf/0f / o;af6 aRg] pkfox¿ nv] .
-u_ ‘ljkt\ cfPkl5 Joj:yfkg ug{eGbf ljkt\ cfpg} glbg' lwdfgL xf] .’ o;
;a}eGbf ab egfOnfO{ k'li6 u/ .
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ltdf| ] ljbofno ejg, sIff sf7fsf] kvfn, ‰ofn, 9fsf jf 5t, ‰ofn, ljbofnosf] kl/;/
b3{6gfaf6 ;/lIft 5 jf < cjnfsg u/ . o;nfO{ cem ;/lIft agfpg s] s] {;fjwfgL
5g kj
ckgfpgknf{ < ljj/0f tof/ u/L k= c= nfO{ kltjbg]| bpm].
kg/fjnfsg cEof;
;fdbflos sfo{
R= ltd|f] uflj; jf cf;kf;sf ufpdf hnjfo' kl/jt{gn] kf/]sf] c;/sf] :ynut ¿kdf
cjnf]sg e|d0f ug{ ;fyL ;fyLsf] ;dx agfpm . :yfgLo ;dbfosf] ;xofudf] ed0f|u/L
To;nfO{ sd ug{ pkfox¿ ;d6L] kltjbg]| tof/ kf/ M
-s_ pbbZo -v_ ljlw
-u_ j:tl:ylt -R) jif{ klxn], % jif{ klxn] / clxn]_ / sf/0fx¿
-3_ c;/ sd ug{ pkfox¿ -n_ lgisif
@= o/f]ksf] } b]zsf Ps kq ldqtf a9fpg s] ug{ ;S5f} < kq ldq agfpg
sg ljbofyL{x¿;u
sf]l;; u/ .
ljmofsnfk
R= g]kfn / c:6]lnofsf dflg;x¿lar cfk;L ;DaGw a9fpg s] ug{knf{ < s] ;DaGw
a9fpbf bj} kÔnfO{ kmfObf xG5 < sÔfdf 5nkmn u/L cfÇgf] /fo pNnv] u/ .
@= k:tsfno, kqklqsf tyf OG6/g6sf] u/L ltdLn] f; u/eGbf leGg w/ftnLo
kofu a;fa
:j¿ksf af/]df ljljw hfgsf/L ;nsng u/L ;fyLx¿nfO{ ;gfpm .
#= tnsf] gS;fsf cfwf/df o/fksf] l;dfgf / gS;fdf ePsf b]zx¿sf gfd n]v M
kl/of]hgf sfo{
ltd|f] ;dbfodf dxfdf/L jf xhf cfpg] ;Defjgf 5 ls < ;dbfodf olb dxfdf/L jf xhf
5g
cfPdf To; ljkt\ Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu cfjZos ;]jf ;ljwf s] s:tf 5g, cèoog u//]
cfufdL lbgdf ;wf/ ljj/0f tof/ u/L sIffdf u/ .
ug{kg] k|:tt
PsfO ^ xfdf| ] ljut
l;sfO pknlAw
— dèosfnLg g]kfnsf] kl/ro lbg,
— dèosfnLg gkfnsf] /fhgLlts, ;fdflhs, cj:yf; kl/lrt xg,
cflys{ u
— dèosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;+:s[ltsf] j0f{g
ug{,
— dfgj ;Eotfsf af/]df hfgsf/L /fVg,
— xjfnxf] gbL / d];f]kf]6fldof ;Eotfsf] kl/ro lbg,
— xjfnxf] gbL / d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfn] dfgj hLjgdf kf/]sf] k|efj atfpg .
kf7 ! dWosfnLg gkfnsf] kl/ro
xfdLnfO{ lzIfsn] dèosfnLg g]kfnsf af/]df ljleGg k:ts tyf klqsf k9]/ o;af/]df
yk cèoog ug{ u[xsfo{ lbgePsf] lyof] . xfdLn] klg ljleGg ;fyLlar sfo{ ljefhg u¥of“}
. o; j|mddf ljbofnosf] k:tsfno / ;dbfosf] ;fdbflos cèoog sGb|df /xsf
k:tsx¿sf] cèoog u¥of}“ . pSt cèoogaf6 tof/ ePsf] dèosfnLg g]kfnsf]
kl/ro ;DaGwL
hfgsf/L tn k|:tt ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ dWosfnsf] ;dofjlw
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df lj= ;+= (#^ b]lv dèosfn cf/De ePsf] dflgG5 . gkfn ;+jt\ o;
jifb{ lv cf/De ePsfn] o;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL sfn ljefhg ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lj= ;= (#^ blv]
lj=;+= R*@% df k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] sf7df8f“} pkTosf ljho gu?Gh]nsf] ***
jif{nfO g]kfnsf] Oltxf;sf] dèosfn dflgG5 .
-v_ ef}uf]lns ljefhg
dèosfndf g]kfnsf] ljv08g ePsf] lyof] . dèosfnLg g]kfnnfO{ dntM lgDg lnlvt
/fHox¿df ]/ { ul/Psf] 5 M
af8 xg
-c_ sf7df8f“} pkTosf
dèosfnLg g]kfnsf] sf7df8f“ pkTosfdf ltg /fHox¿ sflGtk/, nlntk/ /
eStk/ lyP . oL /fHox¿ kfrLg tyf dèosfnblv g} cl:tTjdf /xb“ } cfwlgs gkfnsf
PsLs/0f;Dd sfod} lyP . dèosfndf d"ntM lnR5lj / dNn j+zsf
/fhfx¿n] zf;g u/sf lyP .
-cf_ l;df| gu9 -ldlynf_ /fūo
gfGobjn] lj=;+ RR%$ df o; /fHosf] :yfkgf u/sf lyP . o; /fHonfO{
lt/xt'jf 8f]o /fHo klg eGg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . o; /fHosf] /fhwfgL l;d|
f}gu9df lyof] . xfn of] af/f lhNnfdf k5{ . of] /fHo pTt/L ljxf/ / g]kfnsf]
t/fO{ e]udf km}lnPsf]
eP tfklg o;sf] l;dfgf ls6fgL;fy ePsf] }g .
pNnv kfOb
lzIf0f ;emfj
o; kf7nfO{ syfsyg ljlw k|of]u u/L lzIf0f ug{'xf];\ y ;fy} ljleGg ;do /]vfsf dfWodn] j| 36gf
mdabw j0f{g ug{'xf];\ y
-O_ ;g /fūo
;f]/f“} ztfAbLsf] dèolt/ g]kfnsf] kjL{ tyf dèoefudf ;]g j+zsf] zf;g
:yfkgf ePsf] lyof] . ?b| ;]g o; j+zsf k|yd k|fdfl0fs /fhf dflgG5g\
. ;]g /fHodf
dntM dsjfgk/, / rf}b08L kb{y] . g]kfnsf] { klZrddf
ljhok/ PsLs/0fkj
kfNkf, a6jn, /fhk/, k}o“' / tgx“' tyf kj{df dsjfgk/, rf808L} Pjd\ ljhok/
;]gj+zL /fHocGtut ky{ .
-O{_ afO;L / rfla;L /fūo
afO;L / rfla;L /fHo :yfkgf { klZrd gkfndf ljzfn v; /fHo /xsf] lyof] .
xgkj
k|frLg sfndf s0ffnL Ifqdf v; /fHo lgs} zlStzfnL lyof] . To; anf o;sf
l;dfgf kj{df lqznL gbL, klZrddf sdfp u9jfn / pTt/df dfg;/fj/]
tyf
blIf0fdf af]wuof nufotsf t/fO{;Dd kmlnPsf] lyof] . t/ O=;+= R$%)
;Dd cfOkUbf of] /fHo lj36g eO;ssf] kfOG5 . v; /fHo lj36g ePkl5
j|mdzM afO;L / rfla;L /fHox¿sf] pbo eof] . o;kl5 s0ffnL Ifqdf
afO; /fHonfO{
;+oSt ¿kdf afO;L /fHo elgof] . To;}u/L u08sL Ifqsf rf}la; /fHonfO
rf}la;L /fHo elgof] . ;do j|mddf oL /fHox¿sf] ;nVof a9b} uP klg kl5;Dd
klg afO;L / rf}la;L /fHo g} eGg] ul/of] . To;}n] afO;L / rf}la;L /fHosf] gfd
/ ;nVofdf ljljwtf kfOG5 . o;/L dèosfnLg g]kfndf ljleGg /fHox¿
/x]sf kfOG5 . oL /fHosf] /fhgLlts, cfly{s, ;fdflhs cflb kIfdf kl5Nnf
kf7x¿df
cèoog 5f“ .
ug{
ljmofsnfk
R= ljleGg k:ts, kqklqsf cèoog jf ;fwvf]h u/]/ dèosfnLg ;dosf afO;L / rfla;L
/fHox¿sf] gfd nv .
@= jt{dfg ;dodf g]kfnnfO{ ;n3Lo /fHo agfpg] k|of; eO/x]sf] 5 . ;n3Lo /fHo
agfpbf gkfnsf] /fli6o Pstfdf cf3ft gkfg{ s] s] ugk{ nf{ < ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn
u/L nv .
#= g]kfnLnfO{ efjgfTds ¿kdf Ps agfO{ ;an, ;Ifd / PsLs[t g]kfn agfpg ltdL s:tf
;emfj lbG5f} < abfut ¿kdf nv .
$= :yfgLo Pltxfl;s :ynsf] cèoog ed0f u/L kltj]bg tof/ kf/ .
cEof;
-s_ gkfnsf] Oltxf;sf] dèosfn eGgfn] sg ;dofjlwnfO{ hgfp5 <
-v_ dèosfnLg gkfnsf k|dv /fHox¿sf] ;rL agfpm .

kf7 M @ dWosfnLg gkfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yf
dèosfn /fhtGqfTds zf;g kbwltsf] sfn xf] . dèosfnnfO{ kj{ dèosfn / pTt/ dèosfn
u/L bO{ efudf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . o; sfndf gkfn pkTosfleq / aflx/ /fhtGqfTds
Joj:yfcGt c kl; /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/sf lyP .
ut g bw
s
P3f/f“} ztfAbLsf] cGTo;Dddf g]kfn 6lj|mP/ ltg /fHodf kl/0ft eof] . kmn:j¿k klZrd /
sf7df8f“ pkTosfdf dNn /fHo sfod eP eg] blIf0fsf] l;df| }gu9df /fHo sfod
lt/xt
eof] . klZrd gkfnsf] sgfnL kb| zdf rNn tyf dNn y/ ePsf 7s/L v; /fhfx¿n] /fHo
u/sf lyP . rNn y/sf /fhfx¿n] klg dNn nvsf]] ] Oltxf; kfOG5 .
czfs] dNnkl5sf
/fhfx¿n] cfkmnfO{ dNn n]Vg yfn] . oL /fhfx¿dèo] k[YjL dNn cToGt k|tfkL /fhf lyP .
g]kfnsf] blÔ0fL efusf] l;d|f}gu9 -l;d/fjgu9_ df gfGob]jåf/f :yflkt lt/xt /fHo lyof] .
To;}u/L kfNkf Ô]qdf ?b|;]gn] ;]gj+zL /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] . logsf] 5f]/f dsGb;g] kyd| dlg
dsGb ;gsf] gfdaf6 lyP . logsf 5f/fx¿n] ljzfn kfNkfnL /fHonfO{ m| ofP/ zf;g
kl;bw 6j
ug{ yfn] .
sf7df8f“} pkTosfdf tyf dNn y/sf /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/sf lyP . logsf /fHonfO{ gkfn
bj
d08n klg elgGYof] . o; ;dodf kl; /fhfx¿n] /fHo u/sf lyP . /fhf u0fsfdbjn
cgs bw
sflGtk ;x/ a;fn] . To;nfO{ cGo dNn /fhfx¿n] lj:tf/ ub{ nu] . cl/ dNn gkfn
/
d08nsf kyd dNn y/wf/L /fhf lyP . oL /fhfx¿dèo] hol:ylt dNn, oÔ dNn, lhtfldq
dNn, ektLGb| dNn, /0flht dNn, l;bl\ wg/l;x dNn, /Tg dNn, dxGb| dNn, ktfk dNn,
hoksfz dNn OToflbn] eStk/, sflGtk/ / kf6gnfO{ ljsl;t ;Gb/ ;x/ agfpg pNnvgLo
ofubfg u/sf lyP . o;u/L} uf/vfsf /fhf /fdzfxn] ;wf/sf gof“ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL u/sf
lyP . o; ;dodf lgDgfg;f/sf ;wf/x¿ ePsf] kfOG5 M
-s_ zf;g k|0ffnLnfO{ Jojl:yt ug{ kof;|
o; sfndf /fhf ;j;jf{ xGy] . Gofo, ;]gf tyf k|zf;g k|dv /fhf g} xGy] . logLx¿n
cfÇgf] /fhsfhdf ;xof]u ug{ s]Gb|df dGqL kl/ifb\ agfpy] . dGqL kl/ifbdf kfoM| u/L kfr
dGqL xGy] . tLdèo] Ps hgf rf}tf/f -d'Vo dGqL_ x'Gy] . :yfgLo k|zf;g rnfpg k/dfg
-a8f xflsd_ lgoSt ul/GYof] . ;;fgf j:tLsf] k|zf;g rnfpg eg] ‘åf/]’
lgoSt ul/Gy] .
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg ;|f]t ;fdu|L cWoog u/L cfkm" :ki6 eP/ o; kf7sf] ljifo j:t' lzIf0f ug{'xf];\ y o;sf
nflu cfjZostfg';f/ ljljw ljlwsf] k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 y
:yfgLo kzf;g sfonfO{ ;xofusf ;fy} kf6L kfjf, dlGb/, kn, ] cflb
af6f3f6f, km8s
lgdf{0f ug{] / wd{ tyf ;+:s[lt ;DaGwL sfd ug{ k~rfotsf] Joj:yf ul/Psf] lyof] . To;
;dodf k~rfotnfO{ k~r srx/L, kf~rfnL jf k~r ;dRro elgGYof] . To; sfndf
dVo ;x/nfO{ k|zf;sLo b[li6sf]0fn] ljleGg 6f]ndf ljeflht ul/Psf] xGYof] . To;
a]nf eStk/, nlntk/nufotsf rf}la; 6f]n lyP . 6f]nsf] /]vb]v ug{ ‘k|wfg’ lgoSt
ul/Psf lyP .
-v_ Goflos ;wf/
g]kfnsf] tTsfnLg /fhgLlts kl/kf6L Jojl:yt xg g;s] klg Gofo k0ffnLdf| ;wf/ ug
vf]h]sf lyP . pSt sfndf wfld{s k/Dk/f, /Lltl/jfh cflbsf cfwf/df Gofo lbg
ul/GYof] .
-u_ wd, ;:slt, efiff / ;flxTosf] ljsf;
To; anf lxGb' wdsf] kdv :yfg lyof] . lxGb' wdzf:qsf{ cfwf/df cfÇgf] wd{ tyf
;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f xg] ubYof{ ] . ;:st[+ efiff, gkfnL efiff / gkfn efiff ;flxTosf]
pTyfg
ug{ tTsfnLg /fhgLlts g]t[Tj cu|;/ ePsf] b]lvG5 . To; a]nf lgdf{0f ePsf
d7 dlGb/df snfs[ltsf] klg w]/} k|of]u ePsf] kfOG5 .
dèosfnsf] cGTolt/ k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] g]t[Tjdf g]kfn PsLs/0fsf] yfngL
ePsf lyof] . dèosfnLg gkfnsf] Oltxf;sf] lgdf0fdf gkfnL gf/Lx¿n] klg pNn]vgLo
of]ubfg u/]sf lyP . oLdèo] dxf/fgL b]jnb]jL -b]jnIdLb]jL_ / k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsL
h]i7dftf rGb|k|efjtL b]jL / /fgL /fh]Gb|nIdLsf] eldsf cToGt dxTTjk0f{
/x]sf] lyof] .
ljmofsnfk
R= dèosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yf ;DaGwL k|jrgsf lglDt dVo abfx¿ agfpm .
@= dèosfnLg /fhgLlts cj:yfaf6 l;Sg ;lsg] tyf ;wf/ k kIf klxrfg u/L
ug{ g{
sIffdf u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
-s_ dèosfnLg g]kfnsf] /fhgLlts cj:yfnfO{ lrq0f ltg jfSo n]v .
ub{
-v_ sf7df8f“ pkTosfaf6 /fhgLlts Joj:yf kl/jtg{ xgfsf sf/0fx¿
nv] .
-u_ dèosfndf sg' sg
;fdbflos sfo{
efiff / ;flxTo ljsf; ePsf lyP <
R= dèosfnsf] ;tL kyf tyf bf; kyf /fhgLlts kultsf lglDt ;d:ofsf ¿kdf lyof] .
To:tf] ;d:of kTtf nufpg ;dfh ;wf/s tyf /fhgtfnfO{ ;fèg] kZg agfpm .
@= agfOPsf kZgx¿nfO{ kl/dfh{g tyf ;wf/ ug{ ;fyLx¿;u 5nkmn u/ .
#= ;d foaf6 k|fKt hjfkmsf cfwf/df efif0f tof/ u/L fpm .
b sÔfdf ;g
kf7 M # dWosfnLg g]kfnsf] ;fdflhs cj:yf
b]zdf ljbodfg /fhgLlts cj:yfn] ;fdflhs ;/rgfdf k|efj kf/]sf] xG5 .

dèosfndf g]kfndf ;+oSt zf;g rNYof] . o:tf] ;+oSt zf;g afa5f]/f, bfhefO tyf
sfsfelthfsf lardf klg rn]sf] lyof] . o;}sf] ;]/f]km]/f]df ;+oSt kl/jf/ k|yf, j0f{
Joj:yf, gfdsf] k5fl8 y/ /fVg] rng, j+zsf] gfds/0f, 8f]nfhL k|yf, ljwjf tyf
kgM ljjfx, /Lltlylt, rf8kj{,
gf/Lsf] :yfg cflb ;fdflhs ; cfwf/x¿ k|rngdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
+/rgfsf dn
;+o'St kl/jf/
kl5Nnf] -gof“ hGd k:tfblv aaf, xh/aaf, lbbL, alxgL, sfsfsfsL, efO elthf,
lnPsf_ kmk,
cflb ;a} hLljt ;b:ox¿ Ps} 7fp“ jf 3/df ;dfg ;ljwf ug{] kl/jf/nfO{ ;+oSt
a;/ efu
kl/jf/ k|yf elgG5 . /fhgLlts ¿kdf klg ;+oSt zf;g k|yf /x]sfn] dèosfndf
;+oSt kl/jf/sf] k|rng clgjfo{ h:t} dflgGYof] . ;fy} ;fdflhs, wfld{s tyf
cfly{s sf/0fx¿n ubf{ dèosfndf dflg;x¿ ;+oSt kl/jf/df a:g] uy{] . pgLx¿n]
cfÇgf] ufp“ jf j:tLsf]3gTj a9L g} ug]{ u/]sf] kfOG5 .
j0f{ Joj:yf
j0f{ Joj:yf lnR5lj sfnaf6 ;? ePsf] xf] . o; sfndf;dfhnfO{ rf/ hft tyf c7f/
j0f{df ljeflht ul/Psf] lyof] . o;}sf] lg/Gt/tf :j¿k dèosfndf klg rf/ hft
tyf 5TtL; j0f{df ljeflht ul/of] .
jzsf] gfds/0f
dèosfndf 8f]6L / pkTosfsf dNn /fhfx¿n] cfkmnfO{ {j+zL’ egL kl/lrt
sf7df8f“ ‘;o
u/fP . ;fy} pkTosf aflx/sf zfx /fhfx¿n] ‘rGb|j+zL’ eGg yfn] . o;/L ;"o{j+zL
/ rGb|j+zLsf gfdn] j+z k/Dk/f ;fdflhs ;+/rgfdf :yflkt ePsf] kfOG5 .
y/sf] pTklTt
dèosfnLg g]kfndf Clif, uf]q, :yfg cflbsf cfwf/df y/ /fVg] rng lyof] . t/ sfd
-Joj;fo_ sf cfwf/df klg cg]s y/x¿sf] pTklTt ePsf] kfOG5 . pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf
dèokj{sfndf sgfnL kbzdf]| sfdsf cfwf/df dflg;nfO{ jbo} ,
v8sf -v8uf8f_, e08f/L,
hf]zL OToflb /fvL ul/Psf] k|rngnfO{ lng ;lsG5 . pkTosfdf eg] /fhf
;? sf7df8f“
hol:ylt dNnsf] /fHosfndf dGqLnfO{ ‘dNdL,’ ef/bf/nfO{ ‘lzi6 jf >]i7’ / k|wfg dGqLnfO
‘dxfy’ eGg] rng lyof] . To;}u/L f g]jf/ ;dbfodf cfrfo{, j}bo, >]i7 / b}j1
sf7df8fs
rf/ y/Lsf] jr{:j /x\of] .
lzIf0f ;emfj
afnaflnsfnfO{ P]ltxfl;s tYo jf ljj/0f 3f]sfpg'eGbf To;af6 lzIff lnO{ jt{dfgdf To;sf] pkof]u ug{]
1fg, l;k, ljsf;df hf]8 lbg'xf];\ y
8fnfhL kyf
dèosfndf bnxfnfO{ bnxLsf] 3/d} jf bnxLnfO{ bnfxfsf] 3/ jf cf;kf;sf] Ifqdf l
´sfO ljjfx ug{] k|yfnfO{ 8f]nfhL k|yf elgGYof] . o; k|yfåf/f ljjfx ug{] bnxfn]
bnxLsf] y/ u|x0f
ug{kYof{] . o;}cg;f/ sdf/ hol:yltn] /fhsdf/L /fhNnb]jL;u ljjfx u/kl5] dNn y/ ux0f|
u/] . To;}u/L sgf{nL k|b]zsL /fhsdf/L dfnf; ljjfx u/]kl5 kfnj+zsf k0o kfn
zsg k'0o dNn eP . u
ljwjf k|yf tyf k'gM ljjfx
dèosfndf ljwjf k|yf tyf kgM ljjfx sfod lyof] . dèosfnsf] ;?cftdf dNn
/fhfx¿n zf;g u/] . logLx¿sf] kl/jf/ lgs} 7'nf] b]lvG5 . pgLx¿sf w]/} /fgLx¿ lyP .
o;} sf/0f
cfÇgf] j+z k/Dk/f sfod ug{ / zlSt dhat agfO/fVg dlxnfnfO{ ljwjfsf ¿kdf /fVg
rngsf] ;?cft eof] . eStk/sf /fhf ?b|dNnsL 5f]/L gfosb]jLsf] klxnf] ljjfx sf;Lsf
/fhsdf/ / bf];|f] lt/xtsf /fhsdf/ hutl;+x ePsf] lyof] . of] kgM
xl/ZrGb|;u“ljjfxsf] sDx/;u
pbfx/0f xf] .
/Lltlylt tyf
rf8kj{
dèosfndf cfzf]r tyf ;"ts afg]{ h:tf /Lltlylt sfod lyP . k|frLg lxGb' wfld{s
dfGotfcg;f/ hGd, d[To' / cGo ;fdflhs ;+:sf/sf cfwf/df /LltyLlt rn]sf]
kfOG5 .
o;afx]s ;dfhdf ltxf/, ufO{hfqf, OGb|hfqf, 306fs0f{ -u7]dnun_ h:tf rf8kj
b;,“k|rngdf lyP .
gf/Lsf] :yfg
dèosfndf gf/LnfO{ ;Ddfgkj{s Jojxf/ ul/GYof] . l;dfgu9sf}| /fhf
xl/l;xbjsL]+ /fgL
b]jnb]jL sf7df8fdf cfO{ cfÇgf] keT| j hdfpg ;kmn ePsL lyOg\ . o;af6 s] yfxf xG5 eg
dèosfndf cfÇgf] 3/, ufp“ / /fHodf dfq geO{ cGoq klg gf/Lsf] :yfg dof{lbt lyof] .
ljmofsnfk
R= ltd|f] ;dbfodf /x]sf y/sf] pTklTtaf/] ;f]wL sIffdf u/ .
cleefjs;u k|:tt
@= ltd|f] ;dbfodf ljwjf k|yf / kgM ljjfxnfO{ s;/L lnOG5 < 6fn l5dsdf] 5nkmnsf
cfof]hgf u/L ;wf/ pkfox¿sf] vf]hL u/ .
ug{kg{
cEof;
-s_ dèosfnLg ;fdflhs cj:yfdf s] s] s/f k5{g\ <
-v_ 8f]nfhL k|yfaf/] Ps cg'R5]b n]v .
-u_ dèosfndf gf/LnfO{ s;/L xl/GYof] < pbfx/0f;lxt nv .
;fdbflos sfo{
dèosfnLg g]kfndf ePsf w]/}h;f] s/fx¿ xfn;Dd klg ltdf| ] ;dbfodf xg ;S5g\ .
ltgnfO{ yfxf kfpg ;dbfosf dflg;;u ;fèg] ] kZgx¿sf| ] gdgf agfpm .
kf7 M $ dWosfnLg gkfnsf] cflys cj:yf
k|frLg ;dob]lv g} g]kfnsf] Jofkf/ ltAat, lrg /
c ¿kdf /x]sf] kfOG5 .
ef/t;u
6
6
o;nfO{ dèosfnLg zf;sn] ljz]if èofg lbPsf lyP . To;sf/0f pb\of]u, jfl0fHo /
Joj;fosf] ljsf;n] ubf{ dèosfnsf] cfly{s lj|mofsnfkdf tLj|tf cfPsf] lyof] .
hol:ylt dNnn] k/Dk/fut Jofkf/nfO{ lj:tf/ u/]sf lyP . logn] cfGtl/s Jofkf/df klg ;wf/
u/]sf lyP . a]Unfa]Un} gfk ePsf dfgf, kfyL, 9s t/fhdf klg Pp6} gfk agfP/ ;wf/
u/]sf lyP .
g]kfnL Jofkf/Lx¿ cfÇgf pbof]udf pTkflbt j:tx¿ ljb]zdf a]r]/ ljb]zL db|f cfhg{ uby]{ .
‘ef]hsf] olStsNk t¿’ eGg] k:tsdf g]kfndf ag]sf] t/af/ ef/tsf] ahf/df lgs} nf]slk|o
/x]sf] s/f n]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L ‘/;/Tg;dRoo’ gfdsf] dèosfnLg k:tsdf
g]kfnaf6 ef/tdf lgof{t ul/g] tfdfsf] aofg ul/Psf] 5 .
dNnsfnLg ahf/ efp M g= ;=+ *%) -!&*^ lj= ;_
j:t' kl/df0f d"No
rfdn R& kfyL R dfx/
g'g R kfyL R df]x/
t]n R kfyL R df]x/
skf; % kn R dfx/
;|f]t M wgah| ah|frfo{, g]kfn kl/ro
hol:ylt dNnn] eld ;DaGwL Joj:yf ldnfpg ljzif èofg lbPsf lyP . pgn] hUufsf
pAhgLsf cfwf/df eldnfO{ cAjn, bf]od, l;d / rfxf/ u/L rf/ efudf juL{s/0f u/] . ;fy},
dfnkft p7fpg / cflys{ :t/ ldnfpg ;a} hldgsf] Ifqkmn] kl/jtg{ ul/of] . o;cg;f/
cAan hUuf Ps judf (% xftsf] 3]/f, bfoddf R)# xft, l;ddf RR@ xft / rfxf/df R@%
xftsf] 3]/fsf] gfk dflgof] . To; a]nf hUuf hldg gfKg]nfO{ If]qsf/ elgGYof] . hUuf
gfKgnfO{ xftsf] gfk lgwf{/0f ul/of] . a'9L cf}“nfsf] rf}la; cn\u'n a/fa/ Ps
xft
dflgof] . sflGtk/sf /fhf dxGb| dNnn] Jofkf/nfO{ ;/n agfpg rfbLsf] db|f krngdf| NofP
h;nfO{ dx]Gb|dNnL elgG5 . æk[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ug{ vf]h]sf ;wf/x¿ pgn] lbPsf]
lbJo pkb]zdf kfOG5 . sfd ubf{ /fHo /fHodf uKtr/ eO{ gf}nf lsl;dsf sfdx¿ l;sL
cfpg,'
sfd l;Sg hfbf yfxf kfO{ s}b u¥of] eGof ssf] s;}nfO{ ge df/] dg{,
cfÇgf dn uxo Gg,
cfÇgf ?l9a8L a9fkfsf snn] u¥of /fvsf wd{ gudfO{ rfvf] sfdx¿ l;sL Nofpg' jf
ug'{ .Æ cflb k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf pkb]z lyP .
lzIf0f ;emfj
tTsfnLg cj:yfsf] cj:yfnfO{ jtdfg tngf ub{} ljsf;df dWosfnsf] eldsfsf af/df
cflys ;u cflys
:ki6 kfg{'xf];\ y
uf]/vfsf /fhf /fd zfxn] klg ljleGg
lsl;dsf cflys ;wf/x¿ u/sf lyP .
logn] Jofkf/df ;wf/ ug{ dfgf, kfyL,
9s, t/fh'sf] gof“ Joj:yf u/] . logn
gfksf lglDt R) d7Lsf] Ps
dfgf, cf7 dfgfsf] Ps kfyL /
tf}nsf lglDt dx]Gb| dNnsfnLg d'b|fx¿
R) nfnsf] Ps df;f, R) df;fsf]
Ps tfnf, @& tfnfsf] Ps af8L,
rf/
af]8Lsf] Ps la;f}nL / bO{ la;fnLsf} ] Ps wfgL{ lgwf/0f{ u/] . logn] wftsf
dfgfkfyL, 9s
t/fh' OToflbdf ;/sf/L 5fk nufpgkg{ lgod a;fnsf] lyP . /fd zfxn] Aofh ;DaGwdf
rnfPsf] lgodcg;f/ gub C0fsf] sf/faf/df R) k|ltzteGbf a9L / lhG;Ldf @%
kltzteGbf a9L Aofh lng gkfpg] lgod agfP .
/fd zfxn] efOef/bf/sf] l;kmfl/;lagf latf{ glbg, latf{ lbbf hldgsf] Ôqkmn] rf/
lsNnf
;a} vnfP/ :yfgLo eb|enfbdL /fvL l;dfgf;d]t ofOlbg' eGg] lgb{zg lbPsf lyP .
;fw 56
logs} ;dob]lv xfn;Dd klg hUuf wgLnfO{ tlN;n / vghf]t u/L sdfO ug{nfO{ df]xL eGg
rng rNb} cfPsf] 5 . sflGtk/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnsf] zf;g sfndf ePsf
ltAat;u jfl0fHo ;lGwaf6 g]kfnnfO{ lgs} cfly{s nfe ePsf] lyof] .
ljmofsnfk
R= b}lgs Jojxf/df db|fsf] dxTTj ljifodf jStTj[ snf cfofhgf] u/ .
@= dèosfndf ePsf cfly{s lj|mofsnfkaf6 sg ;d:ofx¿ ;dfwfg eP < ;dfrf/sf
sg
¿kdf sÔfdf k|:t't u/ .
cEof;
-s_ cfÇgf] sfkLsf] kfgfdf dNnsfnsf] db|fsf] lrq agfpm .
-v_ ePsf] db' fnfO{ dNnsfnsf] db' tngf ug{] tflnsf agfO{ sÔfdf u/ .
cfkm;u f;u k:tt
-u_ dèosfnLg cfly{s cj:yf / jt{dfg cfly{s cj:yflar abfdf tngf u/ .
kfr
;fdbflos sfo{
R= dèosfndf ePsf sg /fd|f cfly{s lj|mofsnfkx¿ xfn 5gg\ / xfn sg'
sg ePsf sg
/fd|f cfly{s ultljlwx¿ dèosfndf lyPgg\ egL lzIfs jf hfgsf/ JolStnfO{ k|Zg
;f]w]/ k|fKt hjfkmsf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg tof/ u/ .
@= dèosfnsf] ahf/ efp / xfnsf] ahf/ efp ´Nsg] tngfTds tflnsf agfpm .

kf7 M % dWosfnLg gkfnsf] snf / ;:slt
kbdfbo df= lj=,

/fdzfx ky, sf7df8f“
@)&)÷)%÷@%
Kof/f] ;fyL zfGt/fh, gd:sf/ ¤
ltdLn] hDnf pkTosfsf] snf / ;+:s[ltsf af/]df n]v]/ k7fPsf] kq k|fKt eof] . d xfn
sf7df8fdf /xg] ePsfn] ltdLn] dnfO{ dèosfnLg gkfnsf] snf ;:sltsf[ af/df nv/]]
k7fpg eg]sf /x5f} . ltdf| ] cg;f/ ] dèosfnLg gkfnsf] snf ;:sltsf af/df
cg/fw dn
w/] } ;fwk5 u/“] . To; anfblv /xsf snf / k/ftTTjsf ;Dkbfx¿sf] kToIf cjnfsg klg u/“] .
To;sf cfwf/df d}n] ltdLnfO{ of] kq n]v]sf] x“ .
snf / ;:s[lt dfgj hLjgsf] kl/rfos xf] . dflg;sf] dNo, dfGotf, cf:yf, lzNk cflbsf]
k|ltlglwTj snf / ;+:s[ltn] u/]sf] xG5 . o;n] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .
g]kfn
snf / ;:sltsf bli6n] wgL dflgG5 . gkfnLx¿;u dflns snf / ;:sltsf] vfgL /xsf] 5 .
g]kfnL hLjg z}nLsf] lgdf{0fdf snf / ;+:s[ltn] dxTTjk0f{ eldsf v]n]sf] 5 . ;fdlxs
cf:yf, ljZjf;, k/Dk/f Pjd\ dNox¿ snf tyf ;+:s[ltsf ¿kdf ljsl;t ePsf 5g\ .
k|frLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;:s[ltsf af/]df ltdLn] sIff ^ df kl9;ssf] 5f} . d oxf“
dèosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;+:s[ltsf af/]df n]Vg uO/x]sf] 5' . lj= ;+= (#^ b]lv lj=;+=
R*@% ;Ddsf
;donfO{ dèosfnLg ;do elgG5 . dèosfnLg g]kfn snf / ;+:s[ltsf b[li6n]
lgs} dxTTjk0f{ dflgG5 . o; oudf w]/} dlGb/ / b]jLb]jtfsf dlt{ :yflkt ePsf 5g\ .
To;}n] o;
a]nfnfO{ 3/eGbf } dlGb/ / dfG5eGbf } b]jtf ePsf] ;do klg dflgG5 . oL dlGb/ /
w/ w/
b]jtf;Dabw w/}] rf8kj{ klg ljsl;t eP . kmn:j¿k dèosfndf w/}] hfqf / kjx¿{ krlnt|
lyP . sltko hfqf / kj{x¿ clxn];Dd sfod} 5g\ .
dèosfndf ljleGg b/af/ / dlGb/df ;Gb/ snfslt
lgdf{0f ePsf lyP . To:t} wf/f, kf6L, kf}jf,
rf}tf/f,
8anL h:tf ;f:slts kIfdf klg snf kblzt lyof] .
sfi7snf, k:t/snf / jf:tsnfsf bli6n] klg lzIf0f ;emfj
ljsl;t lyof] . uDah tyf lzv/ z}nLdf d7, o; kf7df dèosfnLg g]kfnsf
dlGb/, r}To, ljxf/ cflb ag]sf lyP . b/af/, 3/, snf / ;:+ slt ;DaGwL 5f6f
dlGb/sf ‰ofn, 9fsf tyf 5fgf agfpbf snfTds hfgsf/L dfq k:tt
¿kdf agfOGYof,]
ul/Psf 5g\ . ctM ljifo
j:t;Dabw ljleGg ;ft]| ;fduL| cèoog u/L ljifo j:tdf cfkm" :ki6 eO{ lzIf0f ugx{ f;\] .
h:t} M eStk/sf] krkGg ‰ofn] b/af/ . dèosfn nuf, vfbw kl/sf/ / lzi6frf/sf nflu
kl;bw 5 . o;/L dèosfnLg gkfn ;flxTo, snf tyf ;:sltsf[+ bli6n[ ] pj/{ dflgG5 .
o:tf
snf / ;+:s[ltsf gdgf cem} klg sf7df8f“ pkTosf / bzsf] cGo
7fpx¿df kz:t| 5g\ .
of] ;fgf] kqdf oL ;a}sf] lj:tf/ rrf{ ug{ ;lsPg . k6s lj:tf/df yk rrf{ u/fnf,
csf{clxn]nfO{ labf rfxG5' .
pxL ltdf| ] ;fyL
/fds[i0f dxh{g
ljmofsnfk
-s_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf snf / ;+:s[lt emNsfpg] } ;Dkbf ;S5g\ . To;sf af/]df
sglgDg lnlvt ljj/0f tof/ kf/ M xg
— :yfkgf÷lgdf0f ldlt÷;do
— lgdf{0f stf{
— ;Dkbfsf ljziftf
— ;Dkbfsf] jt{dfg cj:yf
— ;Dkbfsf] ;+/If0f ;jw{gsf nflu ug{kg{] sfo{
-v_ ltd|f] If]qdf ePsf s'g} snfTds ejg, dlGb/, u'Daf, ljxf/, r}To, dl:hb, rr{,
dfnlvd, dlt{dèo] } Pssf af/]df cfkmeGbf hfGg] ;f]w u/L k|ToIf
sg JolSt;u k5
cjnf]sg u/]/ snfTds ljz]iftfsf af/]df 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ .
-u_ snf / ;+:s[lt lsg cfjZos k/]sf] xf]nf, sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6f] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ snf / ;+:s[lt eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ ‘snf / ;+:s[ltn] ;fdflhs hghLjgsf] k|ltlglwTj u5{’ kli6 u/ .
-u_ dèosfnLg g]kfnsf] snf / ;+:s[lt s:tf] lyof] <
-3_ dèosfnLg snf / ;+:s[ltsf dVo If]qx¿ s] s] xg\ <
-n_ dèosfnLg snf / ;+:s[ltsf] kfr cf6f] ljziftf] nv] .
kf7 M ^ xjfnxf] pkTosfsf] ;Eotf
efOalxgLx¿ ¤ gS;fdf lbOPsf] sg bz] xf] < gS;f

cèoog u/ t . of] lrgsf] gS;f xf] . o;df lrgsf
k|l;bw xjfnxf] gbLsf] gS;f klg 5 . of] gbLn
lrgsf] P]ltxfl;s dxTTj af]s]sf] 5 . xfd|f]
b]zsf] pTt/lt/ hgu0ftGq lrg k5{ . hgu0ftGq
lrgsf] klxnf] ;Eotfsf] ljsf; xjfnxf] gbLsf]
pkTosfdf ePsf] lyof] . xjfnxf] lrgsf] bf];|f]
;a}eGbf 7nf] gbL xf] . o;nfO{ kx]“nf] gbL
(Yellow Rever) klg elgG5 . xjfnxf] gbL
lsgf/df /xsf 7nf 7nf
;x/dèo] nfgrcf], kfcf]rcf], rnrcf] /
lrgfg k|d'v rf/ ;x/ x'g\ . lrgdf /x]sf
k|d'v gbL lgDgfg;f/ 5g\ M
lrgsf dVo ltg 7nf gbLx¿
gfd nDafO -lslddf_
5fnofn (Changeang) ^,#))
xjfnxf] (Huanghe) %,$^%
xOnn:ofn (Heilungciang) @,(^%
;|f]t M lrgsf] euf]n
xjfnxf] gbL kfofgxf/ kj{tsf] pTt/af6 au]/ {sf] af]xfo (Bohai) ;fu/df ldl;G5 . of] gbL
kj
Ps bh{geGbf a9L pkTosf eP/ aU5 . To; Ô]qdf R^ cf“} ztfAbL O= k= df g} sfbf,]] ds,}
wfg, ux,“ /;d] OToflbsf] pTkfbg ul/GYof] . kfrLg|sfndf lrlgof“ ;Eotf / ;:sltsf[+
;/Ôfsf lglDt lrgsf] pTt/tkm{ 7nf] kvf{n agfOPsf] lyof] . of] kvf{n xfn;Dd klg /x]sf
5 . o; kvf{nnfO{ og]:sfsf] ] ljZj ;Dkbf
;rLdf /flvPsf] 5 . cGtl/Ifaf6 bVg] ;lsg
dfgj lgld{t ;+;f/sf] Psdfq j:t' lrgsf] 7nf] kvf{n g} xf] . of] kvf{n lrgsf] pTt/tkm{ kj
klZrd eP/ af]xfo ;fu/;u hfl8Psf] ] 5 .
lrlgofx¿n] o; kvfnnfO{ b; xhf/ ln kvfn (ten thousand li wall) egL gfds/0f u/sf]
5g\ . t/ jf:tljs ¿kdf o;sf] nDafO R@ xhf/ ln -5 xhf/ lsnf]ld6/_ /x]sf] 5 . of
kvf{n l5g (Chin) j+zsf ;d|f6\ xnrnsf] f eof] .
;dodf k/
lzIf0f ;emfj
xjfnxf] pkTosfsf] ;Eotf emNsg] lrq, syf, ;+jfb cflb tof/ u/L ljbofyL{ s]lGb|t lzIf0f ljlwsf]
k|of]u ug{'xf];\ y
l5g j+zsf log} ;d|f6\n] 5 cf]6f
/fHonfO{lht]/ ljzfn lrgsf] lgdf{0f u/] .
o;} j+zsf
gfdaf6 To; 7nf] kvfnsf] kTos R)) ld6/df
bO{ tn] xg{] 3/ (watch tower) agfOPsf] 5 . of]
3/sf] dflysf] tnfaf6 jl/kl/sf] 6f9fsf]
b[Zo b]Vg ;lsG5 . To; avt of] 3/
b'Zdgsf ultljlwnfO{ x]g{ agfOPsf] lyof] .
Onrnn] kl5 xfntL -;df6_ sf] pkflw wf/0f
u/] . logL g} lrgsf k|yd ;d|f6\ lyP .
lrgsf] /fhwfgL a]Olhn (Beijing) af6 *$
lsnfld6/ pTt/df a8flnn (Badaling) eGg]
7fpdf /x]sf] kvf{n x]g{ w]/}h;f] ko{6sx¿
hfg]ub{5g\ . o; 7fpdf /x]sf] kvf{nsf] efu
*=% ld6/ cUnf] / %=& ld6/ rf}8f 5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= ltdL a;sf] Onfsfdf kfrLg sfndf ag]sf lsNnf, kvfn, eUgfjzif cflb :yfg jf
j:tx¿ 5g\ eg] ltgsf] ;rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:tt' u/ .
@= Pl;ofsf] gS;fdf lrg / lrgsf] kvf{n b]vfpm .
cEof;
-s_ kf7sf cfwf/df lrgsf] xjfnxf] pkTosfsf] ;Eotfsf] kl/ro bpm .
-v_ xjfnxf] gbL / lrlgof“ ;Eotflarsf] ;DaGw snfpm .
-u_ lrgsf] gfds/0f s;/L /xg uof] < n]v .
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ xfd|f] b]zsf] pTt/L l5dsL =========== xf] .
-v_ lrgsf] ;a}eGbf 7nf] gbLsf] gfd ========== xf] .
-u_ xjfnxf] gbL ============= ;fu/df ldl;G5 .
-3_ =========== lrgsf k|yd ;d|f6\ xg\ .
-n_ lrgsf] /fhwfgL =========== xf] .

kf7 M & d;fkf6fldofsf] ;Eotf
d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfaf/] lzIfs bfh{ nfdf /

ljbofyL{ s]bf/ zdf{sf lar ePsf] s/fsfgL o;
ksf/ 5 M
s]bf/ M d;fkf6fldofsf] ;Eotf egsf] s] xf] <
bf]h{] M nf} ;g, jt{dfg ;dodf dèokj{df
kg{ /fi6« O/fs -Iraq_ cGtut{ kg{
l6lu|; (tigris) / ok|m6;] (euphrates)
gbLsf] larsf] efunfO{ d];f]kf]6fldof
elgG5 . k|frLg sfndf o;}
7fp“df ljsl;t ePsf]
;Eotf nfO{ g} d];f]kf]6fldofsf]
;Eotf elgG5 . ]sf
s]bf/ M d;f]kf]6fldof d];f] (meso) / kf6fdf]; (potamos) zAb ldn]/ ag]sf] xf] eGg]
;g
lyP“ . oL bO{ zAbsf] cy{ klg atfOlbgxf;\] g .
bf]h{] M ogfgL (greek) efiffdf d];f]sf] cy{ ‘df´’ / kf]6fdf];sf] cy{ ‘gbLx¿’ eGg
al´G5 . bO{ gbLsf] df´df /xsf] ] 7fp“ ePsf] xgfn] o; 7fpnfO{ d;fkf6fldof]]
gfds/0f ul/Psf] xf] .
s]bf/ M d;f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfsf] lgdf{0f sg ;Eotfx¿ ldn]/ ePsf] xf] <
sg
bfh{] M ;d]l/of -Sumeria_, alanf] ]lgof -Babilonia_, cl;l/of -Assyria_ / rflN8og
-Chaldean_ ;Eotfx¿ ldnL d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfsf] lgdf{0f ePsf] xf] .
s]bf/ M ;d]l/ofsf] ;Eotf slxnblv]] slxn;Dd] /xof] <
bf]h{] M ]l/ofsf] ;Eotf rf/ xhf/ O= b]lv { xhf/ O= ;Dd sfod f] .
; k= bO k= /xo
d
s]bf/ M ;d]l/ogx¿df khf/L' g} /fhf xGy] . To;n]} logLx¿nfO{ khf/L /fhf elgGYof] xfnf,]
x}g t . oL khf/L /fhfx¿n] s] s] sfd uy{] xf]nfg\ <
bf]h{] M khf/L /fhfn] snLgx¿sf] ;xof]u lnP/ e/fh:j ;nsng l;rfOsf] Joj:yf
ug{,
ug{, ;fjhlgs ejg tyf tntnf ePsf] cUnf] dlGb/ lhu/ft (ziggurat) sf
lgdf{0f uy]{ .
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg k':ts, klqsf / OG6/g]6 cflbsf dfWodaf6 dfgj ;Eotf ;DaGwL hfgsf/L ;nsng ug
nufpg'xf];\ y ;fy} tTsfnLg ;Eotf / jt{dfg ;Eotflar t'ngf u/fpg'xf];\ y

s]bf/ M lhu/ftleq s] s] xGy] < lhu/ftsf] jf:tljs cy{
s] xf] <
bf]h{] M lhu/ftleq Gofofno, kf7zfnf, ahf/,
a}ns, snsf/vfgf, cGgsf] e08f/ OToflb
x'Gy] . lhu/ftsf] jf:tljs cy{ rf}sf]6
k/]sf] / v08 v08 ePsf] dlGb/af6 3l/Psf]
kfrLg d;fkf6fldofsf]3/ eGg] a'l´G5 .
s]bf/ M ;;f/sf ;ft cfZrosf j:tx¿dèo] alanfgsf rflN8og jzsf ;df6\ Gbgh/
gjr
(Nebuchandnezar) n] agfPsf] cfsfzdf ´Ng] f -Hanging Garden_ s:tf]
aur lyof] <
bf]h{] M ;d|f6\ g]jr]Gbgh/n] ] cfÇgL /fgLnfO{ v;L kfg{ b/af/sf] 5fgfdfly v08 v08 kf//
;Gb/ au}rf agfP . o; au}rfsf kmnx¿df l;rfO ug{ gx/ agfPsf lyP . of]
aur f o:tf] b]lvGYof] . cfsfzdf ´ln/x]sf] xf];\ t/ bMvsf] s/f a]lanf]gsf
dfgf,“
of] ´'Ng] au}“rf cfh 5}g .
s]bf/ M d;f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotf slxn] ljsf; ePsf] xf] lg <
bf]h{] M d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfsf] ljsf; xhf/ {df ePsf] xf] .
kfr O;fkj
ljmofsnfk
R= sÔfsf } { hgfn] kf7df lbOPsf ;+jfbnfO{ ;a}n] ;Gg] u/L { hgf ;fyLn
sg b k9 . bO
O
;+jfb kl9/xbf cGo ;|f]tfx¿n] To;sf dVo dVo ab fx¿ l6kL sIffdf u/ .
@= d];f]kf]6fldofsf] gS;f tyf lrq agfP/ sÔfdf 6f;“ k|:tt
cEof; .
-s_ d;fkf]6fldof ;Eotfaf/] Ps cgR5]bdf j0fg u/ .
-v_ d;fkf]6fldof ;Eotfdf lhu/ftsf] s] s:tf] :yfg 5 <
-u_ g]jr ]Gbg]h/n] agfPsf] fsf } { ljz]iftf n]v .
aur sg b
O
@= l7s / al] 7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ ogfgL efiffdf d];f]sf] cy{ gbLx¿ eGg] alemG5 .
-v_ ;d ]l/ogdf /fhfn] khf/L kYof{ .
xg
-u_ a]lanfgsf] aurf cfh;Dd klg 5 .
-3_ d;f]kf]6fldof / |m]6; gbLsf] lsgf/df k5{ .
l6lu; ok
;fdbflos sfo{
d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotf h:t} g]kfndf sg} kfrLg| ;Eotf jf Oltxf;sf
af/df] cfkmeGbf hfGg
JolSt; ;f]w u/ . k|fKt hfgsf/L sIffdf u/ .
u k5 k|:tt
kg/fjnfsg cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ dèosfn ============== zf;g kbwltsf] sfn xf] .
-v_ ========== n] ;]gj+zL /fHosf] :yfkgf u/] .
-u_ /fd zfx ========= sf /fhf lyP .
-3_ dèosfnLg dlGqkl/ifb\df =========== hgf dGqL x'Gy] .
-n_ lsNnfsf] /IfsnfO{ ============ elgGYof] .
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
;+oSt kl/jf/ lj= ;+= (#^
8fnfhL k|yf h7f] ;ts rng
afg{
/Lltlylt rGb|j+zL
zfx /fhf ;a} ;b:o Ps} 3/df a:g] kl/jf/
dèosfnsf] ;?jft bnfxf lemsfO{ ljjfx
ug{
#= l7s / al] 7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ k|frLg sfndf ltAat;u gkfnsf] ] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw lyPg .
-v_ dNnsfnLg ahf/df R& kfyLnfO{ Ps df]x/ kYof{ .
-u_ dèosfndf hldg gfKg]nfO{ If]qkmn elgGYof] .
-3_ ltg la;f}nLsf] Ps wfgL{ xG5 .
-n_ hUuf wgLnfO{ dfxL elgG5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= g]kfnnfO{ PsLs[t agfO{ /fVg s] s] ug{knf{ < ;rL agfP/ sÔfdf k|:tt u/ .
@= /fi6«sf] pGgltsf lglDt eljiodf ltdLn] k¥ofpg] of]ubfgsf] of]hgf agfpm .
#= dèosfnLg zf;g k0ffnLsf] tngfTds cèoog ljZnif0f u/L xfnsf] zf;g
k0ffnLsf u|x0fLo kIf atfpm .
$= ltdLn] klg a]lanf]lgofsf] h:t} cfÇgf] jf cfÇgf l5d]sLsf] 3/ jf aurfdf /fdf| /fdf|
kmnx¿ b]v]sf xf}nf . cfk'mn] b]v]sf] au}rfsf] lrq agfO{ sÔfdf k|bz{g u/
. cfÇgf]3/df klg k'mn /f]kL au}rf agfpm .
;fdbflos sfo{
R= cfÇgf] ;dbfodf jf ;x/sf] gbLsf] lsgf/df /x]sf] cfkmnfO{ dg k/]sf] k/fgf]
3/ jf au}rf jf c¿ s'g} Ps j:t'sf] lrq agfpm .
@= lrgsf] kvf{n h:t} ltd|f] ;dbfodf /x]sf] dxTTjk0f{ j:tx¿sf] vf]hL u/L lrq agfpm .
PsfO & xfd|f] cfly{s lj|mofsnfk
l;sfO pknlAw
— g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg -eld, hn, jg / vlgh_ sf] jt{dfg cj:yf atfpg
— g]kfnsf kfs[lts ;fwgsf] ;bkof]u ug{
— g]kfndf pbofusf] jtdfg cj:yf atfpg
— g]kfndf pbof]usf] dxTTj af]w ug{
— s[lif / pbofu larsf] ;DaGw :ki6 ug{
— g]kfndf pbofusf] ljsf;df blvPsf] ;d:of / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo pNnv ug
— g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] jt{dfg cj:yf atfpg
— g]kfndf Jofkf/sf] dxTTj pNn]v ug{
— Jofkf/sf] ljsf; / k|jw{gdf b]lvPsf ;d:of / ;dfwfgsf pkfo pNn]v ug{
kf7 M ! g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;|f]t
;fwg / ltgsf] pkof]u
k|s[ltdf lgMz'Ns ¿kdf kfOg] ;DkbfnfO{ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf elgG5 . k|s[ltdf kfOg]
o:tf j:t'x¿nfO{ k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg klg elgG5 . o:tf ;|f]t ;fwgx¿df e"ld -
hldg_, hn
-kfgL_ jg / vlgh d'Vo x'g\ . o:tf ;fwg ;|f]tx¿n] dflg;sf] hLjgdf 7'nf] k|efj
kf5{g\ . hxf“ o:tf j:t'x¿sf] ;xL pkof]u xG5, Toxf“sf] hghLjg ;xh / ljsl;t x'G5 .
hxf“ o:tf j:t'x¿ sd x'G5g\, Toxf“ ljsf; geO{ hghLjg sl7g x'G5 . To;}n] k|
fs[lts ;Dkbfsf cfwf/df klg b]zx¿ wgL / ul/a x'G5g\ .
gkfn klg kfslts bli6n] wgL bz dflgG5 . gkfnsf] kfslts ;fwgdf ljljwtf kfOG5 .
g]kfnsf k|fs[lts ;fwgsf af/]df tn 5f]6f] rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 M
-s_ hldg M g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns agfj6cg';f/ e"ldsf] cj:yfdf ljljlwtf /x]sf] 5
. g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf kf“uf] df6f] kfOG5 . oxfsf] df6f] s[lifsf nflu lgs} pAhfp
/x]sf]5 . To:t} leqL dw]; / r'/] kxf8sf] b'j} df]x8fdf anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f]
kfOG5 . dxfef/tsf kxf8sf 7f8f le/x¿df /ftf] k'm;|f] df6f] kfOG5 . pkTosfdf
tn}of df6f]
/x]sf] 5 . lxdfnL e]udf sd pAhgL x'g] df6f] /x]sf] 5 .
-v_ hn M hn eg]sf] kfgL xf] . k|fs[lts ¿kdf jxg] gbL, vf]nf gfnf, tfn, tn}of
tyf hldgd'lgsf] kfgL cflb hn ;Dkbfsf ;|f]t x'g\ . To:t} lxdfnaf6 lxp“
kUn]/ klg gbLx¿ aUg] ub{5g\ . k|fs[lts ;Dkbfdèo] hn;Dkbf klg dxTTjk"0f{
;Dkbf xf] . hn
;Dkbfdf ljZjdf g]kfn a|flhnkl5 bf];|f] wgL b]z xf] . hn ;Dkbfaf6 vfg]kfgL,
l;“rfO, hnljb\o't\sf ;fy} hn oftfoftsf] Joj:yf ug{ ;lsG5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo kl/jzsf] kfslts ;fwg / ;f| tx¿sf] klg kl/ro u/fpb“ } ltgsf] ;xL ;bkofu ug{] af/df 5nkmn
u/fpgxf;\ y
g]kfndf af/} dlxgf c6'6 ¿kdf kfgL axg] gbLx¿ /x]sf 5g\ . o:tf gbLx¿df
sf];L, u08sL / sgf{nL x'g\ . oL gbLx¿ lxdfnsf] lxp“ kUn]/ aUg] x'gfn] lxp“bdf klg kfgLsf]
dfqf 36\b}g . To;}n] o:tf gbLx¿af6 ljb\o't\ vfg]kfgL / l;“rfO ;'ljwf k'¥ofpg ;lsG5
. To:t} hn oftfoftsf] dfèodaf6 ko{6gsf] ljsf; ug{ ;lsG5 . g]kfndf dxfef/t kj{t
z[nvnfaf6 klg gbLx¿ pTklTt ePsf 5g\ . t/ oL gbLdf lxp“bdf kfgL Hofb} sd /
jiff{tdf lgs} a9L x'g] ub{5 . r'/] kj{taf6 klg jiff{df d"n km'6L gbLx¿df kfgL aUg] x'gfn]
To;sf] k|of]u ug{
;lsG5 .
lj|mofsnfk
ltdL a;]sf] 7fpdf s] s:tf k|fs[lts ;fwgx¿ /x]sf 5g\ < ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/ .
cEof;
-s_ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwg eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfnsf k|dv kfs| [lts ;fwgx¿ s] s] xg\ <
-u_ g]kfnsf] hn ;Dkbfsf] dxTTj 5f]6s/Ldf n]v .
-3_ g]kfnsf] hldgsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
R= t/fO{ -s_ anf}6] kTyl/nf] df6f
@= dxfef/t kxf8 -v_ tn}of df6f]
#= leqL dw]; / r'/] kxf8 -u_ kf“uf] df6f]
x'g] df6f df6f] $= pkTosf -3_ sd pAhgL
] %= lxdfnL e]u -n_ /ftf]
kl/of]hgf sfo{ km;|f]
-r_ bnbn]
g]kfndf ckf/ hn;|f]t /x]sf] 5 t/ hn;|f]tsf] plrt k|of]u ug{ g;Sbf ljb\o't\sf]
cefjdf dflg; c“èof/f]df a:g afèo 5g\ . ;Lldt If]qdf ePsf] ljb\o't\ klg lxp“bdf
nf]8;]l8n x'G5 . ljb\o't\ geO{ pb\of]uwGbf snsf/vfgfnufot d]l;g/L j:t' ;~rfng
x'“b}gg\ . o;n] b]zsf] pTkfbgdf k|ToIf k|efj k/]sf] 5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf s;/L hn ljb\
o't\sf] plrt k|of]u ug{ ;lsPnf < cfk"meGbf hfGg] dflg;sf] ;xof]u lnO{ hn;|f]tsf]
pRrtd k|of]u ug]{pkfo n]v .
kf7 M @ k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf
¿kdf jg / vlgh
jg M g]kfnsf] e"w/ftndf ljljwtf 5

. o; ljljwtfn] ubf{ gkfnsf] jg
hnundf klg ljljwtf kfOG5 . g]kfndf
;bfjxf/,
df;dL, ktem/, sf0fwf/L, nsfnL / 6G8f«
jg:klt kfOG5g\ . t/fO{ If]qdf ;bfjxf/
vfnsf] jg kfOG5 . t/fO{sf jgdf ;fn,
l;;f} h:tf dxTTjk"0f{ ¿vx¿ kfOG5
. lxdfnL If]qdf h8La'6L kfOG5 .
To:t} kxf8L Ifqdf df;dL ktem/
hnun /xsf]
5 . o:tf hnunaf6 sf7, bfp/f, h8La6L kfOG5 . To:t} ufO{, e}“;L cflbnfO{ :ofpnf, 3f;,
;f]Tt/ cflb k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . sf7af6 ljleGg k|sf/sf] kmlg{r/ tof/ ug{, 3/ agfpg
;lsG5 . jg pb\of]u, Joj;fo / 3/]n' cfjZostf kl/k"lt{sf] d"Nojfg\ ;fwg xf] .
jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 x/fe/f /fVg klg jg ;Dkbfn] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]N5 . af9L
klx/f]
h:tf eMIfo /f]Sg klg jgn] ;xof]u k¥ofp5 . jgn] ljleGg ksf/sf| jGohGt' kzkG5Lsf
nflu jf;:yfg k|bfg ub{5 . jgn] ko{6g Joj;fonfO{ k|jw{g ug{ ;xof]u k¥ofp5 . o;/L
jgaf6 xfdLn] w]/} kmfObf xg] ePsfn] ‘xl/of] jg gkfnsf] ] wg’ klg eGg] ul/Psf] 5 . To;n]}
jgsf] ;xL ;b'kof]u ub}{ o;sf] ;+/If0f ug'{ xfdL ;a}sf] st{Jo klg xf] .
vlgh M vlgh klg k|fs[lts ;fwg / ;|f]tsf ¿kdf kfOg] Ps dxTTjk"0f{ ;Dkbf
xf] . g]kfndf klg ljleGg k|sf/sf vlghx¿ kfOG5g\ . kmnfd, tfdf, ce|s, sf]Onf, r'g
9'n\uf, l;;f, k]6«f]lnod, k|fs[lts Uof; cflb k|fs[lts vlghx¿ g]kfndf kfOG5g\ . o:tf
vlhgdèo] s]xLsf] cèoog ul/Psf] 5 . t/ g]kfndf kof{Kt dfqfdf vlgh kbfy{sf] k|of]u
ug{ ;lsPsf]5}g . vlgh ;Dkbfsf] ;b'kof]u ug{ ;s]df ljleGg pb\of]u ;~rfng ug{
;lsG5 . To:tf
pbof]un] /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{sf ;fy} pTkflbt j:t' ljb]zdf k7fP/ |f cfh{g ug
ljb]zL db
;lsG5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
k|fs[lts ;|f]t ;fwgsf ¿kdf jg / vlgh kbfy{sf] dxTTjnfO{ :yfgLo jg / vlgh kbfy{ t'ngf
;d]t;u ub{} :ki6 kfgxf];\ y
g]kfndf k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] kof{Kt e08f/
/x]/ klg logsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u
ug{ g;Sbf To;n] pGglt ug{ ;s]sf]
5}g . k|fs[lts ;fwgsf] ;xL
;b'kof]u ug{
;lsPdf /f]huf/L l;h{gf xg], sfd vfHg]
ljb]z hfg' gkg, jblzs]} d'bf| cfh{g
x'G5 . t;y{ of]hgfab\w / Jojl:yt
¿kdf vlgh ;fwgsf] ;d'lrt k|of]u
ug'{ cfhsf] cfjZostf xf] .
lj|mofsnfk
R= jg km8fgL tLj| eO/x]sf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ jftfj/0fdf k|ToIf k|efj kg{ uPsf]
5 . sltko 7fp“df af9L klx/f] uPsf] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dflg;sf] hghLjg nufot
k|s[ltd} c;Gt'ng cfPsf] 5 . o:tf] ;d:of ;dfwfg ug{ s] ug'{knf{, 5nkmn u/L
pkfo lgsfn .
@= ltdf| ] a;faf; jl/kl/ /xsf dVo kfslts j:tx¿sf] vfhL u/L ltgsf] ;rL agfpm .
cfkmeGbf hfGg] ;f]w]/ ltgsf] ;xL ;bkof]u pkfox¿ n]v .
JolStx¿;u ug{
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v
M
-s_ ‘xl/of] jg g]kfnsf] wg’ eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfndf ePsf] vlgh kbfy{sf] lsg k|of]u ug{ g;Sg'sf] sf/0f s] xf] <
-u_ jg ;+/If0f ug{kgf{sf sg} ltg sf/0f nv] .
-3_ g]kfndf kfOg] k|fs[lts vlghx¿sf] ;rL agfpm .
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ g]kfnsf] ew/ftndf ========= kfOG5 .
-v_ jftfj/0fnfO{ :jR5 /fVg ======== ug{k5{ .
-u_ =========== df ;bfjxf/ jg kfOG5 .
-3_ tfdf =========== kbfy{ xf] .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf ePsf k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] ;xL ¿kdf ;b'kof]u ePsf] 5 jf 5}g,
kTtf nufpm . olb ;xL ¿kdf k|of]u gePsf] eP ;xL ;bkof]u ug{ s] ug{knf{ <
;fyLx¿;u“
5nkmn u/L sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
kf7 M # cf}bof]lus lj|mofsnfk
hglxt dfèolds ljbofno d:tfnsf ljb\ofyL{x¿ gkfnsf] ] cf}bof]lus ljsf;sf af/]df

:ynut cèoog ug{ z}lIfs e|d0f uPsf lyP . pgLx¿n] u/]sf] z}lIfs e|d0fsf] k|
ltjb]g o; k|sf/ 5 M
hglxt df= lj=, hf]d;f]d,
d':tfn z}lIfs e|d0fsf] k|
R= e|d0f ug{sf] ltj]bg
pbb ]Zo M g]kfnsf] cf}bof]lus lj|mofsnfksf]
cjnf]sg
@= e|d0fdf ;xefuL ljbofyL{ ;nVof M @% hgf
#= e|d0f ul/Psf :yfgx¿M kf]v/f, x]6f}8f, jL/uGh lj/f6gu/, ;g;/L, sf7df8f“}
$= ed0f u/Psf :yfgdf /xsf pbofux¿sf] cjnfsg / cjnfsgaf6 kfKt cgejsf] ljj/0f
j|m= :yfg cjnf]sg ul/Psf] pbof]u pTkflbt j:t'
;=
R= kf]v/f kf]v/f cf}bof]lus If]qcGtu{tsf rfprfp, la:s6, bUwhGo kbfy{,
la:s6' pbof]u, bUw pbof]u, ;nfO{, 9fsf sk8f
;nfO{pbo\ f]u, sk8f pb\of]u
@= uf]/vf uf]/vsfnL /a/ pbof]u 6fo/
#= x]6f}“8f g]kfn 6f]afsf] sDkgL, x]6f}8f r/f]6, l;d]G6, sk8f
l;d]G6 sf/vfgf, x]6f}8f sk8f
pb\of]u
$= jL/uGh hb' w\ Dofr ÇofS6«L, jL/uGh ;nfO{, lrgL
;'u/ ÇofS6«L
%= lj/f6gu/ lj/f6gu/ h'6 ldn, Hof]lt Dofr h6, ;nfO{, lrgL
ÇofS6«L, df]/n ;u/ ldN;, /3klt
h6' ldn
^= ;g;/L lrgL pb\ofu] , vfb\o pb\ofu, lrgL, vfb\ofGg, ;fag, h6'
;fag'pb\ofu, h6' pb\
ofu]
&= sf7df8f}“ un}rf pbof]u, O6f 6fon unrf, 6fon, O“6f, tof/L
pbof]u, tof/L kf];fs pbof]u, h;' kf];fs, hTtf, h';
lzIf0f ;'emfj
cfÇgf] ufp, 5/l5ds] jf lhNnfsf] cfbo} flus] lj|mofsnfkdf cfwfl/t eP/ kf7df h:t} zlIfs} ed0fsf|
k|ltj]bg tof/ ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
%= k|fKt cg'ej
-c_ g]kfn k/Dk/fut s[lif k|0ffnLdf cfwfl/t d'n's xf] . oxf“ s]xL pb\of]u ;~rfng
eP tfklg tL pb\of]ux¿ s[lif k|0ffnLdf cfab\w /x]sf] kfOof] . s]xL pb\
of]ux¿ ljb]zaf6 sRrf kbfy{ cfoft u/L ;~rfngdf /x]sf 5g\ . pb\of]un]
/f]huf/Lsf]
/fd|f] Joj:yf ubf]{ /x]5 . t/ klg g]kfnsf] kl/j]zdf s[lifsf] cfw'lgsLs/0f
geP;Dd pb\of]u km:6fpg g;Sg] kfOof] .
-cf_ pTkfbgsf] k|s[lt / ;]jfsf cfwf/df g]kfnsf pbof]ux¿sf] ljefhg M
-s_ pTkfbgd"ns pb\of]u -v_ lgsf;Ld"ns pb\of]u -u_ pmhf{d"ns pb\of]u
-3_ vfgLhGo pbof]u -n_ ko{6g pbof]u -r_ lgdf{0f pbof]u -5_ ;]jf pbof]u
-h_ ;rgf tyf ;~rf/ k|ljlw pbof]u -em_ s[lif tyf jg k}bfjf/ pbof]u
-O_ nufgL / khLsf cfwf/df gkfnsf] pbofusf] ] juLs/0f{
-s_ n3' pbof]u -v_ k/Dk/fut tyf cGo 3/]n' pbof]u -u_ ;fgf pbof]u
-?= % s/f]8;Dd l:y/ L ePsf pbof]u_ -3_ demf}nf pbof]u -?= %
kh a9L / R% s/f]8;Dd s/f]8eGbf L ePsf cf}bof]lus Joj;fox¿_ -n_ 7nf
kh's/f]8eGbf a9L l:y/ pbof]u -?= R% L ePsf pbof]u_
^= lgisif{ kh'
dnssf] cfly{s ljsf;sf] lbuf] / e/kbf{ cfwf/ / :tDesf ¿kdf cfbo} flus]
ljsf;
/x]sf] x'G5 . xfdLn] s[lif If]qsf] lge{/tfnfO{ sd ub}{ n}hfg'k5{ . jt{dfg a]/f]huf/L,
cw{a]/f]hf/L tyf ul/aL sd ug{ cf}b\of]lusLs/0fsf] dxTTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg]
b]lvG5 .
cf}bof]lus If]qdf nufgL a9fpg], pbof]usf] ;/Iff lbg], x8tfn /f]Sg] / :jb]zL
dhb/'pb\of]unfO{ a9fjf lbg' cfhsf] d'Vo cfjZostf
b]lvG5 .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ n]v
-s_ z}lIfs e|d0fsf] dVo pb\b]Zo s] xf] <
-v_ cf}bof]lus lj|mofsnfksf] e|d0f ugf{n] s] s:tf] kmfObf
xG5 <
-u_ g]kfndf k|dv pb\ofux¿] sdf] lge{/ 5g\ < lsg <
-3_ pb\of]uaf6 x'g] kmfObfx¿ s] s] xg\ <
-n_ g]kfnsf] pbof]usf] ljsf; ug{ dVo s] s/fdf èofg lbg'k5{ <

kf7 M $ s[lif / pbof]ular ;DaGw
s[lif / pbof]ularsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df kj{ cèoog u/L sIffdf ;ljmo| ;xeflutf hgfpg
;f]gfd / nfSkfn] ;Nnfx u/] . pgLx¿n] cfÇgf sfsf; u/]sf] 5nkmn o; k|sf/ 5 M
;fgfd M sfsf xfdL sxL 5nkmn ug{ cfPsf xh/ ;do slTtsf] 5 slGg ¤
tkfO;u lyof,“ ;u
kf;fn M s] af/]df 5nkmn ug{ vf]h]sf xf} t < u/f+}nf lg ¤
nfSkf M xfdLn] cfh cfboflus ljmofsnfksf af/df sIffdf 5nkmn u¥of}“ . g]kfnsf pbof]u
slifdf cfwfl/t /x5g\ eGg] s/f t yfxf eof] . tfklg slif / pbofularsf] ;DaGwsf
;a} s/f hfg/ uof] eg] efln sIffdf /fdf| ] k:tlt ug{ ;lsG5 egL 5nkmn ug{ cfPsf .
kf;fn M gkfn dntM slif kwfg bz ePsf] s/f t ltdLx¿nfO{ yfx} 5 . oxfsf sl/a &$
kltzt dflg;sf] hLjg lgjf{x ug]{ d'Vo k];f s[lif xf] . s[lifn] /fli6«o cy{tGqdf
sl/a #@=% k|ltzt ofubfg k¥ofPsf] 5 . To:t} oxfsf pbofux¿ dntM slifdf cfwfl/t
5g\ . lsgeg] cf}bof]lusLs/0fsf nflu dVotM pbofusf] sRrf kbfysf] cfjZostf k5{ .
gkfndf sRrf kbfysf ¿kdf slif pTkfbg xf] . slif / pbofular ;femf
g} kdv
;DaGw /xsf] 5 .
;f]gfd Mg]kfnsf sg sg pbofudf] s] s:tf slifhGo[ sRrf kbfy{ kofu]| xG5g\ t sfsf <
kf;fn M d ltdLx¿nfO{ lgDgfg;f/ sfkLdf n]v]/ b]vfOlbG5' M
j|m= pbof]usf] ljj/0f k|of]u x'g] sōrf kbfy{
;=
R= lrgL pbo\ f]u pv'
@= la:s6, rfprfp pbof]u d}bf -ux,'“ ds}_
#= h6' pbo\ f]u h'6
$= h;' pbof]u ljleGg kmnkmnx¿
%= r/f]6 pbof]u ;"tL{
^= h8La6L k|zf]wg pbof]u ljleGg h8La6L / s[lifhGo kbfy{
&= l3p, t]n pbof]u kz'sf] bw' / t]nxg
*= ljleGg vfbofGg pbof]u, h:t} M ljleGg vfb\ofGg
rfdn, ux,“' rf]s/, 96f]
(= 5fnf h'Ttf pb\of]u kzx¿sf] 5fnf
R)= lrof pb\of]u lrofsf] dgf
lzIf0f ;'emfj eGg] ;DaGwdf 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
:yfgLo ¿kdf /x]sf s[lif pTkfbgx¿ s] s;/L k|of]u ePsf
5g,
ltgnfO{ pbof]udf k|of]u ug{ s] ug{'knf
nfSkf M xf] t g]kfndf ;~rflnt pbof]usf sRrf kbfy{ t s[lif ;DalGwt
k|dv Joj;fo;u
/x]5g\ . vfb\ofGg, gub]afnL, kz'kfng, h8La'6L v]tL cflbaf6 To:tf pb\of]u
;~rfng x'g] /x]5g\ . s[lifaf6 sRrf kbfy{ pknAw x'g] xf] eg] t ls pb\of]u aGb
x'g] ls t aflx/L b]zaf6 vl/b ug'{kg]{ kf] /x]5 .
;f]gfd Mgkfns} sRrf kbfy{ kofu xg] ePsfn] To:tf pbofu] rnsf] /x5g] \.
oLafxs] kmnfd,
tfdf, h:tf cflb vlghaf6 ;~rfng ] t afx\o bzaf6 sRrf kbfy{ Nofpg
xg kgf{n] dx“uf] kg]{ /x]5g\ x}g t pbof
< u
kf;fn gkfn f slif kwfg ePsfn] f cfwfl/t km:6fpg' /fdf| ] xf] .
Mxf, cfkmd bz o;d pbofu
slifdf cfwlgsLs/0f ug{ ;sdf To;sf] kefj pbofudf klg kg{] lyof] . slif pTkfbg
w/] } ePdf To:tf pbofuaf6 pTkflbt j:t' lgo u/ ljbzL klg sdfpg
ljbz ft / db' f
;lsg] lyof] .
nfSkf M xf] t slifdf /fdf| ] ljsf; ug{ ;s] pbofu klg km:6fpg] / lbuf] ¿kdf rNg] /x5g\ . kml/
sRrf kbfy{ c¿ bzaf6 Nofpg' klg gkg{] . Psflt/ ls;fgn] u/sf] pTkfbg lajmL
xgfn sifsn] klg plrt dNo kfpg] / pbofun] klg sRrf kbfy{ kfpg] xb' f
bfxf/f] kmfObf
xg] /x]5 .
kf;fn M xf] t, ] xfdLn] pbofusf] ljsf; ug{ klg d s[lifsf] ljsf; ug{ h?/L 5 .
To;n ;jky
;f]gfd Mn t sfsf cfh xfdLn] jf:tljs s'/f a'em\of}“, of] s'/f ef]ln sIffdf klg /fV5f}“ .
5nkmn ug{ xh'/n] ;do pknAw u/fO{ cd"No 1fg lbg'ePsf]df cfef/L 5f}“ .
lj|mofsnfk
R= ltdLn] k|of]u u/]sf s'g} kf“r cf]6f j:t'sf] gfd n]v / tL s] s]af6 ag]sf 5g\ <
ltgsf pTkfbg ug{ s] s] sRrf kbfy{ rflxg] /x]5, 5nkmn u/L ;"rL agfpm .
@= ltd|f] If]qsf] s[lif pTkfbgnfO{ s[lif pb\of]usf ¿kdf k|of]u ug{ s] s] ugknf{
< hfGg]JolSt;“u ;d]t ;f]wk'5 u/L Pp6f ;fgf] l/kf]6{ agfpm .
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pQ/ b]pm M
-s_ dflysf] ;+jfbsf] dVo ;f/ s] xf] <
-v_ g]kfnsf] s[lif / pb\of]ular ;DaGw b]vfpg] ltg a'“bf n]v .
-u_ g]kfnsf pbof]u km:6fpg lsg s[lifd} cfwlgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ug{k/]sf] xf] <
-3_ s[lifdf cfwlgsLs/0f / Jofj;foLs/0f ug{ s] s] ug{knf{ <

kf7 M % Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfk
;k/dfs{]6,
sf7df8f“} ldlt M
Kof/f] elth, /]zd @)&)÷R)÷)%
ze cfzLjf{b ¤
ltdLn] 6lnkmfgdf s/fsfgL ubf{ gkfnsf] Jofkf/sf af/df k9fpg u/sf
d;u nv/ cg/fw
lyof} . d Ps Jofkfl/s klti7fgdf sfd ug{] gftfn] dn] Jofkfl/s cgej ;ufnsf] 5' . To;n
gkfnsf] Jofkfl/s ljmofsnfksf af/df sxL nv/ ltdf| ] lh1f;f d6fpg] kof; u/sf] x'“ .
b]zsf] cfly{s ljsf;df Jofkf/sf] 7'nf] dxTTj x'G5 . nfesf] efjgfn] k|]l/t eO{ j:t' tyf
;]jf ljlgdo ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Jofkf/ elgG5 . s'g} klg b]zn] cfÇgf] b]zdf pTkfbg gePsf
j:t' aflx/L b]zaf6 cfoft u/L Nofp5 . To:t} cfÇgf] b]zsf] cfjZostf k/f eP/ afsL
/x]sf j:t' aflx/L b]zdf lgof{t ub{5 . Pp6} b]z;“u dfq Jofkf/ gu/L ljleGg
d'n's;“u ljleGg j:t'sf] Jofkf/ ug]{ sfo{nfO{ Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f klg elgG5 . To:t}
b]zleq} klg Ps 7fp“df gx'g] j:t' csf]{ :yfgaf6 NofOG5 . cfÇgf] 7fp“df a9L ePsf j:t'
tyf ;fdfg csf]{ If]qdf nu]/ a]lrG5 . o;/L b]zleq tyf b]zaflx/ j:t' tyf ;]jfsf]
cfbfg k|bfg ug]
{lj|mofsnfk g} Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfk xf] .
g]kfndf ljleGg lsl;dsf cf}hf/x¿, k]6«f]lnod kbfy{x¿, ljleGg pbof]usf sRrf
kbfy{x¿ g]kfndf pTkfbg gx'g] j:t'x¿ ljb]zaf6 NofOG5 . To:t} g]kfndf tof/L
ePsf un}“rf, tof/L kf];fs, h8La'6L, bnxg, jg:klt l3p cflb ljb]z k7fOG5 . To;}
u/L g]kfnleq klg Ps 7fp“df pTkfbg ePsf j:t'x¿ b]ze/ nfg] Nofpg] ul/G5 .
g]kfnaf6 aflx/L b]zdf k7fpg] ;dfgeGbf ljb]zaf6 Nofpg] ;fdfg a9L x'g] u/]sf] 5
. o;n] ubf{ ljb]z;“usf]Jofkf/df g]kfn 3f6fdf 5 .
g]kfnsf pbof]udf ljut s]xL jif{b]lv b]vfk/]sf] c;xh jftfj/0fn] pbof]ux¿ aGb xb“
uO/x]sf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ c¿ b]zaf6 Nofpg] ;fdfg lbg lbg} al9/x]sf] 5 . c;'/lIft
jftfj/0f, ljbot\ cfkltdf{ ;d:of, Joj;foL tyf sfdbf/lar pTkGg ljjfb cflb sf/0fn]
g]kfnsf] pTkfbg 36\b} uPsf] 5 . o;sf] k|efj Jofkf/df klg k|ToIf kg{ uPsf] 5 .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
:yfgLo txdf x'g] Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfksf af/]df kf]:6/, rf6{, tflnsf jf lr7L tof/ ug{ nufP/ 5nkmn
ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns Joj:yfn] ubf{ lxdfnL e]udf kzkfng h8La6L, kmnkmn /
;fgf]ltgf] v]tLafx]s c¿ j:t' pTkfbg x'“b}g . To;}n] Toxf“ t/fO{ tyf kxf8L If]qaf6
cGgnufot cGo cfjZos j:t' nluG5 . kxf8L If]qdf klg gk'u x'g] vfb\ofGg nTtf
sk8fnufotsf j:t'nluG5 . t/fO{df vfb\ofGg k'Ug] eP klg nTtf sk8f tyf cGo j:t'x¿
vl/b ul/G5 . Pp6} ufp“ jf 7fp“df klg w]/} x'g]n] a]Rg] / yf]/} x'g]n] lsGg] sfo{ lgoldt
¿kd} x'g] ub{5 . oL ;a} ultljlw Jofkfl/s lj|mofsnfk g} x'g\ .
n t elth, d cfÇgf] gf]s/Ldf hfg] a]nf eof] . yk s'/f lzIfs / ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/]/
hfg] g} 5f} . ;a}nfO{ d]/f] gd:sf/ elglbg' ¤
pxL ltdf]| sfsf
;Gtfif] du/
lj|mofsnfk
Jofkf/ ljljwLs/0f eGgfn] s] < o;af6 s] s] kmfObf xG5 < 5nkmn
aemfp5 u/L pTt/ tof/ u/ . ;fyLx¿;u
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ Jofkf/ eg]sf] s] xf] < Jofkfl/s ultljlw eGgfn] s] alemG5 <
-v_ g]kfnn] s:tf j:t' aflx/L b]zaf6 < s:tf j:t' g]kfnaflx/ k7fOG5 <
Nofp5
-u_ g]kfnsf] Jofkf/sf] l:ylt s:tf]
kfp5f} <
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf /x]sf] Pp6f k;ndf hfpm . Toxf“ ePsf d'Vo d'Vo j:t'sf] gfd n]v
/ tL j:t'x¿ s'g s'g :jb]zL / sg' s'g ljb]zL /x]5g\, To;sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/ .
k'g/fjnf]sg cEof;
ax'j}slNks k|Zg
-s_ uf]/vsfnL /a/ pbof]u 7fpdf /x]sf] 5 <
sg
-c_ f] -cf_ uf]/vfsf] }/]gL
8d] cfav“
tgxs“
-O_ uf]/vfsf] uf]/vf ahf/ -O{_ wflbnsf] gf}la;
-v_ s/f]8;Dd l:y/ L ePsf pbof]unfO{ s:tf] pbof]u elgG5 <
kfr kh
-c_ n3' pbofu] -cf_ ;fgf pb\ofu]
-O_ demf}nf f]u -O{_ f pb\of]u
pbo 7n
-u_ 7nf pbof]u xgsf nflu slt /sdeGbf a9L l:y/ khL cfjZos xG5 <
-c_ % s/f]8 -cf_ R) s/f]8
-O_ R% s/f]8 -O{_ @) s/f]8
-3_ g]kfndf pb\of]usf] ljsf; ug{ sg s/fdf hf]8 lbg'knf{ <
-c_ nufgL a9fpg] -cf_ pbof]usf] ;/Iff lbg
-O_ :jb]zL pbof]unfO{ a9fjf lbg] -O{_ dflysf ;a}
If]q e|d0f
R= ltd|f] ufp÷;x/df ;~rflnt pbof]udèo] sg} Ps pbofudf] uO{ lgDg lnlvt ljj/0f
l6k]/ Nofpm / sIffdf k|:tt u/ M
-s_ pbof]usf] khL /sd -v_ pbofuaf6] pTkflbg j:t'
-u_ pbof]udf sfo{/t hgzlSt -3_ pbofusf nflu cfjZos kg{] sRrf
kbfy{
-n_ pbof]usf dVo ;d:of
@= ljb\ofno;“u cg'/f]w u/L ;do ldnfP/ z}lIfs e|d0f hfpm / 5f]6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ u/ .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;d'bfodf pTkfbg x'g] s[lifhGo j:t'x¿ s] s] 5g\ < ltgsf] ;"rL agfpm .
tL j:t'sf]k|of]u u/L s] s:tf pb\of]u ;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 < 5nkmn u/L sIffdf
k|:t't u/ .

PsfO * xfd|f] cGt/f{li6«o ;DaGw / ;xof]u
l;sfO pknlAw
— ;fs{df g]kfnsf] eldsf pNn]v ug{
— ;fs{ ultljlwx¿ vf]hL u/L atfpg
— ekl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] kl/ro lbg
— ekl/j]li6t b]zsf ;d:of atfpg
— ekl/jli6t /fi6sf ;d:of GogLs/0fsf pkfo pNnv]ug{
— ;fdflhs cèoogsf ljifo j:t';“u ;DalGwt ljZjsf ;d;fdlos ultljlwx¿
atfpg
kf7 M ! ;fs{ ultljlw
;fs{ ultljlw M Ps emns

R= gfd M South Asian Association For Regional Co-operation - SAARC cyf{t\ blIf0f
Pl;ofnL If]qLo ;xof]u ;nu7g -;fs{_
@= :yfkgf M ;g\ R(*% l8;Da/ * df anunfbzsf] 9fsfdf ePsf] k|yd lzv/
;Ddngaf6 ePsf]
#= ;lrjfno M ;fs{ ;lrjfno gkfnsf] sf7df8fdf /xsf] 5 .
$= ;b:ox¿ M ;?df ;fssf ;b:osf ¿kdf gkfn, ef/t, kfls:tfg, anunfbz,
>Lnnsf, dflnbE; / e6fg u/L & /fi6« lyP . ;g\ @))% df anunfbzsf] 9fsfdf
ePsf] R# cf“} lzv/ ;Dd]ngn] ckmuflg:tfgnfO{ klg ;b:otf k|bfg u/L * ;b:o
ePsf 5g\ .
%= ;fs{sf] a8fkq (charter) R) cf]6f wf/fdf Jojl:yt ul/Psf] 5 .
^= ;fs{sf cnux¿ M
-s_ /fi6«÷;/sf/ vx¿sf] a}7s÷lzv/ ;Ddng
kd|
-v_ dlGqkl/ifb\
-u_ :yfoL ;ldlt
-3_ k|fljlws ;ldlt
-n_ ;fs{ ;lrjfno
&= xfn;Dd R& cf]6f lzv/ ;Dd]ng ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . klxnf] anunfb]zsf] 9fsfdf ePsf
lyof] eg] kl5Nnf] ;Dd]ng dflNbE;sf] ' P6f]ndf ePsf] xf] . ;g\ @)R$ df
;qf“ c88
g]kfndf lzv/ ;Dd]ng lg0f{o ePsf] 5 .
c7f/f“ ug]
*= ;fs{ ;qf“} lzv/ ;Ddng ;DaGwL hfgsf/L
– ;qf“ lzv/ ;Dd]ng dflNbE;sf] ' P6f]n 6fkdf ;g\ @)RR Gff]e]Dj/ R)–RR
c88\
-tbg;f/ @)^* sflt{s @$–@%_ df ;DkGg .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
;fs{sf ultljlwsf] ;rL agfpg nufP/ ;dxut ¿kdf 5nkmn u/fpb“ } ;fs{af6 g]kfnnfO{ ePsf kmfObfsf
af/ f rrf{ ug{ \ . xfn;Dd slt f lzv/ g f 5g\ . ltgsf f hfgsf/L lbgx' f;\ .
d nufpgx' f; cf6 ;Ddn eO;ss af/d

– g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg k|wfg dGqL 8f= afa/fd e66/fO{n] g]t[Tj ug{ePsf]
– tTsfnLg ;fs{ dxf;lrj dflNbE;sf] kmltdfy lwogf ;obn] /fhLgfdf lbgePkl5
pgsf] /fhLgfdfkZrft\ @)^* @( b]lv nfu' ] u/L dflNbE;sf cxdb
kmfug xg
;lnd lgoSt xgePsf] 5 .
– o;kl5 g]kfnsf] tk{maf6 ;fs{ dxf;lrj ch{g j= yfkf /xg] .
;fs{sf] ;q ;Dd]ngn] @) ] 3f]if0ffkq hf/L u/]sf] lyof] . tLdèo] s]xL dVo s/fx¿ o;
f“k|sf/
ab“
5g\ M
– ;fs{ vf a} k|efjsf/L agfpg
bo n
s
– ;fs{ ldl8of lbj; tfSg IfqLo ;Ddng ug{]
– ;fs{ cftnsjfbsf ljifodf ;femf cjwf/0ff tof/ ug{
– ;qf“ ;Dd]ngsf] gf/f ‘lalN8n la|h]h’ ;fy{s tNofpg
dn
– pmhf{ ;xofu cfbfg kbfg ug{
– ;fs{ dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf arlavglj?bw cleofg rnfpg
– ;Ddngdf x:tfIf/ ePsf rf/ cf]6f gof“ ;xdlt M
-c_ k|fs[lts ksf]ksf nflu tTsfn pbwf/ ug]{
-cf_ cf}boflus pTkfbgdf Ps¿ktf Nofpg]
-O_ ;fs{ aLh a}ns :yfkgf
-O{_ IfqLo dfgs sfofGjog
ljmofsnfk
R= ;fs{ :yfkgfn] g]kfnnfO{ ePsf kmfObfx¿ s] s] xf]nfg\ < ;f]wvf]h u/]/ ljj/0f agfpm .
@= ljleGg b]z ldn]/ ljleGg k|sf/sf ;+:yf agfP h:t} ltd|f] ;dbfodf ljleGg
JolSt jf
;+:yf ldn]/ agfPsf ;+:yf vf]h . ltgsf] :yfkgfsf] ]Zo n]v / ltgn] u/]sf
;n3 pbb
/fd|f sfdx¿sf] ;"rL agfpm .
cEof;
-s_ ;fs{sf] :yfkgf slxn] / sxf“ ePsf] xf] < ;fs{sf] k/f gfd n]v .
-v_ ;fs{sf dVo cnux¿ s] s] xg\ <
-u_ xfn;Dd slt cf6f ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng eP < ca sxf“ x+b} 5 <
-3_ ;fs{sf] ;qf“ ;Ddngn] ] u/sf] dVo ltg dxTTjk0f{ lg0fo{
;fwvfh]] u//] nv] .
kf7 M @ ;fsdf gkfnsf] eldsf
/fhsf bfh' ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf sfd ug{xG5 . bfh' 3/df cfPsf

;dodf /fh' / bfhlar ePsf] jftf{nfk oxf“ k|:tt ul/Psf] 5 M
/fh' M bfh', xh'/ t ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf sfd ug'{x'G5 . xfd|f
;fdflhs cèoog ljifodf ;fs{sf af/]df k9gk5{ . To;df
klg cfh dnfO{ ;fs{df g]kfnn] v]n]sf] eldsfsf af/]df
atfOlbgxG5 ls <
bfh' M g]kfnn] cyfx hn;f| ]tsf] pkofu ug{ IfqLo ;xofusf nflu
cfxjfg u/]sf] lyof] . tTsfnLg /fhf jL/]Gb|n] ;g\ R(&& df sf7df8fdf
a;]sf sf]nDaf] of]hgfsf] k/fdz{ bft[ ;ldltsf] a}7sdf pSt k|:tfj /fv]sf
lyP . oxL l;nl;nfdf ;g\ R(*) df anunfbzsf /fi6klt lhofpn /xdfgn] ;fssf]
cjwf/0ff cufl8 ;f/]sf lyP . log} ljrf/x¿sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k ;fs{sf] :yfkgf
ePsf] xf] .
To;}n] ;fs{ :yfkgf a]nfb]lv g} g]kfnsf] rf;f] } cfPsf] 5 .
ug{ /xb
/fh' M ;fs{sf] :yfkgf slxn] eof] / g]kfnaf6 s;n] efu lnPsf] lyof] lg ¤
bfh' M ;fs{sf] :yfkgf ;g\ R(*% l8;]Da/ * df ;DkGg 9fsf ;Dd]ngaf6 ePsf] xf] . o;sf
a8fkqdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg /fhf :j= jL/]Gb|n] x:tfIf/ u/]sf lyP .
/fh' M ;fs{df g]kfnn] s:tf] eldsf lgjf{x ub} cfPsf] 5 t bfh' ¤
bfh' M g]kfn ;fs{sf] ;+:yfks ;b:o xf] . o;n] :yfkgf sfnb]lv g} ;fs{sf] ;+jw{gdf
dxTTjk0f eldsf v]n]sf] 5 . o; If]qsf] zflGt, :yfloTj / ;d[blwk|ltsf]
g]kfnsf] kl/sNkgf,
;fs{;u ldNbfhNbf] 5 . gkfnn]] ;g\ R(*% blv] k//fi6« dfldnf ;DaGwL ljzif]
k|ltlglw, k//fi6« dGqL / ;/sf/ k|dvsf txdf ;fs{nfO{ ljleGg ;ldltx¿df a;]/
;lj|mo eldsf lgjf{x ub} cfPsf] 5 .
/fh' M ;fs{df g]kfnsf cGo eldsf s] s] abfut ¿kdf atfOlbgx G5 ls ¤
bfh, 5g,
lzIf0f ;'emfj
Pl;of dxfb]zsf] gS;fdf ;fs{ b]zx¿ sxf“ sxf“ 5g\ < vf]ūg nufO{ gS;fdf ;fs{ b]z b]lvg] u/L /n
eg{nufpg'xf];\ y
bfh' M g]kfnn] ;fs{df k¥ofPsf] eldsfnfO{ o; ksf/ ug{ ;lsG5 M
k|:tt
– ;fs{sf] ;lrjfno sf7df8f}df :yfkgf ePsf]
– g]kfnsf] eStk/sf] l7dLdf ;fs{ Ifo/f]u s]Gb|sf] :yfkgf ul/Psf]
– ;fs{ ;rgf s]Gb|sf] ;lrjfno klg sf7df8f}df /x]sf]
– t];|f] / P3f/f“+ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddng] gkfndf] ePsf
– s[lif, :jf:Yo, kl/jf/ lgof]hg, oftfoft, x'nfs, hnjfo' h:tf ljljw kIfdf
kf/:kl/s ;xof]u a9fPsf]
– gf/L, afn ljsf;, r]nLa]6L a]rljvg lgoGq0f, nfu' kbfy{sf] cf];f/ k;f/df
/fsyfd, cftnsjfblj?bwsf] / ;fs{ vf ;/Iff e08f/sf] :yfkgfdf
;xofu bo
;xof]usf xft cufl8 a9fPsf]
– ul/aL lgjf/0f, u0f:t/ lgwf/0f, ck/fw lgoGq0fnufotsf sfo{df gkfnn] klg
;xdlt hgfPsf]
– ;fs{sf] k|tLs lrxg -nfuf_]] gkfnsf] znGb]} | dxhgåf/f{
tof/ eO{ :jLst[ ePsf
– ljleGg ;fs{ :t/Lo v]nsb ;~rfng u/]sf
– ljleGg ;fs{ :t/Lo lbj; / sfo{j|md sfof{Gjogdf ;lj|motf b]vfPsf]
– ;fs{sf] vr{df RR=#% k|ltzt vr{ g]kfnn] cfPsf
sn a]xf]b}
– R* cf“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Ddng] gkfndf] cfofhgf] xg
o;/L ;fs{sf ljleGg If]qdf g]kfnn] dxTTjk0f{ eldsf lgjf{x ub} cfPsf] 5 .
/fh' M cxf], bfh' ;fs{df g]kfnsf] eldsfsf af/]df Hofb} lj:t[t hfgsf/L lbgeof] .
d}n] w]/} hfgsf/L kfP“ . oL s/f d sIffdf ;fyLx¿;“u af“8\g] 5' .
ljmofsnfk
R= olb ltdL ;fs{sf] dxf;lrj kbdf 5flgof} eg] s] s] sfd u5f}{ cf]6f f n]v .
. kfr ab
@= ;fs{n] g]kfndf s] s:tf] ;xof]u k¥ofPsf] 5 < ljleGg k:ts tyf klqsf jf
OG6/g6af6 vf]h]/ ;"rL agfpm .
cEof;
-s_ ;fssf] :yfkgfdf gkfnn] s:tf] cu;/tf b]vfPsf] lyof] <
-v_ ;fs{ :yfkgf ubf{ g]kfnsf] tkmaf6 s;n] efu lnPsf lyP <
-u_ g]kfnn] ;fs{sf] sfof{no :yfkgf ug]{ ;Gbe{df s:tf] ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 <
-3_ ;fs{df g]kfnn] k¥ofPsf] cf]6f of]ubfgsf f n]v .
kfr ab

kf7 M # ekl/jli6t bzsf] kl/ro
k[YjLsf] ltg efudf bO{ efu kfgL / Ps efu hldg /xsf] ] 5 . olt w/}] kfgL eP/ klg ;;f/df+
sltko b]zx¿df d?e"ldsf] efu w]/} 5g\ . sltko b]zx¿ e"kl/j]li6t 5g\ . ekl/j]li6t
zAbsf] zflAbs cy{ ‘e’ egsf] ] hldg / ‘kl/jli6t’] egsf] ] jl/kl/
hldgn] 3l/Psf] ] eGg
xG5 . o;/L ekl/j]li6t b]z eg]sf] cfkmgf] b]zsf] l;df jl/kl/ hldgn] 3]l/Psf] b]z eGg
alemG5 . ekl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] l;dfgf | hf]l8Psf] }g . ;fdlb|s l;dfgf
;db ; xb“ Onfsf;u
u
hf]l8Psf] / hn dfu{sf] kxr“ klg gePsf] bz] ekl/jli6t] xf] . ;;f/sf+ sxL] ekl/jli6t]
b]zdèo] g]kfn klg xf] . g]kfnsf] pTt/tkm{ lrgsf] l;dfgf k5{ . To:t} kj{, klZrd /
blIf0ftkm{ ef/tsf] l;dfgf k5{ . ;fs{df g]kfn, e6fg / ckmuflg:tfg ekl/j]li6t /fi6«x¿
xg\ . ljZjdf g]kfn h:t} ekl/j]li6t b]zsf] ljj/0f o; k|sf/ 5 M
j|m= dxfbz] e"kl/j]li6t bzsf] gfd
;= bzsf] ;nVof
R= Pl;of R) g]kfn, nfcf];, e6fg, ckmuflg:tfg,
dnuf]lnof, sfhls:tfg, pHj]ls:tfg,
tfhls:tfg, lslu{:tfg, tls{d]lg:tfg
@= o/fk] R( cl:6«of, xnu\ ]/L, l:j6h/NofG8,
anf?;, nShDau{, cG8f]/f, dfNbf]ef
lnPr:6G6fOg, dfgfsf,] ;fgdfl/gf]
Eofl6sg l;6L, :nfeflsof, cfd]lgof,
ch/jhfg, d;f8flgof, rs] u0ftGq,
;ljof, sf;fef]
=# clk|msf R^ dfnL, oufG8f, dèo clkmsL
u0ftGq, blIf0f ;8fg, rf8,
jfT:jfgf, a?G8L,
?jfG8f, :jflhNofG8, hflDaof,
dnfjL, gfOh/, aljmgf kmf;f,] n;]
]yf,] lhDafj,]Olyof]lkof
$ blIf0f cdl/sf @ aflnleof, kf/fUj]
lzIf0f ;'emfj ljZjsf] gS;f x]/]/ ;d'b|;u
ghf]l8Psf b]zx¿ 5'6\ofpg nufO{ ekl/j]li6t b]zx¿sf] klxrfg u/fpg'xf];\ y
ljmofsnfk
R= kmf?s vfsf] af;:yfg |b]lv glhs 5 . p;nfO{ sg sfd ug{ ;lhnf] xf]nf <
;db sg
;fdlxs ¿kdf 5nkmn u/L 5f6f] k|:tlt tof/ u/ .
@= xs{ tfdfnsf] 3/ kxf8df 5 . Toxf“ cTofjZos j:t' jf s;/L nhfg ;lsG5 <
;fduL
;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/L n]v .
#= ltdL a;]sf] 7fp“ } gbL, tfn jf hf]l8Psf] 5 jf cfkmgf] a:tL glhs} gbL, tfn
sg vf]nf;u
jf vf]nf 5 eg] To;af6 ] kmfObf / ;d:ofx¿ s] s] ;S5g 5nkmn u/L n]v .
xg xg ,
cEof;
!= tnsf kZgsf] ;nlIfKt pTt/ bpm M
-s_ ekl/j]li6t zAbsf] cy{ / ljz]iftf n]v .
-v_ Pl;of dxfb]zdf slt cf]6f b]z ekl/j]li6t 5g\ <
-u_ o/f]k, clk|msf / blIf0f cdl/sfdf slt slt cf6f bzx¿ ekl/j]li6t 5g\ <
@= Pl;ofsf] gS;f x]/L ekl/jli6t 5 fpm M
bz 6o
#= hf8f ldnfpm M
>Lnnsf Pl;ofsf] 7nf] b]z
kf/fUj] Pl;of dxfbzdf /xsf] b]z
xnu/L clkmsf| dxfbzdf] /xsf] ] bz]
e'6fg blIf0f cdl/sf dxfbzdf /xsf] b]z
dfnL o/f]k dxfb]zdf /x]sf] b]z
jl/kl/ ;db|n] 3l/Psf] ] bz]
$= tnsf bzx¿dWo] s'g b]z ekl/jli6t xg\ / sg' xfOgg] \ 56o' fpm M
ef/t, anunfbz, e6fg, ckmuflg:tfg, c:6«lnof, cdl/sf, lrg, DofGdf/, yfONofG8,
kf/fUj, hdgL, ?;, dnuflnof, nfcf;, /L, Sofg8f, g :jL8g, l:j6h/NofG8,
xnu 8gdfs, j,{
a]lHnod, cfd{]lgof, stf/, ;fpbL c/a, blIf0f sf]l/of, hfkfg, >Lnn\sf .
kf7 M $ ekl/jli6t bzsf ;d:of tyf
;dfwfgsf pkfo
stf/,
bf]xf @)&)÷RR÷)
Kof/f] efO % ut
cxdb,
ze cfzLjf{b ¤
Toxf“ kl/jf/df ;a} ;b:o ;Gr} ePsf] yfxf kfpbf v;L nfu]sf] 5 . k9 gkfpgfn
/fd|f];u g
dt |kf/ hfgk¥of] . ltdLn] /fd|/L " / cfkmg} b]zdf /f]huf/L ug{" . | hf]l8g
;db k9g ;db ;
u
b]z / ghf]l8g] b]zsf] ljsf;df w]/} km/s kbf]{ /x]5 . efO ¤ | hf]l8Psf] b]zdf ;fdfg
;db ;
u
Nofpg / k7fpg Hofb} ;lhnf] Pjd\ ;:tf] xg] /x5] . hndfudf{ 9jfgL ef8f ;:tf] kbf]{ /x5] .
xfd|f] Toxf“ t :yn dfu{ ePsfn] ;fdfgsf] dNoeGbf 9jfgL a9L nfU5 . xDnf, 8f]Nkf,
dgfn h:tf lhNnfdf ;fdfg k¥ofpbf ;fdfgsf] dNoeGbf @÷# u0ff a9L vr{ nfUg] ub{5 .
u/f“} /
a9L jhg ePsf] j:tsf] 9jfgL ef8f t cem Tof]eGbf klg a9L nfU5 . t/ hndfu{ xg] 7fpdf
Hofb} yf]/} / ;xh ¿kdf 9jfgL xg] /x5] .
ekl/j]li6t ePs} sf/0f klg g]kfndf ljsf; ug{ sl7gfO ePsf] 5 . o;sf cg]sf“ ;d:of
5g\ . ; | ghf]l8Psf b]zdf w]/} ;d:of /x]5g\ . dVo ;d:of o; k|sf/ 5g\ M
db ;
u
R= ;w“ l5dsL] /fi6sf«] e/ kgk{ g]
@= ;Ldf ;/Iff Hofb} vlr{nf] xg
#= ljsf; / lgdf{0fsf sfddf a9L vr{ nfUg
$= ;fdfg 9jfgL ug{ lgs} sl7gfO xg'
%= ;fdlb|s ;|f]tsf] pkof]u ug{ gkfpg
^= cGt/f{li6«o Jofkf/ km:6fpg g;Sg]
&= ;:tf] hn oftfoftsf] ;ljwfaf6 jl~rt /xgkg]
*= l5d]sL lvrftfgL, j}dg:o uPdf gfsfaGbL ;Sg
/fi6«x¿;u xg xg
(= a9L dfqfdf Jofkf/df l5d]sL e/ g] {
dns;u kgk
ekl/j]li6t b]zn] w]/} sl7gfO /x]5 . xfd|f] b]z klg o; ;d:ofaf6 kLl8t 5 .
ef]Ugkg{
lzIf0f ;'emfj
ekl/j]li6t b]zsf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df Jofjxfl/s ¿kdf 5nkmn u/fO{ To:tf b]zsf ;d:of Gog ug{
pkfosf] ;rL tof/ kfg{ nufpg'xf;\ y
ksltn] h] h:tf] cj:yf Tof] ;xg} / . ] kfslts ¿kdf ePs} cj:yfnfO
lbof, kg] x To;n
5
/fdf| ko ugk . ekl/jli6t ePsf sf/0faf6 ;d:ofsf] kefj sd ugtkm
;u fu b5 bz l;lht
sbd . l5dsL ldqtfsf] jftfj/0f l;hgf u/L cfkmgf] bzdf gePsf ;fduL
rfNgkb5 bz;u
cfklt{ ugk . l5dsL :j:y / ;Gtlnt ;DaGw sfod . gkfnsf] ;Gbedf
b5 ugkb5
bz;u
l5dsL bzaf6 df ug{ ef/ dfq ;lhnf] ljsNk 5 . ef/ttkm{ jL/uGh,
;db kjz t;u
gkfnuGh, lj/f6gu/, e/xjf, /fhlj/fh, wgu9L, dxGbgu/ cflb v' gfsfx¿ /xsf 5g\
kd oL gfsfnfO{ Jojl:yt agfpgk5{ . cfjZos cGo gfsf vfNg ug . 5{ . To:t}
cg/fw] k lrgtkmsf
gfsfx¿df cfnfnrn ufnf, lsdfyfGsf, sfbf/L, /;jf, d:tfn cflb eP klg Toxfaf6 ;db' sf
b/L w/ } 6f9f 5 . ef/t / Jofkf/ ug{ /ndfu{ h:tf ;:tf] / ;ne dfusf] ljsf;
ltAat;u jlbw
ugkb5 . ekl/jli6t ePsf] cfPsf sf/0fn] ;d:of ub{} hfgk5{ .
bz Gog
ekl/j]li6t ePs} sf/0f klg d ljb]l;g' k/]sf] xf] ls eGg] dnfO{ nfu]sf] 5 . t;y{ efO,
ltdLn] ToxLsf] kl/j]zcg;f/ /f]huf/L kfpg] u/L k9g" . ljbzdf] l;k gePsf] dflg;n] /fdf]|
sfd gkfpg] . t;y{ sfdsf nflu laSg] lzIff } ug{" . k;fsf] vfrf] eP dnfO{ ug{
/x5 lnb kmfg
n ¤ kl5 km]l/ e]6f}“nf .
pxL ltdLnfO{ dfof ug]{ bfh'
kmf?s
ljmofsnfk
R= ekl/j]li6t /fi6«sf ;d:ofx¿df dfly lr7Ldf n]lvP c¿ klg w]/} ;d:of xg'
afx]s]
;S5g, ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/L ;rLst[" u/ .
@= g]kfn h:t} ekl/j]li6t b]z ;+;f/df w]/} 5g\ . tL b]zdèo] s]xL b]z Hofb}
;DkGg / ljsl;t 5g\ . tL b]z s] sf/0fn], s;/L ;DkGg eP xf]nfg\ . xfd|f] b]z lsg
To:tf] xg'
;s]g, k|ZgfjnL tof/ u/L cGo ljifosf lzIfsnfO{ ;f]w]/ sIffdf u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
-s_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; g;Sgfsf sf/0f n]v .
xg kfr
-v_ g]kfnsf] cjl:yltsf] sf/0faf6 ljsf;df cfOk/]sf ;d:ofsf] ;rL agfpm .
-u_ | / hldgaf6 ;fdfg 9jfgL ] km/sx¿ n]v .
;d ubf{ xg
b
-3_ g]kfnsf] cfly{s ljsf; g;Sg'df ekl/j]li6t klg Ps sf/0f kli6 u/ .
xg xf,
-n_ ekl/jli6t /fi6« ePsf sf/0f ;d:ofx¿ s;/L ug{ ;lsPnf <
cfOkg{ Gog
kf7 M % ljZjsf ;d;fdlos ultljlw
blIf0f Pl;ofnL IfqLo ;nu7g sf] :fqf“} lzv/ ;Ddng dflNbE;sf] ' P6fn
;xofu -;fs_ c88
6fkdf ;g\ @)RR gf]e]Dj/ R) / RR -lj=;+= @)^* sflt{s @$ / @%_ df ;DkGg eof] . o;
;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf] tkm{af6 tTsfnLg k|wfg dGqL 8f= afa/fd e66/fO{n] g]t[Tj
ug{ePsf lyof] . o; ;Dd]ngsf] cèoIftf dflNbE;sf /fi6«klt df]xDdb gl;bn] u/]sf lyP .
;Dd]ngdf
koj]Ifssf ¿kdf c:6l] nof, Dofgdf/, lrg, cdl/sf, O/fg, dfl/;;, blIf0f sfl/of, hfkfg
/ o/f]k]nL olgogsf k|ltlglwx¿n] efu lnPsf lyP . klxnf] k6s ko{j]IfsnfO{ ;Dd]ngdf
af]Ng lbOPsf] lyof] . @) ab“ ] 3fif0ff] kq hf/L u/L ;dfkg
ePsf] ;f] ;Ddngdf] u/sf] sxL]
k|dv lg0fo{ o; ksf/| 5g\ M
— ;fs{sf] cfufdL R* cf“ lzv/ ;Ddng] ;g\ @)R$ df gkfndf] ug]
— ;fs{ :jtGq Jofkf/ If]q -;fkm\ 6f_ sf] k|ltabwtf sfofGjogdf{ nhfg]}
— ;g\ @)R@ df dflNbE;df ;fs{ :t/Lo 6l/hd d]nf cfof]hgf ug]
— ;fs{ vf a} nfO{ k|efjsf/L agfpg]
bo n
s
— dlxnf tyf afnaflnsf a]rljvglj?bw IfqLo] cleofg rnfpg]
— ;fs{ ldl8of lbj; tf]Sg If]qLo ;Dd]ng ug]{
— If]qLo cftnsjfbsf ljifodf ;femf cjwf/0ff tof/ ug]
— If]qLo pmhf{ cfbfg k|bfg cjwf/0ffnfO{ 6nufdf] k¥ofpg
— k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf nflu tTsfn pbwf/ ug] ;xdlt ul/Psf
— ;fs{ aLh a}ns :yfkgf ug{] lg0f{o ePsf
— ‘ljlN8n la|h]h’ d"n gf/faf6 :jfut ub{} 3f]if0ff kqdf k|efjsf/L ;Dks{ ;~hfn
k|jw{g ug{ cfk;L ;dembf/L a9fpg] k|ltabwtf JoSt ul/Psf] .
lzIf0f ;'emfj
kqklqsf, ;dfrf/ cflbsf] ;xof]u lnP/ ljZjdf eO/x]sf gof“ ultljlwaf/] ljbofyL{x¿nfO{
hfgsf/L lbg'xf];\ y

ljZjdf 36]sf cGo 36gfx¿
— #R cS6fa/ @)RR df ljZjsf] hg;nVof ;ft ca{ ]sf] . ;g\ R((( sf] cS6fa/sf
ku
cGTodf ljZjsf] hg;nVof 5 ca{ /x]sfdf R@ jif{kl5 Ps ca{ j[blw ePsf
— ;+oSt /fi6« ;n3Lo ljsf; sfoj|md -UNDP_ n] ;g\ @)R# df ;fjhlgs{ u/sf] ]
dfgj
ljsf; k|ltj]bgdf g]kfn R%& cf“} :yfgdf k/]sf] . ;g\ @)R) df R#* cf“+} :yfgdf /x]sf
— ;g\ @)RR d] @ df cd]l/sL ;}lgs cfj|md0fdf cf];fdf lag nfb]gsf] d[To' ePsf]
— cu:6 @%, @)R@ df rGb|dfdf k|yd kfOnf /fVg] cGtl/If ofqL lgn cfd{:6«nusf] d[To
— ;g\ @)R@ df anfotsf] n08gdf cfnlDks ;DkGg, $^ :j0f, @( /ht /
vnsb
@( sf:o;lxt cdl/sf cu:yfgdf, lrg |f] / anfot |f] :yfgdf
bf; t;
ljmofsnfk
R= c7f/f“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ng g]kfndf ] ePsf] 5 . o; k|sf/sf a}7sdf g]kfnsf] lxt
xg
xg] s] s/f p7fpg pko'St b]V5f}, ;Nnfx u/L sIffdf u/ .
;fyL;u k|:tt
@= xfn;Dd ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngdf g]kfnsf tkm{af6 g]t[Tj u/]/ efu lng uPsf
/fi6 k|dv÷;/sf/ k|dvsf] ;rL vf]h]/ n]v .
#= ljZjdf xfn} 36]sf ltg 36gf kqklqsf jf ;~rf/ dfèodaf6 ]/ n]v .
k|dv vfh
cEof;
R= ;fs{sf] ;q lzv/ ;Dd]ngsf k|dv
f“
bO{ ljz]iftf n]v .
@= ;qf“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngaf6 kfl/t ePsf { lg0f{o n]v .
bO
#= ;qf“ ;fs{ lzv/ ;Dd]ngåf/f kfl/t 3f]if0ff kqsf dVo f n]v .
kfr ab“
$= ;fs{sf] xfn;Dd slt cf6f lzv/ ;Ddng eO;s]sf 5g\ < ca xg] lzv/ ;Ddng] s'g
b]zdf xg] ePsf] 5 <

kg/fjnfsg cEof;
!= g]kfndf /x]sf ;fs{sf sfof{nox¿ lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ y tL sxf“ sxf“ ;f]wvf]h
5g, u/]/ n]v M
-s_ ;fs{ ;lrjfno
-v_ ;fs{ tyf PrcfOeL sGb
Ifo/fu P8;
-u_ ;fs{ ;n3sf] sfofno
cflys{
-3_ ;fs{ cf}nf] /f]u pGdng s]Gb
-n_ ;fs{ ;efdv tyf ;;b+ \ ;n3sf] sfofno{
@= ;fs{ lsg cfjZos k/sf] xfnf < ;fs{ :yfkgfn] gkfnLnfO{ s] kmfObf ePsf] xfnf
< #= hf]8f ldnfpm M
v08 -s_ v08 -v_
;fs{ ;rgf s]Gb| kfls:tfg
;fs{ Ifo/f]u sGb| e'6fg
;fs{ clen]v s]Gb| >Lnnsf
;fs{ s[lif ;rgf s]Gb| g]kfn
;fs{ pmhf{ s]Gb| ef/t
;fs{ jg s]Gb| anunfbz]
;fs{ ;f+:s[lts s]Gb| dflNbE;
$= tn ;fs{sf xfn;Ddsf dxf;lrjx¿sf gfdsf] ;rL lbOPsf] 5 . tL dxf;lrjx¿ sg'
sg b]zsf xg\ ;fwvfh]] u//] nv] M
klxnf] – cx;g bf];|f] – efu{j
can sfGtlszf/
t];|f] – Oa|flxd x;]g hfsL rfyf} ] – ofbjsfGt l;njfn
kfr f“ – gOdol' 2g x;g – lgxfn /f]lb«uf
5}6f“
;ftf“ – SjfhL dxGdb cNtfkm /lxd cf7f“ – r]g Sofk bf]h{]
gjf“} – >L l;nsfGt zdf{ – kmltdfy lwogf ;ob
b;f“}
P3f/f“ – cxdb ;lnd -@)^* @( af6_ afx|f} — j= yfkf
kmfug ch{g
%= ekl/j]li6t bz ePsf] sf/0faf6 ljsf; tyf lgdf0fsf sfddf gkfnn] efUgk] /sf] ;d:of
/ cGo ekl/jli6t /fi6n] efUgk/sf ;d:ofx¿df s] s] ;dfgtf Pjd\ s] s] leGgtf
kfOG5g\ < ;dfgtf / leGgtfsf] ;rL agfpm .
PsfO ( hg;nVofsf] kl/ro /
hg;fnlVosLo cj:yf
l;sfO pknlAw
— hg;nVof lzIffsf] kl/ro / dxTTj atfpg
— hg;nVof lzIffsf If]qx¿ / ljsf; j|md pNn]v ug
— hg;nVof tYofns ;nsngsf kljmof|| pNnv] ug
— hg;nVof ;DaGwL tYofnssf ;|f]tx¿ k|of]u ug
— g]kfnsf] hg;nVof j[blw b/sf] k|j[lTt atfpg
— g]kfnsf] hg;nVofsf] ljt/ kl/lrt xg'
agf6 0f;u

kf7 M ! hg;nVof lzIffsf] kl/ro
s'g} lglZrt ef}uf]lns PsfOleq a;f]af;

ug]{ ;Dk"0f{ dflg;sf] ;d"xnfO{ hg;n\Vof
elgG5 . lglZrt :yfg, ;dbfo, bz cflbdf
a;f]af; ug] ;Dk0f{ dflg; g} To; :yfg,
hflt, ;d'bfo / b]zsf] hg;n\Vof xf] .
hg;nVofsf] 1fgn] Toxfsf] hg;nVof
slt 5 < pgLx¿ s;/L ljtl/t 5g\ <
pgLx¿sf]
;+/rgf s] xf] < hg;nVof kl/jt{g
s;/L eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s/fsf] hfgsf/L
u/fp“5 .
;fy} o;n] hg;nVofsf tTTj, klj|mof / dfkg ;DaGwL ul0ftLo / tYofnsLo ljifo Ifqsf
af]w . ]:sf] -R(&)_ sf cg;f/ hg;nVof lzIff o:tf] z}lIfs sfo{j|md xf] h;n
u/fp5 og
kl/jf/, ;dfh, /fi6« / ljZjdf hg;nVof l:yltsf] af]w u/fO{ pSt l:yltk|lt ljj]sk0f{
tyf pTt/bfoL k|j[lTt / Jojxf/ ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .
hg;nVof lzIffnfO{ zlIfs lsofsnfksf ¿kdf klg lnOG5 . of] ultzLn 36gf jm| d klg xf] .
o;cGtu hg;nVofsf] cfsf/, ljt/0f, / h:tf hg;nVofsf dVo Ifqx¿
t agf6 kl/jtg
kb5g\ . o;n] JolSt, ;dbfo, ;dfh / /fi6nfO{ hg;nVofklt s:tf] wf/0ff lng] jf s:tf
Jojxf/ ckgfpg] eGg] s/f to ug{ u5{ . dflg;sf] ;nVof } f cfjZostf klg
;xofu a9b h
fb
a9 } hfG5 . a9bf] hg;nVofsf] cfjZostfx¿ k'/f ug{ / ;fwg ugkb5 .
b a9L ;f| t kofu
hg;nVofsf] kl/jtgaf6 JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh jf bzdf kg]{ cflys, ;f:slts, ;fdflhs tyf
jftfj/0fLo ;d:of pTkGg ;S5 . pSt ;d:of / ltgsf ;dfwfgsf pkfoaf/]
xg o;cGtut
JolSt Pjd\ ;dfhnfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg hg;nVof lzIffn] dVo eldsf vnsf] xG5 .
hg;nVof lzIffn] hg;nVof uPdf jf lw ePdf kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«n] ef]lu/x]sf
36g jb
/ cfOkg]{ ;d:ofsf] hfgsf/L lbG5 . o;sf c;/af/] atfp5 / c;/nfO{ GogLs/0f ugkg]
pkfox¿ l;sf . ;Da ;/fsf/jfnfx¿df rtgf hufp“5 / pgLx¿df ;dembf/Lsf] jb[ lw
p5 bw
ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . k|To]s JolStnfO{ hg;n\Vof ;DaGwL ;d:of cjut u/fO{ p;sf
Jojxf/df kl/ Nofpg ;xo u5{ .
cgs' n jtg fu
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg pbfx/0f, tflnsf tyf lrq b]vfpb“ } hg;nVof lzIffsf] kl/ro lbg'xf];\ y

kmfObf
R= lglZrt :yfgdf a;faf; ug]{ dflg;sf] hflt, lnnu, wd{ / pd]/sf cfwf/df
hg;nVofsf hfgsf/L lng / lbg
@= hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fOaf6 To; Ifqdf ePsf] hg;nVof kl/jtgsf] cj:yf
atfpg #= ljjfx, ;Gtfgsf] ;nVof / hGdfGt/sf nflu wf/0ff ljsf; ug{
$= ;du| hg;nVofsf] pGglt / ljsf;sf nflu of]hgf tof/ ug{
dxTTj
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df hGd, d[To' 36gf btf{ k|0ffnLdf :yfloTj k|fKt ug{ g;s]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf
hg;fnlVos Ps dfq e/kbf{] ;|f]tsf ¿kdf /x]sf] 5 . o;sf] lgDgfg;f/sf dxTTj
tYofns
/x]sf 5g\ M
/fhgLlts dxTTj M lgjfrg Ifqsf] ;nVof, ;ef;bsf] ;nVof cflb lgwf/0f ug{ k¥' ofpg] .
;xofu
;fdflhs tyf cflys dxTTj M lhNnf, uflj;, gkf cflbnfO{ pknAw u/fOg] ljsf; cgbfgsf
lgwf{/0fsf cfwf/sf ¿kdf k|of]u xg] .
tYofnsLo dxTTj M ;jI] f0fx¿, h:t} M gkfnsf] hLjg :t/ ;jI] f0f, gkfn hg;fnlVosL :jf:Yo
;j{If0f, g]kfn >d zlSt ;j{If0f, ax' ;j{If0f cflbsf nflu gdgf pknAw u/fpg] .
;rsfns
ljmofsnfk
R= aemfn lhNnfsf] hfwk/ ufp“df @)%* ;fndf R)) 3/df ;fnfvfnf ;ft ;ft hgfsf
kl/jf/ a:y] . clxn] RR% 3/x¿ 5g\ . clxn] 3/df hgf ;b:o 5g\ . oxf“ slt 3/
kTos kfr
;nVof / slt dflg; eP < oxfsf] hg;nVof 36of] ls a9of] < 5nkmn
;fyL;u u/L n]v .
@= ltd|f] sIffsf ;fyLx¿sf kfl/jfl/s hfgsf/L nvL sIffdf 6f; M
j|m= ;fyLsf] gfd hft÷y/ kl/jf/df JolStsf] ;nVof k];f
;= )–R$ jif{ R$–%( jif{ ^) b]lv
dfly
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f6f] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ hg;nVof eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;nVof lzIffsf] 5f]6f] kl/ro b]pm .
-u_ hg;nVof lzIffsf } ltg cf]6f kmfObf n]v .
sg } ltg cf]6f dxTTj n]v .
-3_ hg;nVof lzIffsf
sg'
kf7 M @ hg;nVof lzIffsf] Ifq
hg;nVof lzIff ax' kIfLo ljifo xf] . o;y{ o;sf ljifoj:t'x¿ klg Jofks / lj:t[t 5g\ .
o;sf If]qx¿ b]z, kl/l:ylt / cfjZostfcg;f/ km/s km/s xg ;S5g\ . hg;nVof lZfIffn
JolStsf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg dbbt u5{ . o;n] ;vL / ;d[bw ;dfh l;hgf{
ugsf nflu ;frfOdf Nof . o;n] pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf u0ffTds f/ Nofpg ;xofu
kl/jtg p5 ;w
u5{ . hg;nVof lZfIffsf Ifqx¿nfO{ lgDg lnlvt kfr Ifqdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 M
hg;fn\lVosL M hg;n\Vofsf] cfsf/, agf]6, ef}uf]lns ljt/0fsf] ul0ftLo cèoognfO
hg;fnlVosL elgG5 . o;nfO{ hg;nVofsf] d]?b08 klg elgG5 . o;cGtu{t hg;nVofsf]
cfsf/, ljt/0f, agf]6 / kl/jt{gaf/] cèoog ul/G5 . hg;nVofsf] cfsf/ eg]sf]
hDdf
;nVof xf] . ljt/0f eg]sf] ef}uf]lns If]qsf ] hg;nVofsf] xf] . agf]6
cfwf/df xg af8kmf8
eg]sf] pd]/, lnnu, hflt, ;Dkbfo, cflbsf cfwf/df ePsf] ljefhg xf] eg] kl/jt{g
wd, Ifq
eg]sf] ;nVofTds ¿kdf ePsf] 36a9 ' xf] . hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fO hg;nVof
xg kl/jt{gsf sf/s tTTjx¿ x'g\ .
hg;nVof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTj M hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fOn] hg;nVof
yk36 eO/xG5 . o;df pRr lzz' hGdb/, clzIff, kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt,
;fdflhs tyf
;f+:s[lts /Lltl/jfh / k/Dk/f, k/Dk/fut wfld{s dNo / dfGotf, rngrNtL, ;+:s[lt,
ljZjf; cflb sf/s tTTjx¿n] k|dv eldsf vN5] . skfif0f,] :jf:Yo ;jfsf] ] sdL,
ul/aL,
cflbn] klg hg;nVof kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf c;/ k¥ofO/x]sf xG5g\ .
hg;nVof lwaf6 kg] c;/ M hg;nVof lwn] ubf{ vfbofGg, cfjf;, /f]huf/L h:tf
jb jb
cTofjZosLo j:tsf] dfu . o;n] lzIff, :jf:Yosf] klg dfu . t/ ;Lldt ;|f]t
a95 a95
/ ;fwgn] ;a}sf dfu k/f ;Sb}g . kmn:j¿k w]/} kl/jf/sf] cfly{s l:ylt } hfG5 /
xg v:sb
u[xsnx, a]/f]huf/L, ef]sd/L, c;/Iff cflb ;d:of b]vf k5{g\ . k|fs[lts ;|f]t /
;fwgx¿ l/lTt“b} hfG5g\ . ;fy} jftfj/0fLo ;Gt'ng vnalng ;S5 .
hg;nVof 36bf kg]{ c;/ M hg;nVof 36bf b]znfO{ cfjZos kg{] pTkfbgzLn
hgzlStsf cefj xG5 . To;sf] c;/ ;du| b]z ljsf;df kb{5 . ljsf; lgdf{0f
sfo{df cfjZos hgzlSt cGo b]zaf6 ;xof]u lngk5{ . o;sf] k|efj b]zsf] ;fdflhs,
;f+:s[lts / /fhgLlts If]qdf klg kg{ hfG5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg tflnsf, 8fou|fd, j[Ttlrq cflbsf dfèodaf6 hg;nV\ of lzIffsf If]qsf af/]df 5nkmn f];\ .
u/fpgx

dfgj ofg / khgg| k0ffnL M ofg} Jojxf/, ljsf; /
;d:of tyf khgg|k0ffnL| / ;Gtfg
pTkfbg h:tf If]qx¿ hg;nVof lzIffsf dxTTjk0f{ If]q xg\ . To:t} :qL / k?ifsf] zf/Ll/s
;+/rgfsf] leGgtf, :qL / k?ifsf] eldsf tyf ljz]iftfn] klg hg;nVof kl/jt{gdf k|ToIf
c;/ ub{5 . oL ljifo j:tn] khgg| Jojxf/nfO{ ;oldt+ / lgolGqt ug{]
pkfoaf/] atfp5 .
eljiosf nflu ofhgf M pkoSt pd]/df ljjfx, ue{wf/0f, hGdfGt/, kl/jf/sf] of]hgf cflb
ljifoj:t' o; If]qcGtu{t kb{5g\ . o;n] JolStut Pjd\ kfl/jfl/s ¿kdf tyf ;d[blw
;v x'G5 . cfÇgf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofpg ;xof]u u5{ .
ljmofsnfk
3gf a:tL / sd a:tL ePsf] ufplar tngf u/ . Toxf“ s:tf ;d:of 5g\ <
kqklqsfsf cèoog u/L sIffsf ;fyLx¿lar 5nkmn u/L l6kf]6 tof/ u/ .
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgx¿sf] 5f6f] pTt/ n]v M
-s_ hg;fnlVosL eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ hg;nVof kl/jt{gsf lgwf{/s tTTjx¿ n]v
. } ltg cf]6f c;/x¿ n]v .
-u_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf hg;nVof j[blwaf6 k/]sf
sg'
-3_ hg;nVof lzIffsf If]qx¿ pNn]v u/ .
;fdbflos sfo{
cfÇgf] 6f]n tyf l5d]ssf 3/sf] ;j]If0f u/L ljut Ps jif{leqsf] hGd, ljjfx,
kfr d[To,
a;fO“ ;/fO cflb sf/0faf6 hg;nVofdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g ;DaGwL ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf
k|:t't u/ .
kf7 M # hg;nVof lzIffsf] ljsf; jmd
;du| lzIff k|0ffnLsf] Ps cleGg cnusf ¿kdf hg;nVof lzIffnfO{ lnOPsf] 5 . ;g\ R(#%
af6 hg;nVof lzIff ;Dabw ljifo Ifqsf] cèoog ;?jft ePsf] xf] . sfnDaf]] ljZj
ljbofnosf k|fèofks P;= cf/= cf]PNofG8n] pSt sfo{sf] yfngL u/]sf lyP . o;n] kl5 uP/
ljifosf] :j¿k lnPsf] kfOG5 . To;n] cfPNofG8 -Wayland_ g} hg;nVof lzIffsf hGdbftfsf
¿kdf lrlgG5g\ . hg;nVof lzIff ljifosf] cf}krfl/s lzIffsf ¿kdf cèoogsf
j|md lgDgfg;f/ /xsf] 5 M
R= ;g\ R(#% df :jL8gaf6
@= ;g\ R(#& df
cdl/sfaf6
#= ;g\ R(&) df ljZjsf clwsf+z b]zaf6
o;kl5 hg;n\Vof lzIff ;DaGwL ljZjJofkL ¿kdf r]tgf km}nfO{ cjwf/0ff to ug
lgDgfg;f/sf sfozfnf ufi7L ePsf] kfOG5 M
R= ;g\ R(&) df og]:sfsf] ] ;ljmotfdf| Pl;ofsf] ans} sdf ePsf] hg;nVof
;DaGwL klxnf
sfozfnf ufi7L ePsf]
@= ;g\ R(&R df dn]l;ofsf] SjfnfnDk/df, ;g\ R(&# df 6sL{sf] O:tfGjndf Pjd\
;g R(&$ df lrnLsf] :oflG6ofufdf ePsf] sfozfnf ufi7Ln] hg;nVof lzIffsf]
dxTTj / cfjZostf af]w u/fPsf] .
tLj| hg;nVof jblwn] gsf/fTds c;/af/] ;rgf kjfx / ;dfwfgsf nflu ;oS+ t kxn ug{
cleofg:j¿k ljZjJofkL ¿kdf ;Dd]ng klg ePsf 5g, h;cg;f/ lgDg lnlvt ;DdngnfO]
k|dv ¿kdf lnOG5 M
R= ;g\ R(&$ df /fdflgofsf] avf/]:6df ePsf] klxnf] cGt/fli6«o ljZj hg;nVof
;Ddng @= ;g\ R(*$ df d]lS;sf]df ePsf] ljZj hg;nVof ;Dd]ng
#= ;g\ R(($ df OlhK6df ePsf] ljZj hg;nVof ;Dd]ng
g]kfnsf] ;Gbe{df lj=;+= @)#& ;fndf g]kfn ;/sf/ / og]:sfsf] ] ;oS+ t kxndf
hg;nVof
lzIff ljifonfO{ kf7oj|mddf ;dfj]z ug{ sfosf{ ] yfngL ePsf] xf] .
o;sf] ki7el[ ddf lj=;=+
@)#@ ;fndf hg;nVof ;ldltsf] u7g / lj=;+= @)#% ;fndf /fli6«o hg;nVof cfofusf
u7g eO{ To;n] sfd u/sf] lyof] . To;kl5 @)#* ;fndf hg;nVof cfofu]
lj=;=+ /fli6o fno / fnosf] kf7ojmddf
:yfkgf / PsLs[t ¿kdf hg;nVof lzIffnfO{ ljZj ljbo\
ljbo
;dfjz ul/Psf] kfOG5 . lj=;=+ @)%@ ;fndf hg;nVof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnosf] :yfkgf
ePaf6 hg;nVof lzIff ljifon] cem dxTTj kfpg yfnsf] lyof] .
lzIf0f ;emfj
;do /]vf / ljsf; j|md b]lvg] 8fou|fd tof/ u/L lzIf0f ug{'xf];\ y

ljZj ljbofnotkm{ lqejg ljZj ljbofno lzIffzf:q ;nsfodf lj=;+= @)#*
;fnb]lv hg;nVof lzIff sfo{j|md ;~rfng ePsf] xf] . Pd=P8= txdf lj=;+= @)$R
b]lv / aL=P8= txdf lj=;+= @)$^ b]lv P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf cèofkg sfo{ eO/x]sf]
5 . lj=;+= @)$@
;fnb]lv dfgljsL ;nsfon] hg;nVof ljifodf :gfts txsf] sfo{j|md ;~rfng u/L lj=;=+
@)$& vfnb]lv :gftsf]Tt/ txdf k7gkf7g ;? eof] . zlIfs} ;q lj=;=+ @)%@ / )%# blv
j|mdzM lgdflj txsf] sIff 5b]lv cf7;Dd clgjfo{ ljifosf ¿kdf hg;nVof tyf jftfj/0f
ljifo lzIf0f ug{ Joj:yf eof] . o;} jmddf pRr:t/Lo /fli6o«lzIff cfofu,] @)%% sf
k|ltj]bgcg;f/ dfèolds txdf :jf:Yo, hg;nVof / jftfj/0f lzIffnfO{ PsLs[t u/L
l;nuf ljifosf ¿kdf sfofGjogdf nluPsf] 5 . To:t} dfèolds ljbofno txdf
hg;nVof lzIff ljifo P]lR5s ljifosf ¿kdf k7gkf7g ul/G5 . ;fy} lgdflj txsf]
kf7oj|md, @)%* n] sIff 5 blv cf7df hg;nVof / jftfj/0f lzIff ljifo
sfof{Gjogdf NofPsf] lyof] . cfwf/et"lzIff kf7oj|md -sIff ^–*_, @)^( n] sIff 5blv
cf7df ;fdflhs cèoog / hg;nVof lzIff
ljifosf ¿kdf kf7ojmd tyf kf7o k:ts ljsf; u/L sfofGjog ul//xsf] 5 .
hg;nVof / jftfj/0f lzIffsf] ljsf; ;DaGwL ljleGg sfo{j|mdx¿df ljleGg :yfgLo,
/fli6o / lgsfox¿n] sfo{ ub{} cfPsf 5g\ . To:t} ljleGg u/;/sf/L ;:yfn] klg
cGt/fli6o
ljleGg sfo{j|md cfPsf 5g\ .
ub{
ljmofsnfk
k:tsfnodf ePsf k:ts / klqsf cèoog u/ . To;af6 gkfnsf] hg;nVof sfoj{ mdnfO{ sg
cfjlws k~r jifL{o of]hgfaf6 hf]8 lbOof] / tTkZrft\ ul/Psf sfo{j|mdsf] ;rL
of]hgfabwagfpm .
cEof;
!= hf8f ldnfpm M
g]kfndf ;j{k|yd hg;nVof lzIff k9fpg ;? lj=;=@)#@+
hg;nVof ;Dabw klxnf] ufi7L lj=;=+ @)^*
klxnf] cGt/f{li6«o ljZj hg;nVof ;Dd]ng ;g\ R(#&
;fdflhs cèoog / hg;nVof ljifosf] Joj:yf ;g\
R(&) hg;nVof ;ldltsf] u7g ;g\
R(&$
#= 5f6f] pTt/ nv M
-s_ hg;nVof ljifosf hGdbftfsf] gfd n]vL o;nfO{ clgjfo{ ljifo If]q dflggsf
sf/0f klg nv .
-v_ hg;nVof ;DaGwL sfo{zfnf ufi7L sxf“ sxf“ / slxn] slxn] eP <
-u_ g]kfndf hg;nVof lzIffsf] ljsf; j|md n]v .
kf7 M $ hg;nVof tYofnssf ;f| t
hg;nVof ;DaGwL tYofnssf ;|f]tcGtut hgu0fgf, k~hLs/0f, kzf;lgs nut, gdgf

;j{If0f cflb k5{g\ . o;/L ;nslnt tYofnsaf6 hg;nVofsf] yk36af/] hfgsf/L kfOG5 .
o:tf tYofnsx¿dèo] o; kf7df Hfgu0fgfsf af/]df 5nkmn 5f“ .
ug{
hgu0fgf
k|To]s 3/df sf] sf], slt slt pd]/sf, wd{ dfGg], efiff af]Ng], s] slt k9]sf
sg sg
;b:ox¿ 5g\ < ljut b; jif{otf hGdsf afnaflnsf slt 5g\ < s; s;sf] d[To' ePsf
5 < slt hgfsf] ljjfx ePsf] 5 egL kl/jf/sf] tYofns lng] sfonfO{ kfl/jfl/s tYofn\s
u0fgf elgG5 . o;/L kl/jf/, ;dbfo, ;dfh } b]zsf ;du| hgtfsf] lng] sfo{nfO
xb“ tYofns
hgu0fgf elgG5 . ;fdfGotof k|To]s b; jif{sf] cGt/fndf b]zsf] hgu0fgf ul/G5 .
xfd|f] b]zdf hgu0fgfsf] ;?Jfft lj= ;+= R(^* af6 ul/Psf] xf] . lj= ;+= @)^*
sf] hgu0fgf P3f/f“} xf] . o:tf] u0fgf ;f| ]t ;fwg, ef}uf]lns cj:yf / cGo ljljw sf/0fn]
ubf{ x/]s jif{ lng
;lsb}g . gkfndf] a;faf;sf] cfwf/df hgu0fgf ul/G5 .
pd]/, lnnu, z}lIfs cj:yf, hflt, wd{, efiff, k];f, If]q cflbnfO{ cfwf/ dfgL hg;nVofsf
;rgfx¿ ;n\sng ul/G5 . ;"rgfnfO{ cfjZos cfwf/df juL{s/0f ul/G5 .
hg;nVofsf]oxL j:tl:ylt / cfjZostfnfO{ k|f/lDes ;|f]t dfgL b]z ljsf;sf
nflu efjL of]hgf,
sfo{j|md, gLlt / /0fgLltx¿ to ul/G5 . hg;nVofsf nflu ;rgf tyf tYofns ;nsng
ubf{ 3/ 3/af6 lnOPsf jf ;rgfnfO{ k|fylds ;f| ]t elgG5 . cGo
tYofns k|of]hgsf nflu JolStn] leGg jf ;rgfnfO{ låtLo ;|f]t elgG5 .
lnPsf] tYofns\
hgu0fgfsf] pbbZo
R= gkfnsf] hg;nVofsf] cfsf/, agfj6, / ljt/0f ;DaGwL ;dli6ut tYofns
kl/jtg
;nsng ug]{
@= ;fdflhs tyf ljsf;sf ofhgf th{df / cGo sfosf nflu cfwf/et
cflys
tYofns
(benchmark data) pknAw u/fpg]
#= kl/jf/n] k|of]u u/]sf ;ljwfx¿sf ;fy} cGo kfl/jfl/s ljj/0f k|fKt ug{]
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg rf6{, tflnsf, j[Ttlrq cflbsf dfWodaf6 ;|f]taf/] :ki6 kfg{'xf];\ y o;sf nflu :yfgLo
kl/j]zsf pbfx/0f k|:t't ug{'xf];\ y
$= gdgf ;j{If0fx¿sf] e/kbf{] cfwf/ (frames) k|bfg ug]
%= b]zsf] tNnf] k|zf;lgs PsfOx¿sf] ;d]t tYofns pknAw u/fpg
g]kfnsf] hg;nVof ljj/0f
hgu0fgf jif{ k'?if dlxnf s'n
@)@* %*,R&,@)# %&,#*,&*) R,R%,%%,(*#
@)#* &^,(%,##^ &#,@&,%)# R,%),@@,*#(
@)$* (@,@),(&$ (@,&),R@# R,*$,(R,)(&
@)%* R,R%,^#,(@R R,R%,*&,%)@ @,#R,%R,$@#
@)^* R,@*,$(,)$R R,#^,$%,$^# @,^$,($,%)$
;|f]t M /fli6«o hgu0fgf @)^* / ;f]eGbf cufl8sf hgu0fgf
ljmofsnfk
ltdf| ] sIffsf ;fyLx¿ tyf 3/ kl/jf/sf] tn lbOPsf] tflnsfsf cfwf/df ;nsng
tYofns u/L 5f6f] k|ltj]bg tof/ kf/ M
;nVof hft lnnu\ pd]/ wd{ efiff k];f
cEof;
-s_ eg]sf] s] xf] <
tYofns / hgu0fgflar s] ;DaGw xG5 <
-v_
tYofns\
-u_ hgu0fgf eg]sf] s] xf] <
-3_ hgu0fgf lsg cfjZos xG5 <
-8_ tYofnssf] k|fylds / låtLo ;|f]tlar s] km/s 5 <
@= /fli6«o hgu0fgf ug{sf dVo pbb]Zox¿sf] ;rL agfpm .
kf7 M % hg;nVof tYofnssf ;f| tsf ¿kdf k~hLs/0f
hGd, ljjfx, ;DaGw ljR5b, a;fO“ ;/fO

tyf d[To' h:tf JolStut 36gf btf{
ug]
/ clen]v /fVg] tyf cb\ofjlws ug]{
sfo{nfO{ k~hLs/0f elgG5 . o;nfO{
JolStut 36gf btf{ klg elgG5 .
o:tf]
sfo{ ug] sfofnonfO{ k~hLsflwsf/Lsf
sfofno elgG5 . xfdf| ] bzdf hGd, dTo,
a;fO“ ;/fO / ljjfxsf] sfd dfq :yfgLo
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfofnoaf6 xg] u/sf
5g\ . ;DaGw ljR5]bsf] sfo{
cbfntaf6 ul/G5 .
kl~hsflwsf/Lsf] sfofno klg uflj; / gu/kflnsf } ¿kdf Jojl:yt
sfofno;u PsLst
ul/Psf] 5 . oL lgsfox¿ :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnocGtu{t /x]sf 5g\ . g]kfndf lj=;+= @)#$
;fn j}zfv R ut]af6 k~hLs/0f Joj:yf ePsf] xf] .
ug{ ;?
hgu0fgf k|To]s b; jif{df dfq xG5 . t;y{ hgu0fgf ePkl5sf] gf} jif{;Dd slt
dflg; hGd], slt d/], sltn] lax] u/], slt a;fO“ ;/L uP, slt cfP eGg] s/fsf]
;rgf /fVg k~hLs/0f ul/G5 .
k~hLs/0faf6 sfggL j}wtf k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . o;n] gful/stf k|fKt ug{ / ;DklTt
x:tfGt/0f ug{ ;xof]u u5{ . o;n] lglZrt ;dbfosf] jf:tljs hg;nVofsf] tYofns jf
;rgf k|bfg u5{ . ljleGg lgsfoaf6 x'g] gLlt lgdf{0fdf ;xof]u u5{ .
cfwf/ @)$* ;fn @)%* ;fn

hGd b/ #* klt xhf/df #@=% kl| t xhf/df
dTo' b/ R#=# klt xhf/df (=# klt xhf/df
a;fO“ ;/fO“ ^,%*,#&& &,^@,R*R -bzaf6 aflx/ uPsf_
a;fO“ ;/fO“ $#,($$ ^,)*,)(@ -bz] leq cGo bz] af6 cfPsf_
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljbofno glhs} k~hLs/0f ug{] jf gu/kflnsf sfof{no eP Toxf“ nu]/ k~hLs/0fsf af/]df ;f]wk'5
ug{nufpg'xf];\ y
ljmofsnfk
R= ltdf| ] 3/ kl/jf/ tyf l5dsdf ;Da 36gfx¿sf] k~hLs/0f lsg /sf] xfnf <
6fn bw ugk
o;af6 b]znfO{ s:tf kmfObf xG5g\ < ;fyLefO, lzIfs 5nkmn
cfdfafa,u/L sIffdf k|:t't u/ . cflb;u
@= ltd|f] hGd btf{ k|df0f kq x]/]/ hGd btf{ k|df0f kqsf] gdgf tof/
u/ . #= k~hLs/0f ug{ hgr]tgf hufpg] kf]:6/, krf{, kDKn]6, Kn] } Ps agfpm /
sf8{dèo] sg'
sIffdf k|bz{g u/ .
$= s] ltd|f] hGd btf{ k|df0f kq 5 < cfk\mgf] cleefjs;u dfu/] x//] To;df
ePsf
ljj/0f sIffdf k|:tt u/ . 5g} eg] tTsfn agfOlbg cg/fw] u/
.
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pTt/ bpm M
-s_ k~hLs/0f eGgfn] s] alemG5 <
-v_ k~hLs/0fdf sg sg 36gf btf{ ul/G5 <
-u_ k~hLs/0faf6 x'g] } { cf]6f kmfObf pNn]v u/ .
sg b
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M O
-s_ g]kfndf k|To]s ============ jif{df hgu0fgf ul/G5 .
-v_ 3/ 3/af6 lnOPsf tYofnsnfO{ ========== elgG5 .
-u_ hgu0fgf @)^* cg;f/ dlxnfsf] sn hg;nVof ========= 5 .
-3_ xfd|f] b]zdf ;DaGw ljR5]b ========== af6 ul/G5 .
-n_ k~hLs/0fn] ========== k|bfg ug{ ;xof]u u5{ .
;fdbflos sfo{ ltd|f] ;dbfodf uO{

s;n] hGd btf{ tyf
ljjfx btf{ u/]sf 5g,
s;n] u/]sf 5}gg\ < vfhL
u/ . s;}sf] btf{ ug{ 56 ePdf 3/dnLsf nflu k~hLs/0f ugk{ gfsf{ sf/0f;lxt btf{ ug{ hfg
cg/f]w u/]sf] Pp6f kq tof/ u/ .

kf7 M ^ gkfnsf] hg;nVof lwsf] lTt
jb kj
Hfg;nVof ;w“} kl/jt{g eO/xG5 . of] k|lj||mof lg/Gt/ ¿kdf rln/xG5 . o;y{
hg;nVofsf cfsf/ lglZrt ug{ sl7g x'G5 . t/ lglZrt 7fp“ / ;do tf]s]df Toxf“sf]
jf:tljs
hg;nVof kTtf nufpg ;lsG5 . hg;nVofsf] 36g] b/ / jbl[ w b/ kTtf nufpg km/s
km/s ;dodf ul/Psf] tngfTds cèoog ug{ h?/L 5 . oxL cfjZostfnfO{ dgg u/L
g]kfndf k|To]s b; b; jif{df hgu0fgf u/L sn hg;nVof lgsfNg] ul/G5 .
g]kfnsf] hg;nVof, of j[blw / j[blw b/
hg;nV jflifs
jif{ -lj= ;+=_ hg;nVof -)))_ k'?if–:qLsf] cg'kft jb[ lw b/ hg3gTj–hg;nVof
-k| kl| tju{
ltztdf_ lsnf]ld6/_
R(^* %,^#( ========= ========= #*
R(&& %,%&$ ========= –)=R@ #*
R(*& %,%## ========= –)=)& #*
R((* ^,@*$ ========= R=@& $#
@))(–RR *,@%& (^=* @=&# %^
@)R* (,$R# (&=) R=#R ^$
@)@* RR,%%^ R)R=$ @=)% &(
@)#* R%,)@# R)%=) @=^@ R)@
@)$* R*,$(R ((=% @=)* R@^
@)%* @#,R%R ((=* @=@% R%&
@)^* @^,$($ ($=R^ R=#% R*)
lj= ; R(^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;f/ gkfnsf] hg;nVof %^,#*,&$( lyof] . To;sf
= sn
#) jif{kl5 lj= ;+= R((* df of] ;nVof sl/a ^# nfv ePsf] b]lvG5 . of] jbl\ w b/ sfod
ePsf] eP gkfnsf] hg;nVof bfAa/ nueu @)) jif{ nfUg] cgdfg lyof] .
xg
lzIf0f ;emfj
kf7df lbOPsf tYofnsnfO{ af/ufkm jf :tDe lrqaf6 bvfO{ hg;nVof jb[ lw b/sf] kjlTt :ki6 ugx' f;\ y
t/ R((* ;fnkl5 gkfnsf] hg;nVof tLj| ¿kdf a9sf] blvG5 . o; sf/0f lj=;+ R(^*
b]lv lj=;+= @)^* ;Ddsf] R)) jif{df g]kfnsf] hg;nVof emG8} rf/ u0ffn] a9]sf]
b]lvG5 .
lj=;+= @)$* – @)%* sf] b;sdf jflif{s hg;nVof j[blw b/ @=@% k|ltzt ePsf] kfOG5 .
t/ lj=;+= @)%*–@)^* sf] b;sdf jflifs hg;nVof jbl[ w b/ R=#% kltzt ePsf
b]lvG5 . oxL b/df hg;nVof j[blw ePdf sl/a %@ jifdf hg;nVof bf]Aa/ xG5 . o;n
hg;nVofsf] j[blw b/ s]xL xb;Dd lgoGq0f ku]sf] b]lvG5 .
xg
ljmofsnfk
ltd|f] ljbofnosf] ljut b; jif{sf] ljbofyL{ ;nVof ;nsng u/ . ljbofyL{ ;nVof w]/} jf yf]/}
s] eof] < rf6{ agfO{ sIffdf u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
-s_ hg;nVofsf] tngfTds cèoog lsg h?/L 5
<
u/ .
-v_ g]kfnsf] hg;nVof j[blw b/nfO{ tflnsfdf
k|:tt'
-u_ g]kfnsf] hg;nVof cfsf/sf] j[blw b/sf] k|j[lTt s:tf] /x]sf] 5 <
@= tnsf kZgdf Ps If0f ;f]r / 5nkmn u/ M
-s_ dflg; hGdg 5f8] eg] s] xf]nf <
-v_ dflg; Ps 7fpaf6 csf{ 7fpdf a;fO“ ;/gg] \ eg] s] xfnf] <
-u_ Ps} k6s w]/} dflg;sf] d[To' eP s] xf]nf <
-3_ ;a} dflg; R)) jif{;Dd ] eg] s] xf]nf <
afr
;fdbflos sfo{
gu/kflnsf jf uflj;sf] tYofnsaf6 ltdf| ] j8f jf 6f]ndf ePsf] hg;nVof yk36nfO
tflnsfdf u/ / 3/ kl/jf/ Pjd\ l5d]sLnfO{ b]vfpm . hg;nVof w]/} xgfsf
k|:ttsf/0f jf Gog
vf]h .
kf7 M & gkfnsf] hg;nVofsf] -pd/, / wdcg;f/_
agf6 lnnu
hg;nVof pd/, lnnu, hflt, wd, k;f, efiff cflb tTTjsf cfwf/df lng ;lsG5 . plNnlvt
tTTjx¿n] hg;nVofsf] agf]6nfO{ hgfp5 . hg;nVofsf] agf6n] ] ;dfh / ;dbfosf] oyfy
j:t'l :yltsf] lrq0f ub{ 5 . o;n] /fi6« sf] ljsf;sf ultljlwx¿df k|efj kf/] s f
xG' 5 . hg;nVofsf] cèoogdf pd/] , / f cfwf/df ;n ng ug{ h?/L 5 .
lnnu wds tYofns s
pd]/sf cfwf/df hg;nVofsf] M pd]/sf cfwf/df dflg;nfO{ afns, ojf, kf| 9,
agf6 lzz,
j u/L g]k|rng 5 . t/ g]kfndf klg hgu0fgf j|mddf hg;nVofnfO{ )–R$,
b af8 ug{
w
R%–%( / ^) / ;f]eGbf a9L u/L ltg pd]/ ;dxdf ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . pd]/sf cfwf/df
k];fut IfdtfnfO{ ;Daf]wg ul/G5 . pd]/cg;f/ g]kfnsf] hg;nVof @)^* cg;f/
agf6 tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M
pd]/ ;dx" hg;nVof kltzt
○ b]lv R$ jif{ (@,$^,($^ #^=#R
R% b]lv %( R,%),(R,*$* %@=)(
jif{ @R,%$,&R) RR=^)
^) eGbf dfly
hDdf @,^$,($,%)$ R))
lnnucg;f/ hg;nVofsf] agf6 M lnnudf dlxnf, k?if / t;f]|] lnnuL kb5g{ \ .
lnnusf
cfwf/df hg;nVof lngfn] n}nlus c;dfgtf x6fpg] sfoj|md tyf ofhgf Nofpg cfwf/
aG5 . lj=;+= @)%* / lj=;+= @)^* ;fnsf] g]kfnsf] hgu0fgfcg;f/ hg;nVofsf]
n}nlus agf]6sf] ljefhg tnsf] tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M
u0fgf jif{ hDdf k'?if dlxnf nn} lus cgkft
@)%* @,#R,%R,$@# R,R%,^#,(@R R,R%,*&,%)@ ((=*
@)^* @,^$,($,%)$ R,@*,$(,)$R R,#^,$%,$^# @), ($=R^
kl/jt{g ##,$#,)*R R@,*%,R@) %&,(^R
lzIf0f ;emfj
:yfgLo tYofnssf] k|of]u ub{} ljleGg ;dosf] hg;nVof agf]6sf] tngf ub{} hg;nVof agf]6sf]
k|j[lTtsf af/]df 5nkmn u/fpgxf];\ .
wd{cg;f/ hg;nVofsf] agf6 M gkfnsf] ] hg;nVofnfO{ wdcg;{ f/ ljleGg
;dxdf juLs/0f{
ul/Psf] 5 . of] g} wd{cg;f/ hg;nVofsf] agf]6 xf] . xfd|f] b]zdf lxGb, afbw} , dl:nd
cflb
wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿ 5g\ . xfd|f] b]zsf] wd{cg;f/ hg;nVofsf] agf]6 @)^* cg;f/ tnsf
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M
wd{ hg;nVof kltzt wd{ hg;nVof kltzt
lxGb' @,R%,%R,$(@ *R=# afb} w\ @#,(^,)(( (=)%
O:nfd RR,^@,#&) $=$ ls/ft *,)&,R^( #=R%
lj|ml:rog #,&%,^(( R=$ kfst[ R,@R,(*@ )=%%
cGo &(,^(# )=#%
ljmofsnfk
R= ltd|f] 3/df ePsf k?if / dlxnfsf] ;nVof l6k]/ sIffdf Nofpm . cGo ;fyLx¿sf] 3/df
ePsf k?if / dlxnfsf] ;nVof klg ltd|f] kl/jf/ -k?if / hf]8 / To;nfO
dlxnf_ ;u
/]vflrqdf b]vfpm .
@= ltd|f] ;dbfodf ljleGg wd{ dfGg] dflg; xg ;S5g\ . :yfgLo ;dbfodf uO{ sg sg wd
dfGg] dflg;x¿ 5g\ . ltgsf] ;"rL agfO{ sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ hgu0fgf @)^* df )–R$ pd]/ ;d"xdf ========= k|ltzt hg;n\Vof /x]sf]
b]lvG5 .
-v_ ========== cg;f/ sn hg;nVofsf] $*=%) kltzt| k?if /xsf] ] kfOG5 .
-u_ xfd|f] b]zdf =========== k|ltzt dflg; lxGb' wd{ dfG5g\ .
@= tnsf kZgsf] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ hg;nVofsf] agf]6 eg]sf] s] xf] <
-v_ pd]/cg;f/ gkfnsf] hg;nVof agf6 s:tf] /xsf] 5 <
-u_ nn
lus agf6 egsf] s] xf] < lnnucg;f/sf] hg;nVofsf] cfjZostf lsg k5{ <

kf7 M * gkfnsf] hg;nVofsf] -efiff /
agf6 hfthflt
cg;f/_
lj= @)^* ;fnsf] gkfnsf] hgu0fgfdf dftefiffcg;f/sf] hg;nVof tn lbOPsf] 5 M

;= agf6
dftefiff hg;nVof kltztdf dftefiff hg;nVof k|ltztdf
gkfnL R,R*,@^,(%# $$=^ d}lynL #,)(,%*) RR=&
efhk/' L R%,*$,(%* ^ yf? R%,@(,*&% %=*
tfdfn R#,%#,#RR %=R g]jf/L *,$^,$%& #=@
du/ &,**,%#) #=) 8f]6]nL &,*&,*@& #=)
pb'{ ^,(R,%$^ @=^ alHhsf &,(#,$R* #=)
cGo #R,((,)$( R@
hDdf @,^$,($%)$ R))=))
dfly tflnsfdf g]kfnL efifL ;aeGbf a9L / |f] gDa/df dlynL efifL blvG5 ]nL,
bf; eg] 8f6
alHhsf / pb{ afNgx?sf]] ] ;nVof ylkPsf] blvG5] .
hfthfltcg;f/ hg;nVofsf] agf6]
@)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfcg;f/ hfthfltcg;f/ gkfnsf] hg;nVof agf6sf] ljj/0f tnsf
tflnsfdf lbOPsf] 5 M
hflt ;dx" hg;nV\ of hflt ;dx" hg;nVof
-k|ltztdf_ -kltztdf_
Ifq] L R^=^ ofbj $=)
afxg' R@=@ d';ndfg $=$
du/ &=R /fO{ @=#
yf? ^=^ u?' n @=#(
g]jf/ %=) bdfO{ R=&@
tfdfn %=* lnDa' R=%*
sfdL $=* ;fsL{ R=$)
cGo @$=$@ hDdf R))
lzIf0f ;emfj
kf7df k|:t't tYofnsnfO{ ljleGg rf6{, af/u|fkm jf :tDe lrq agfO{ t'ngfTds cWoog ug{ nufpg'xf];\ y
hfltut hg;nVofdf ;a}eGbf w]/} If]qL R^=^ k|ltzt / bf];|f]df a|fxd0f R@=@ k|ltzt
b]lvG5 . hg;nVofdf t];|f], rf}yf] / kfrf} hftx¿df j|mdzM du/, yf? /
gDa/df kg{tfdfn /x]sf 5g\ .
cEof;
!= l7s jf al7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ dft[efiffcg;f/sf] hg;nVofsf] agf]6 @)^* df lbOPcg;f/ g]kfnL dft[efifL
$$=^ k|ltzt 5g\ .
-v_ hfltcg;f/ hg;nVof @)^* df lbOPcg;f/ ofbj $=)) kl| tzt f 5g\ .
agf6 /xs
-u_ k];fcg';f/ hg;n\Vof agf]6 @)%* df lbOPcg';f/ $ k|ltzt hg;n\Vof
Jofkf/df nfu]sf] kfOG5 .
@= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ nv M
-s_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf k|rngdf /x]sf efiffefifLsf] ;rL agfpm .
-v_ f/sf] of agf]6 @)^* nfO{ tflnsfdf u/ .
hg;nV k|:tt
dft[efiffcg;
-u_ g]kfndf /x]sf f/sf] ofsf] agf]6 @)^* f/ j0f{g u/ .
hfltcg; hgnV cg;
;fdbflos sfo{
R= ltd|f] ;dbfodf sg hfthfltx¿ a;f]af; l5d]sdf ;f]w u/L To;sf
sg u5{g, k5
ljj/0f tof/ kf/L sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
@= ltd|f] ;dbfodf ePsf dflg;x¿ sg k];fdf nfu]sf 5g\ < To;sf] ljj/0f tof/ kf/L
sg sIffdf k|:t't u/ .
kf7 M ( efuflns Ifqcg;f/ gkfnsf
hg;nVof ljt/0f
xfd|f] b]znfO{ ef}uf]lns If]qcg;f/ lxdfnL, kxf8L / t/fO{ dw]; u/L ltg If]qdf
ljefhg ul/Psf] 5 . tL ef}uf]lns If]qx¿sf] agf]6, xfjfkfgL / a;f]af;df leGgtf kfOG5 . tL
If]qsf ufp“ tyf ;x/df hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f km/s km/s 5 . tL If]qsf ;ljwfoSt 7fpdf
hg3gTj
w]/} 5 . sltko ;'ljwf gku]sf 7fpdf hg3gTj sd 5 . dflg; sfdsf] vfhL,] cèoog /
cGo ;ljwfsf nflu ufpaf6 ;x/ hfG5g\ . To:t} s]xL b;sotf kxf8af6 t/fO{
If]qdf a;f]af; ug{ hfg] k|j[lTt b]lvG5 . To;}n] ef}uf]lns If]qcg;f/ hg;nVof ljt/0fdf
klg km/s kfOG5 . lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ dw];sf] hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f tnsf] tflnsfdf
lbOPsf] 5 M
efuflns Ifqcg;f/ hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f, @)%*
Ifq] hg;nVof kltzt

lxdfn R,^*,&*%( &=#
kxf8 R),@%,R,RRR $$=#
t/fO{÷dw]; R,R#,($,))& $*=$
hDdf R,R@,R@,$%# R))=))
efuflns Ifqcg;f/ hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f, @)^*
Ifq] hg;nVof kltzt

lxdfn R&,*R,&(@ ^=&#
kxf8 R,R#,($,))& $#=)R
t/fO{÷dw]; R,##,R*,&)% %)=@&
hDdf @,^$,($,%)$ R))=))
lzIf0f ;emfj
j[Ttlrq jf :tDe lrq;d]tsf] k|of]u u/L ef}uf]lns f/sf] hg;nV\ ofsf] ljj/0f :ki6 kfg{xf];\ .
If]qcg;
plNnlvt ef}uf]lns Ifqcg;f/ hg;nVofsf] ljt/0fdf t/fO{ If]qsf] c+z ljut @)%* ;fnsf]
tngfdf @)^* df jblw ePsf] blvPsf] ] 5 . ljut @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfdf t/fO{ dw;df]
sn hg;nVofsf] $*=$ kltzt lx:;f /xsfdf @)^* df jb[ lw eO{ %)=@& kltzt kusf] 5 .
lxdfnL If]qdf sn hg;nVofsf] &=# kltzt| cz+ /xsfdf] @)^* df sxL]
sd eO{ ^=&#
k|ltzt /x]sf] b]lvG5 . To;}u/L kxf8L If]qdf @)%* df $$=# k|ltzt /x]sfdf xfn
-@)^* df_ $#=)R k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . n}nlus cfwf/df ;d]t lxdfnL / kxf8L
If]qdf hg;nVof 36]sf] / t/fO{ If]qdf a9]sf] b]lvG5 .
n}nlus cgkft ljut hgu0fgfdf h:t} @)^* df klg kxf8L If]qdf sd / t/fO{ If]qdf a9L
/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ut @)%* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfsf] tngfdf xfn ;a} ef}uf]lns Ifqx¿df
;f cgkft 36]sf] kfOG5 . ljutsf] hgu0fgfdf lxdfn, kxf8 / t/fO{ dw];df j|mdzM
(*, (^
/ R)$ /x]sfdf @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgf;Dd cfOkUbf j|mdzM ($, (@ / (& sfod xg'
ku]sf] 5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= ef}uf]lns ¿kdf hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f lsg cfjZos k5{ < sIffdf 5nkmn u/L
lgisif{lzIfsnfO{ ;gfpm .
@= g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f k|j[lTt s:tf] 5 < tYofns;lxt n]v .
cEof; M
-s_ hg;nVof ljt/0f eg]sf] s] xf] < pNn]v u/ .
-v_ ef}uf]lns If]qcg;f/ hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f @)%* sf] j0f{g u/ .
-u_ lxdfnL If]qdf hg3gTj sd fsf } rf/ sf/0f n]v .
xg sg
-3_ hg;nVofsf] ljt/0f @)^* cg;f/ ef}uf]lns If]qcg;f/ hg;nVof
ljt/0f emNsg] tflnsf agfpm .
@= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ lj= ;+= @)%* eGbf lj= ;+= @)^* df ========= hg;nVof a9L ePsf] kfOG5 .
-v_ lj= ;= @)^* sf] hgu0fgfcg;f/ t/fOsf] hg;nVof ======== kltzt /xsf] ]5.
-u_ hgu0fgf @)^* cg;f/ lxdfnL If]qdf ======== k|ltzt hg;nVof /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ ef}uf]lns Ifqcg;f/ agf6, xfjfkfgL / ======= leGgtf kfOG5 .
kg/fjnfsg cEof;
!= vfnL 7fp“ e/ M
-s_ hg;nVof lZfIffn] JolStsf] ============== kl/jt{g Nofpg dbbt u5{ .
-v_ hg;nVof lZfIffsf If]qx¿nfO{ =========== If]qdf ljefhg ug{ ;lsG5 .
-u_ lglZrt eefuleq a;f]af; ug] dflg;x¿sf] ;nVofnfO{ ====== elgG5 .
-3_ ============== n] ubf{ jftfj/0fLo ;Gtng vnalng ;S5 .
-n_ dfgj ;Eotf ljsf;sf nflu ============ tTTjx¿ xg\ .
cfwf/et
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
hg;fn\lVosL pd]/, hflt, lnn cflb
wd, u
hg;nVof lgwf{/s tTTjx¿ hg;nVofsf] ef}uf]lns ljt/0f
hg;nVofsf] efuflns af8kmf8 wflds{ dNo dfGotf, ;:slt[ cflb
hg;nVofsf jblwsf c;/x¿ hg;nVof ;DaGwL ul0ftLo cèoog
hg;nV\ of agf]6sf cfwf/x¿ a]/f]huf/L, ef]sd/L c;/Iff
cflb hGd, d[To' / a;fO“ ;/fO
#= l7s jf al7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ hg;nVofn] ;du| k|f0fLsf] ;nVofnfO{ aemfp5 .
-v_ hg;nVof lzIffn] hg;nVof ;DaGwL 1fg, l;k, ;dembf/L tyf clej[lTt ljsf;
u/L dflg;sf] Jojxf/df ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofp5 .
-u_ hg;nVof lzIffn] ;vL hLjgofkg ug{ ;xof]u k¥ofp5 .
-3_ hg;nVof w]/} 36]df ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ kmfObf xG5 .
-n_ hg;nVof lzIffn] r]tgf km}nfpg ;Sb}g .
ljmofsnfk
R= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿sf] rf/ ;dx agfO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro, dxTTj /
cfjZostf emNsg] kf]:6/, tflnsf jf ;dfrf/ agfO{ 6f]n l5d]sdf 6f; .
@= glhs}sf] j8f sfofno jf uflj;df uO{ cfkmgf] a;faf; Ifqsf] hg;nVofaf/]
hfgsf/L Nofpm / vfgkfgL ljt/0fsf nflu ofhgf agfpm .
PsfO !) hg;nVof j[blw / Joj:yfkg
l;sfO pknlAw
— g]kfndf hg;nVof lwsf] cj:yf atfpg
jb
— tLj| hg;nVof jblwsf sf/0f / c;/x¿ pNnv ug
— hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf] kl/ro lbO{ hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿ cjnDag ug
— u0f:t/Lo hLjgsf af/]df atfO{ u0f:t/Lo hLjgsf] cEof; ug{
— hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf ;+nUg ; 3
/fli6o n
;+:yfsf] eldsf pNnv ug
kf7 ! g]kfndf hg;n\Vof j[blwsf] cj:yf
s'g} lglZrt 7fp“ / ;dodf hg;n\Vofsf] cfsf/df cfpg] yk36n] hg;n\Vofsf

kl/jt{gnfO{ hgfp“5 . lzzx¿sf] hGd w]/} xbf hg;nVofdf j[blw xG5 . dflg;x¿sf] dTo[
xbf klg hg;nVofdf kl/jt{g cfp5 . s'g} 7fp“ jf bzaf6] a;fO“ ;//] cfpg] hg;nVofn
hg;nVof . o;/L hg;nVofdf j[blw ] b/nfO{ hg;nVof j[blw b/ elgG5 . l56f
a95 xg
l56f] j[blw x'g] b/nfO{ eg] tLj| hg;nVof j[blw b/ elgG5 .
g]kfndf hgu0fgfsf] k|rng lj=;+= R(^* af6 ;? ePsf] xf] . o;kl5sf #) jif;Dd{
hg;nVof j|mdzM 3l6/x]sf] b]lvG5 . df lgDgfg;f/sf sf/0f lbg] ul/G5 M
o:tf] xg
-s_ j}1flgs tl/sfsf] hgu0fgf gx'g'
-v_ dxfdf/L / PGkm\nPGhf h:tf /f]usf] k|sf]k km}lng'
-u_ k|yd ljZj o'bwdf w]/} g]kfnLx¿ uf]/vf ;}lgsdf etL{ eO{ ljb]l;g'
lj=;++ R((* sf] hgu0fgfkl5 g]kfndf tLj| hg;nVof j[blw b/ kfOG5 . o;/L hg;nVofdf
j[blw df uf]vf{nL ;}lgsdf egf{ ePsf g]kfnLx¿ bf];|f] wkl5 :jb]z kmls{g' klg
xg ljZj ob
Ps sf/0f dflgG5 . } k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿ klg 3/ kmls{Psf] kfOG5 .
pgLx¿;u tYofns
g]kfnsf] hg;nVof j[blwsf] cj:yf
jif{ j[blw b/ jif{ j[blw b/
lj= ;+= R((* R=R^ lj= ;+= @))(—RR @=##
lj= ;+= @)R* R=^$ lj= ;+= @)@* @=)&
lj= ;+= @)#* @=^^ lj= ;+= @)$* @=R
lj= ;+= @)%* @=@$ lj= ;+ @)^* R=#%
;|f]t M s]Gb|Lo tYofns\ ljefu, @)^*
hg;nVofdf j[blw eO/xg'sf sf/0fx¿dèo] sf/0f hGd b/ pRr /xL d[To' b/df sdL
k|dv
cfpg' xf] . xfdf| ] bzsf] kl5Nnf] hgu0fgf @)^* nfO{ ljZnif0f ubf{ hg;nVof jb[ l\ w b/ tLj| eGg
gldNg] blvPsf] 5 . @)@* ;fnblv @)%* ;fn;Dd tLj| ¿kdf hg;nVof jbl\ w eO/xsfdf
@)^* ;fndf j[blw b/ uPsf] b]lvG5 . o;/L df ljb]z hfg] g]kfnLsf] ;nVof a9b
36g 36g
hfg , hgr tgfdf jb lw xg, kh gg b/ 36g
' / :jf: Yo ;jfdf ; wf/ xg ' kdv sf /0fx¿ xg\ .
lzIf0f ;emfj
:yfgLo j8f jf uflj; jf gu/kflnsfsf] hg;nVofsf] ljj/0f lnO{ hg;nVof jb[ \lwsf] cj:yfsf
af/df yk 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
tLj| hg;n\Vof j[blw x'gdf k|hgg b/n] eldsf v]N5 . k|hgg eGgfn] } klg
k|dv sg
dlxnfn] hLljt ¿kdf hGdfPsf] lzz' ;nVofnfO{ hgfp5 . hg;nVofsf] tLj| ¿kdf jbl[ w
x'g'sf] csf{] sf/0f a;fO“ ;/fOnfO{ klg lnOG5 . sg} :yfgaf6 csf{] :yfgdf a;fO“ ;/L hfgnfO
a;fO“ ;/fO elgG5 . ;du| b]zsf] of yk36 df cfkjf; / pTkjf;n] ljzif eldsf
hg;nV xg
vN5 . sg} bzdf ljbzaf6 a;fO“ ;/L cfpgnfO{ cfkjf;| elgG5 .
:jbzaf6] a;fO“ ;/L
ljb]z hfg'nfO{ pTk|jf; elgG5 .
lj|mofsnfk
R= hg;n\Vof 36L / a9L x'bf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;rL agfpm .
@= g]kfnsf] hg;nVof j[blw b/nfO{ tflnsfdf u/ .
k|:tt
cEof;
-s_ tLj| hg;n\Vof j[blw b/ s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-v_ lj=;+= R(^* b]lv R((* ;Ddsf] tYofn\sdf g]kfnsf] hg;n\Vof 36\g'sf sf/0f
s] s] xg\ <
-u_ xfn g]kfndf cfk|jf;L g]kfnLsf] slTtsf] rfk 5 < lzIfsnfO{ ;f]wL n]v .
;fd'bflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;dbfosf dflg;x¿sf] } Ps jif{sf] ;nsng u/L tnsf] tflnsf e/ M
sg tYofns
3/ ;n\Vof hLljt lzz' hDdf dflg;sf] a;fO“ ;/L a;fO“ ;/]/

;nVof ;nVof cfpgsf] ;nVo hfgsf] ;nVo
f f
kf7 M @ tLj| hg;nVof lwsf sf/0f / c;/
jb
dgsfdgf dfèolds ljbofno
dgsfdgf, uf]/vf
@)&)÷R)÷)&
>L ;efkltHo,"
lhlj; sfof{no, lrtjg
xfdL z}lIfs e|d0fsf] l;nl;nfdf tkfO+{sf] lhNnf lrtjg cfPsf lyof“ . xfdL d"ntM
hg;nVof lzIffsf af/]df cèoog e|d0f ug{ To; lhNnfdf cfPsf lyof“} . lrtjg lhNnfsf
e|d0f ubf{ Toxfsf] hg;nVof j[blw b/sf] cj:yfsf af/]df cèoog . o;sf nflu
u¥of“} tkfO{sf] sfofnodf /xsf] lhNnf kl/ro kl:tsf (District profile) sf] lnPsf lyof“}
klg ;xofu .
g]kfnsf sltko lhNnfdf hg;nVof 36b\ } uPsf] kfOG5 . t/ tkfOsf] lhNnfdf tLjt/ ¿kdf
hg;nVof a9b\ } uPsf] . o;/L hg;nVof j[blw sf sf/0fx¿ vfhL ubf{ lgDg lnlvt
/x5sf/0fx¿ kfOP M xg
!= pōr a;fO“ ;/fO b/ M lrtjg lhNnfdf bzsf ljleGg lhNnfaf6 a;fO“ ;/fO u//]
cfpg]sf] tLj| rfk /x]5 . a;fO“ ;/]/ cfpg]sf] ;nVof x/]s jif{ a9b} uPsf] kfOof] .
@= r]tgfsf] sdL M sltko u|fdL0f / ;x/b]lv 6f9fsf j:tLdf r]tgfsf] sdLn] a9L ;Gtfg
hGdfpg] k|rng /x]5 . clzlIft JolStsf] kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ 7'nf] /x]5 .
#= cGwljZjf; / s'/Llt M sltko ufpsf dflg;x¿ ;Gtfg k|flKtnfO{ eujfgsf] cfzLjf{b
7fGbf /x]5g\ . pgLx¿ kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf ;fwgsf] k|of]u tyf :jf:Yo ;Nnfx
gug{glng] ubf{ /x]5g\ . To;}n] klg hg;n\Vof a9\g uPsf]
/x]5 .
$= sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt M cfly{s l:ylt sdhf]/ ePsfn] cfo cfh{gsf nflu ;Gtfg
cfjZos 7fGg] k|j[lTt klg cem} /x]5 ];sfnsf] ;xf/f 7fg]/ klg ;Gtfg hGdfpg
. a9 rng /x]5 .
%= ;fdflhs tyf wfld{s dNo dfGotf M tkfO{+sf] lhNnfdf 5f]/LnfO{ ;fg}df ljjfx ul/lbP
k0o ldN5 eg]/ ;fg} pd]/df ljjfx ug]{ k|rng cem} x/fPsf] /x]g5 . o;n]
ubf w/] } aRrf hGdfpg] u/sf] kfOof] . To:t} hGd lgoGq0f ug{' tyf kl/jf/ lgofhg ug{'
cflb sfo{
wdlj? 7fGg] lTt klg . To;n] klg hg;nVof a9fpg k¥ofPsf] /x5 .
bw kj /x5 ;xofu
^= ul/aL / k5f}6]kg M u|fdL0f tyf ;x/L If]qdf ul/aL Pjd\ k5f}6]kgn] ubf{ klg hg;nVof
Joj:yfkg ug{ g;lsPsf] kfOof]
. ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &
160
&= ljsf;sf] k|ltkmnsf] c;Gt'lnt ljt/0f M lhNnfsf] ;du| ljsf; gxg' /
of]hgfabw
ljsf;sf] kltkmn ;a} hgtfdf ;dlrt ¿kdf ljt/0f g;ssf] / . o;n] ubf{ ul/aL
xg x5
/ k5f}6]kg a9 uPsf] /x]5 . o;sf] kefj| hg;n\Vof j[blwdf kg{ uPsf] kfOof] .
o;/L tkfO{sf] lhNnfdf hg;nVof tLj| ¿kdf a9b} uPsf] cj:yf /x5] . ;dod} ;xL
¿kdf
hg;nVof j[blwnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug{ g;Sbf lrtjg lhNnfdf hg;nVof tLj| j[blwaf6 kg
c;/af/] hfgsf/L lbO{ ;r]t u/fpg rfxG5f“ M
R= vtLofUo hldg hlt ;a} j:tLdf ] 5 . o;n] ubf{ vfbofGgsf] cefj ] 5 .
kl/0ft xg xg
@= jftfj/0f k|bif0f eO{ ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]uJoflwn] k|fs[lts k|sf]k cfpg] 5g\ .
#= jg, kfgLsf ;|f]t, hldgsf] cj:yf h:tf k|fs[lts ;Dkbfsf] ljgfz x'g] 5 . jgdf
cfunfuL sf7 bfp/f rf/L cltjmd0f ] / jGohGtsf] l;sf/ ] 5 .
xg, xg, xg cjw xg
$= k|bif0f / kmf]xf]/ a9g] 5 . o;n] ubf{ dfgjsf] :jf:Yodf kToIf| c;/ kg]{ 5 .
%= /f]uJoflw tyf dxfdf/L h:tf ;d:of a9g] 5g\ .
^= vfbofGgsf] cefj, /fhuf/Lsf] cefj eO{ rf/L, 8stL, n6kf6 h:tf 36gf ] 5g\ .
a9g &= To; lhNnfsf] k|efj l5d]sL lhNnf / b]zsf] cGo efudf klg kg{
hfg] 5 .
*= ljsf;sf sfodf o;sf] kToIf kefj kg{] 5 . o;n] ul/aL / kg a9b\ } hfg] 5 . ul/a
k5f6
/ wgLlarsf] b/L emg\ emg\ a9\g] 5 .
o:tf k|efjn] tkfO{sf] lhNnfdf Jofks c;Gtf]if km}ng hfG5 . t;y{ o; ;d:ofnfO{ ;dod
;dfwfg ug{ uxg cèoog u/L 9n\un] hg;nVof Joj:yfkg g{] blvG5 .
ofhgfabw ugk
sIff ;ftsf ;Dk0f{ ljbofyL
lj|mofsnfk
kf7df u/] ltdL a;sf] ufp“ jf 6fndf hg;nVofsf] l\ wsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
pNnv em“ jb
cèoog u/ / k|fKt cj:yf l6kf]6 u/L sIffdf cEof;
k:tt
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pTt/ b]pm M u/ .
-s_ tLj| hg;nVof j[blwsf sf/0fx¿ n]v .
-v_ clzIffn] hg;nVof a9fpg s;/L dbbt ub{5 < sf/0f :ki6 u/ .
-u_ wfld{s dNo dfGotfn] hg;nVof a9fpg ;xof]u ul//x]sf] 5 . k'li6 u/ .
-3_ ul/aL / k5f}6]kg klg hg;nVof j[blwsf] sf/0f xf] < cfÇgf] ljrf/ b]pm .
kf7 M # hg;nVof Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjg
a9bf] hg;nVofn] k|fs[lts ;|f]t, jftfj/0f / cGo k|f0fLlarsf] ;Gtng lauf5{ . o;n] xfd|f]
hLjgsf ljleGg cfjZostfx¿df k|ToIf k|efj kfb{5 . hg;nVof a9b} hfbf ;ft]| tyf
;fwgx¿sf] cfjZostf klg a9b} hfG5 . ;ft]| tyf ;fwgx¿sf] cefjdf xfdf]| hLjgnfO
rflxg] cfjZostfx¿ k/f xg ;Sbgg} \ . dflg;x¿n] vfbofGg, nTtfsk8f, cfjf;, :jf:Yo,
lzIff h:tf cfwf/e"t cfjZostfx¿sf] ne lsl;dn] ug{ kfpb“ gg\ . kmn:j¿k
;j; pkefu
hLjgsf] u0f:t/df x|f; cfp5 .
hg;nVof Joj:yfkg
hg;nVof Joj:yfkg eGgfn] k|fs[lts ;|f]tcg;f/ hg;nVofnfO{ ;xL ¿kn] ljt/0f ug{
sfonfO{ aemfp5 . hg;nVof kl/jtgzLn{ xG5 . To;n]} cfjZos ;fwg
;ftsf]| ] ;/If0f,+
;+jw{g tyf ubf{ hg;nVof l:yltnfO{ èofg lbgkg{] xG5 . olb } 7fpdf pknAw
af8kmf8 sg
;fwg ;f| tn] wfGg g;Sg] lsl;dn] hg;nVof jbl\ w ePsf] 5 eg] Toxf“ cefj / ;d:of l;hgf
lzIf0f ;emfj
hg;nVofsf] Joj:yfkg / u'0f:t/Lo hLjglarsf] cGt/;DaGw b]vfpg :yfgLo ;d'bfo jf
ljbofyL{sf 3/ kl/jf/sf] jf:tljs pbfx/0fsf] klg k|of]u ug{'xf];\ y
xG5 . Toxf“ snx, lx+;f, ef]sd/L h:tf ;d:ofx¿ v8f xG5g\ . To:tf] cj:yf
l;h{gf xg'gkfcf];\ / ePsf] ;fwg ;|f]tsf] ;d'lrt k|of]usf nflu ;dod} hg;n\
Vof Joj:yfkg
ug{kb{5 . To:t} } } cj:yfdf pknAw ;fwg / ;|f]t kl/rfng ug{ kof{Kt hgzlSt
sg s
g
pknAw ePg eg] To:tf] cj:yfdf hg;nVof lw klg hg;nVof Joj:yfkgcGtut
jb ug{
cfp5 . o;/L bzsf] ] ;fwg ;ft]| / hg;nVoflar cGofGofl>t]
;DaGw /xsf] ] xG5 .
u'0f:t/Lo hLjg
u'0f:t/nfO{ 7fp“, kl/j]z, b]z, ;docg';f/ kl/eflift ug{ ;lsG5 . dflg;sf] hLjg
u0f:t/oSt 5 jf eGg] s/f p;n] u/sf j:tx¿sf] u0f, kl/df0f / hLjg z}nLn]
5g kofu
lgwf/0f . JolStsf] cfDbfgL lw xb' f p;sf] hLjg :t/ dfly . t/ cflys
ub5 jb cflys p75
:t/ dfq dfly df hLjgsf] u0f:t/ l\ w eof] eGg . dflg;n] hLjg latfpgsf
p7b jb ;ls“bg
nflu p;nfO{ kfKt xg] cfjZos ;jf tyf ;ljwfx¿sf] u0f / kl/df0fsf cfwf/df hLjgsf
u0' f:t/ lgwf/0f ul/G5 .
kfl;nf] /f, :j:ys/ cfjf;, df};d nTtf sk8f, :t/oSt lzIff, ;ne :jf:Yo
vfgs cgsn
;jf, :jR5 lkpg] kfgL cflb u0f:t/ lgwf{/0fsf dVo cfwf/ \ . To:t} lgoldt t\ tyf
xg ljbo
;~rf/ ;jf, ;/Iff, cfo;f| t / dgf/~hgsf] kofun] klg dfgj hLjg u'0f:t/Lo agfp“5 .
jf:tjdf JolStn] k|fKt ul//xsf ;jfx¿ a9fpg ;lsPg / hg;nVofsf] jbl\ w b/ tLj|
x'
“b
uof] eg] dflg;n] u cfPsf ;jf tyf ;ljwfx¿sf] u0f Pjd\ kl/df0fdf sdL xb“'
kofu b{
hfG5 . o;af6 dflg;n] cfjZostfcg;f/ vfgs/f, cfjf;, nTtf sk8f, :jf:Yo ;jf, lzIff,
;ljwf cflb ko ug{ kf gg\ . o;/L dflg;n] cfkmgf] cfjZostf ;j;ne
;lhn;u fu pb
lsl;dn] ug{ gkfpbf hLjgsf] u0f:t/df sdL jf xf; cfp5 .
pkefu
lj|
mofsnfk
R= ltd|f] ;d'bfodf /x]sf k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] ;rL agfpm . k|fs[lts ;|f]t / ;fwg
cg;f/ ltd|f] j:tLsf] hg;nVof s:tf] xgknf{ < cfkmgf] wf/0ff sIffdf ;gfpm .
@= ltd|f] 6f]n l5d]sdf /x]sf dflg;sf] k];f, Joj;fo cflbsf af/]df l6kf]6 u/L ltgLx¿sf
hLjg u0f:t/Lo 5 ls 5}g < 5nkmn u/ .
cleefjs;u
cEof;
tnsf k|Zgsf] 5f]6f] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ hg;nVof Joj:yfkg eg]sf] s] xf] < h?/L 5, o; egfOnfO{ kli6 u/ .
-v_ ljsf;sf nflu hg;nVof Joj:yfkg
xg'
-u_ hLjgsf] u0f:t/ s]nfO{ elgG5 <
-3_ hLjgsf] u0f:t/df s;/L x|f; cfp5 <

kf7 $ hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf pkfo
gkfnsf] ;Gbedf hg;nVof jb[ lw b/ lgoGq0f ug{ g} hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf] klxnf] sfd
xf] . ;fy} a;fO“ ;/fOnfO{ plrt 9nun] Jojl:yt of]hgfx¿ th{df hg;nVof
ug{ ug{
Joj:yfkgcGtu k . o;sf nflu cfjZos pkfox¿sf] lgDgfg;f/ ul/G5 M
t b kdv j0fg
hGdfGt/ /fVg' 5
bO{ aRrf hlGdg] larsf] cjlwnfO{ hGdfGt/ elgG5 . xfd|f] b]zdf hGdfGt/ eGgfn] $÷%
jif{sf] km/s kf/L aRrf hGdfpgk5{ eGg] rng 5 . hGdfGt/ /fVbf aRrf hGdg] cjlw l9nf
xg uO{ hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf db\bt ldN5 .
pko'St pd]/df ljjfx / ue{wf/0f ug{'
ljjfx ug{] pkoSt pd]/ eGgfn] zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s ¿kdf ;an ePkl5
dfq ljjfx ug{ eGg] alemG5 . khgg| :jf:Yosf bli6sf0fn][ ] dlxnfsf nflu
ljjfxsf] ;xL
pd]/ @) jif{ / k?ifsf nflu @% jif{ dflgG5 . dlxnfsf nflu :j:y k|hgg pd]/ @) b]lv
#) jif{ dflgG5 . k?ifx¿sf] xsdf @% jif;Dd zf/Ll/s lw xG5 . ] dlxnfsf] pd/
jb To;n
@) jif{ / k?ifsf] @% jif{ kl5 ljjfx ug{' pTtd dflgG5 . t/ sL Pgn] cleefjssf
pd/ ku dn
cgdlt eP bjsf] R* jifsf] pd/df / cleefjssf] dGh/L geP @) jifdf ljjfx ug{ pkoSt
dfgsf] 5 . pkoSt pd/df kyd uewf/0f ugfn] lgDgfg;f/sf kmfObfx¿ kU5g\ M
-s_ zf/Ll/s Pjd\ dfgl;s ¿kn] :j:y / x[i6k'i6 lzz' hlGdG5 .
-v_ ue{ tlxg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 / cfdfsf] :jf:Yodf k|lts"n c;/ kg]{ }g .
l:ylt xb
-u_ aRrf hlGdbf cfdfnfO{ sd vt/f xG5 .
pkoSt pd]/df ljjfx ugf{n] cfdfafan] cfkmgf] / aRrfsf] :jf:Yo /fdf]| /fVg lzIff tyf
cfocfh{g ug{] l;k l;Sg] df}sf kfp5g\ . o;/L /f]huf/ kfO{ jf Joj;fo u/L cfDbfgL a9fpg
;lsG5 / efjL ;Gtfgsf] lzIffbLIffsf nflu k};f art ug{ ;lsG5 . pkoSt pd]/df ljjfx
/ ue{wf/0f ugf{n] hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf ;xof]u kU5 .
dlxnfnfO{ lzIffsf] cj;/ lbg'
hgu0fgf @)^* cg;f/ g]kfndf cfwfeGbf a9L hg;nVof dlxnfx¿sf] 5 . t/ klg zl} Ifs,
/fhgLlts cj;/sf] pkofu tyf :jf:Yo ;jf pkefudf gkfnL dlxnfx¿ k5fl8 5g\ .
lzIf0f ;emfj
hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf pkfosf ;rL jf cGo lrq, kf]:6/ cflbsf] k|of]u ub{} 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
g]kfnL dlxnfsf] ;fIf/tf k|ltzt sd 5 . afn ljjfx, ax' ljjfx, clzIff, wfld{s tyf
;fdflhs aGwg h:tf ;d:ofaf6 cem} klg w]/} h;f] dlxnfx¿ kLl8t 5g\ . ctM
dlxnfsf] z}lIfs :t/ psf:g h?/L 5 . dlxnf lzlIft ePdf pgLx¿sf] k|hgg
:jf:Yo, ;fdflhs lj|mofsnfk, /fhgLlts lj|mofsnfk tyf cGo s'g} sfo{sf] lg0f{o
ug]{ s'/fdf To;sf k|efj k5{ .
n}nlus ;dfgtf sfod ug{'
dlxnf / k?iflar ;dfg xs tyf clwsf/ xG5 . bj} lnnuklt ;dfg wf/0ff /fVg' / Jojxf/
ug{ g} l\ us ;dfgtf xf] . 3/ kl/jf/df klt / kTgLlar cfk;L ;dGjoaf6 dfq ;vL
nn
kl/jf/sf] :yfkgf xG5 . gkfnsf] ;Gbedf Ifqdf l\ us ebefj ug{] rng cfh;Dd klg
kTos nn
oyfjt\ 5 . o;y{ l\ us ;dfgtfdf lbg ;Sof} eg] aRrf hGdfpg] s/fdf klg nfUg] tyf
nn hf8
:jf:gLlar /fd/L 5nkmn eO{ ;dembf/Ldf lg0fo lng] jftfj/0f l;hgf xG5 . o;n] ubf
kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] / ;vL agfpg] sfodf klt tyf kTgLlarsf] kf/:kl/s ;dfgtfn]
dxTTjk0f{ :yfg kfp5 .
lj|mofsnfk
R= ltdLnfO{ yfxf ePsf hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf pkfox¿sf af/]df 5nkmn u/
;fyL;u
/ pkfox¿ ;nsng u/L sIffdf ;gfpm .
@= ltd|f] sIffsf ;fyLx¿;“u 5nkmn u/L dlxnfnfO{ ;zStLs/0f ug{ s] s] ugknf{ < abf
l6kf]6 u/L lzIfsnfO{ fpm .
;g
cEof;
!= tnsf k|Zgsf] pTt/ b]pm M
-s_ hGdfGt/n] hg;nVof Joj:yfkgnfO{ s;/L ;xof]u k¥ofp5“<
-v_ pko'St pd]/df ljjfx gubf{ hg;nVofdf s:tf] c;/ k5{ <
-u_ pkoSt pd]/df k|yd ue{wf/0f ubf{ xg] kmfObfx¿ nv] .
-3_ ‘n}nlus ;dfgtfn] hg;nVof Joj:yfkg u5{’ . of] egfOnfO{ kli6 u/ .
@= l7s jf a]l7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ k|hhg :jf:Yosf b[li6sf]0fn] ljjfxsf nflu dlxnfsf] pko'St pd]/ @)
jif{ xf] .
-v_ sd pd]/df aRrf hGdfpbf cfdfnfO{ sd vt/f xG5 .
-u_ g]kfndf dlxnf / k?ifsf] hg;nVof a/fa/ /x]sf] 5 .
-3_ dlxnfnfO{ bfOhf]eGbf lzIff lbgk5{ .
kf7 M % u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfo
hLjg u0f:t/Lo agfpg :j:y z/L/, nfdf] lzIffsf] cj;/ tyf /fhuf/Lsf] cj;/ ' h?/L
cfo, xg
5 . ;fy} u0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu hLjg wfGg kUg] cfDbfgL, dfgj clwsf/sf] pkef]u,
b}jL k|sf]kaf6 ;'/Iff, /d0fLo jftfj/0f / zflGt h:tf kIfx¿sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .
u0f:t/Lo hLjgsf nflu cfjZos kg]{ ljleGg tTTjdèo] s]xL dVo tTTjx¿ tn
lbOPsf 5g\ M
-s_ :jf:Yo
:jf:Yo ;]jf dflg;sf] klxnf] cfjZostf xf] . x/]s JolStn] cfkm\gf] hLjg ;'vdo
agfpg klxn] pm cfkm}“ :j:y x'g'kb{5 . ;fy} kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:ox¿ :j:y x'g h?/L 5
. ;dfh / b]z ljsf;df :j:y JolStx¿n] cfjZos of]ubfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . u'0f:t/Lo
hLjgsf nflu :jf:YonfO{ Ps dxTTjk"0f{ tTTj dflgG5 . To;}n] kl/jf/sf ;b:osf]
;':jf:Yosf nflu lgDg lnlvt s'/fdf èofg k'¥ofpg'k5{ M
– :jf:Yo ;DaGwL cfjZos 1fg
— JolSt tyf kl/jf/sf] ;/;kmfO
— 3/ j/k/sf] ;/;kmfO
— ;kmf / ;/lIft vfg]kfgLsf] Joj:yf
— ;fgf] kl/jf/
— /f]ulj?bw ;O{ tyf vf]k /
— lgoldt :jf:Yo k/LIf0f tyf cfjZos pkrf/
-v_ lzIff
lzIff 1fg / lj1fgsf] ;|f]t xf] . lzIffn] g} dflg;df r]tgf a9fp“5 . o;n]
hLjgnfO{u'0f:t/Lo agfpg ;xof]u ub{5 . o;n] dflg;sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] :t/df
;d]t ;'wf/
Nofp . :t/Lo lzIff xfl;n u/sf JolStx¿n] /fhuf/L kfKt \ / cfDbfgL
5 ;lhnf;u u5g
a9\5 . o;af6 kl/jf/sf cfwf/e"t cfjZostf / rfxgf k'/f ug{ ;lhnf] x'G5 .
-u_ kfif0f
u'0f:t/Lo hLjgsf cfjZos tTTjdèo] kf]if0f klg Ps xf] . kf]l;nf] vfgfn] dflg;sf]
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s tyf af}b\lws ljsf;df ;xof]u k'¥ofp“5 . z/L/sf]
cfjZostfcg';f/ zlSt lbg], ljsf; ug]{ / /Iff ug]{ vfgfsf] sdLn] dflg;x¿
s'kf]lift x'G5g\ . k|To]s JolStn] u'0f:t/Lo hLjg latfpg kf]l;nf] / ;Gt'lnt
vfg]s'/f vfg'k5{ .
lzIf0f ;emfj
:yfgLo kl/j]zcg';f/ u'0f:t/Lo hLjg latfpg] pkfosf af/]df ljbofyL{lar 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
-3_ /f]huf/L
kl/jf/sf] hLjg :t/ psf:g cfDbfgL /fd|f] x'g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿n]
ljleGg sfd u/L cfDbfgL ug{ ;Sg'kb{5 . kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿sf] /f]huf/Ln]] hLjg ;'vL
/ ;Gtf]ifk|b aG5 .
-n_ ;fgf] cfsf/sf] kl/jf/
;fgf] kl/jf/sf] hLjg 7'nf] kl/jf/sf] bf“hf]df a9L u'0f:t/Lo x'G5 . k|To]s
kl/jf/n]kl/jf/sf] cfsf/ ;fgf] agfpg] k|of; ugf{n] hg;nVof Joj:yfkgsf ;fy}
hLjgsf]u'0f:t/ ;'wfg{;d]t ;xof]u k'U5 .
-r_ k|hgg tyf of}g lzIff
k|hgg tyf of}g lzIffsf] 1fgn] k|hgg tyf of}g /f]u ;DaGwL ljleGg
;d:ofx¿ klxrfg ug{, hLjgnfO{ v;L tyf ;vL tNofpg, dfgl;s / ;+j]ufTds
tgfj sd ug{ dbbt ub{5 . ;fy} c;n kfl/jfl/s hLjg kbwltsf nflu cfjZos
cGo 1fg tyf l;k klg lbg] x'“bf dflg;sf] hLjgdf u'0f:t/ psf:g ;3fp k'¥ofp“5
.
plNnlvt tTTjx¿sf cfwf/df u0f:t/Lo hLjgsf pkfox¿nfO{ lgDgfg;f/ abfut
¿kdf k|:tt ug{ ;lsG5 M
R= :jf:Yo ;]jfsf] ;j{;netf / pkof]u
ug{'@= :t/Lo lzIff xfl;n ug{'
#= ;Gtlnt ef]hgsf] k|r/tf / lgoldt k|of]u ug{'
$= cfjf;, ;~rf/ nufotsf ;ljwfsf] Joj:yf ug{'
%= kmf]xf]/d}nfsf] plrt Joj:yfkg ug{'
^= /f]huf/L l;h{gf ug{'
&= jftfj/0fLo ;Gtng tyf :jR5tf sfod ug{'
*= l;kdns / cfodns sfo{j|mdsf] Joj:yf ug{'
(= k|hgg tyf of}g /f]u ;DaGwL ljleGg ;d:ofx¿ klxrfg u/L ;dfwfg ug{ .
lj|mofsnfk
ltd|f] 6f]nl5d]sdf /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] hLjg u0f:t/Lo agfpg s] s] ug{knf{ <
;fyLx¿;u 5nkmn u/ / 5nkmnsf] lgisif{ cleefjsnfO{ ;gfpm .
cEof;
-s_ u0f:t/Lo hLjgsf cfwf/et tTTjx¿ s] s] xg\ <
-v_ lzIffn] hLjgnfO{ u0f:t/Lo agfpg s:tf] eldsf v]N5 <
-u_ kf}li6s tTTjsf] cefjn] u0f:t/Lo hLjgdf s:tf] c;/ u5{ <
kf7 M ^ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff
;'Gb/k/'ufp“ klxn] / clxn]
klxn] clxn]
;'Gb/k'/ ufp“sf dflg;x¿ ;fg} ;G' b/k/' ufps“ f afl;Gbfx¿sf]
pd]/df ljjfx uy]{ . o; sf/0f pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/ kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 .
afnaRrf klg ;fg} pd] / df hlGdGy] pgLx¿sf]
. pgLx¿ /xg;xg ablnPsf] 5 . Toxfsf dflg;sf]
;GtfgnfO{ O{Zj/sf j/bfg ;DemGy] . k|hgg Jojxf/df klg w]/} kl/jt{g
;a}n] w/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf /fVby] . w]/} cfPsf]5 . ljjfx ug{] pd]/ a9\b} uPsf]
dflg;x¿ clzlIft lyP . pgLx¿nfO{ k| 5 . ljjfxkZrft\ kfl/jfl/s of]hgf
hgg :jf:Yo, ue{ lg/f]w, ;Ts]/L cj:yf / agfPkl5 dfq aRrf hGdfpg ;' ?
lzzsf] x]/rfx u5{ g \ . cfjZostfcg;' f/ :yfoL /
;DaGwL hfgsf/L lyPg . pgLx¿ hGd c:yfoL kl/jf/ lgof]hgsf pkfo
lg/f]wsf ;fwgx¿ k|of]u ub{}gy] . ckgfp5g\ . ;rgf tyf
b'O{aRrfsf] hGdfGt/ sd lyof] . ue{jtL ;~rf/sf ljleGg ;fwgx¿af6 k|hgg
/ ;DaGwL ;rgf / hfgsf/L k|;f/0f
;Ts]/L dlxnfsf] x]/rfx /fd|f];u“ xb“' xg' ]u/]sf 5g\ . pgLx¿sf] cfly{s
}gYof] . ul/aLn] ubf{ bMv, si6 / snx cj:yfdf
a9b\ } uPsf] lyof] . afn d[To' b/ ;wf/ xb“' } uPsf] 5 . ;a} 3/
lbgk|ltlbg al9/x]sf]lyof] . kl/jf/df ;v'tyf zflGt 5fPsf] 5 .
k|To]s bDktL tyf JolStnfO{ slt ;nVofdf aRrf hGdfpg], slt hGdfGt/df kfpg], sg'
;dodf kfpg] eGg] s/fsf] lg0f{o ug{] clwsf/ xG5 . tL lg0f{o lng cfjZos hfgsf/L lbg
;~rf/nufotsf dfèodaf/] k|lzlIft xg] clwsf/ ;anfO} { xG5 . ofg} tyf khgg|
cflbdf klg
k0f{ :j:ytf k|fKt ug] clwsf/ ;asf} ] xG5 . oL ljifo Ifq] ;dl6Psf] ]
lzIffnfO{ kfl/jfl/s
hLjg lzIff elgG5 . kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffleq kl/jf/ of]hgf, ;/lIft dft[Tj,
gjhft lzz' tyf afn :jf:Yo x]/rfx h:tf If]qx¿ kb{5g\ . o;sf nflu kl/jf/sf] cfDbfgL
tyf cGo
;|f]tx¿sf] Joj:yfkg / kl/rfng xg h?/L 5 . o;/L ul/Psf] Joj:yfkgaf6 kl/jf/sf
;b:ox¿nfO{ ;vL hLjgofkg ug{ ;xof]u kU5 .
lzIf0f ;emfj
:yfgLo kl/j]zcg';f/sf] pko'St kfl/jfl/s hLjg latfpg] pbfx/0f lbO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjgsf] dxTTj
:ki6 kfg{'xf];\ y
k|foM ;a} JolSt eljiodf aafcfdf aG5g\ . ctM sg ;dodf ljjfx ubf{ jf cfdfaaf aGbf
zf/Ll/s, dfgl;s, ;fdflhs / cfly{s cj:yf pkoSt xG5 egL lg0f{o ;a}n] ug{k5{ . x/]s
JolStn] afnsb]lv j[bw cj:yf;Dd kf/ u5g\{ . ljleGg ;dodf pgLx¿df zf/Ll/s /
dfgl;s kl/jt{gx¿ b]vf kg{ yfN5g\ . o; cj:yfdf kl/jf/sf] ;Nnfx / ;xof]u cfjZostf
kb{5 . o;n] pgLx¿sf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df kl/jt{g Nofp5 . ;du| kl/jf/sf] cflys{ /
;fdflhs ljsf; . ;fy} kfl/jfl/s zflGtn] :yfloTj kfp“5 .
u/fp5 ;
;dfhsf] ljsf;;u} hg;nVofsf] jbl[ w tLj| ¿kn] eO/xsf] ] 5 . To;sf/0f cfÇgf
;Gtfgsf]
lzIff, :jf:Yo, dgf]/~hg / cGo cfjZostf k/f ug{ w]/} vr{ ug{kg{] xG5 . o;n] ubf{ w]/}
;GtfgnfO{ cleefjsTj k|bfg ug{ sl7g xG5 . w]/} ;Gtfg hGdfpgfn] cfdf / aRrf bj}sf
:jf:Yodf gsf/fTds c;/ kg{ ;S5 . o;y{ ;a}n] kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffaf/] hfgsf/L lng
cfjZos 5 . o;n] afn d[To' b/ 36\5 . hGdfGt/ /fVg] bDktLsf] ;n\Vof a9\5 . ;fy}
b'O{
;Gtfg ePkl5 :yfoL aGèofs/0f ug{]x¿sf] ;n\Vof a9\5 . dflg;sf] hLjg :t/df
;'wf/ x'G5 .
ljmofsnfk
R= plNnlvt 36gf j|md cèoog u/L kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffaf/] 5nkmn u/ .
@= kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxTTjaf/] ;fyL;u cGt/ljmof| u/ .
#= sIffsf ;a} ;fyLx¿sf] rf/ ;dx agfO{ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] kl/ro, dxTTj /
cfjZostf emNsg] kf]:6/, tflnsf jf ;dfrf/ agfO{ ljbofno / 6f]n l5d]sdf 6f; .
$= ltd|f] ufpsf] klxn] / clxn]sf] kfl/jfl/s hLjg cj:yfsf af/]df Ho]i7 ;f]wL
gful/s;u kfl/jfl/s hLjg lgdf{0fdf cfPsf ;wf/ j|mdsf] ;rL agfpm .
cEof;
-s_ ;Gb/k/ ufpdf klxn] / clxndf] s] leGgtf kfOG5 <
-v_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIff eg]sf] s] xf] <
-u_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffleq s] s:tf If]qx¿ kb{5g\ <
-3_ kfl/jfl/s hLjg lzIffsf] dxTTj atfpm .
-n_ ;Gb/k/ ufpsf] 36gf jmdaf6|ltdLn] s] lzIff kfof} <
;fdbflos sfo{
ltd|f] ;dbfosf dflg;dèo] w]/} ;Gtfgsf] / yf]/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf ug]sf] ;nVof
rfxgf ug]
slt 5 < l6kf]6 u/ . pgLx¿n] w]/} jf yf]/} ;nVofdf ;Gtfg hGdfpg] rfxgf /fVg'sf
sf/0fx¿ tn pNn]v u/L sIffdf k|:tt u/ .
w]/} ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf /fVgsf sf/0f yf/] } ;Gtfgsf] rfxgf /fVgsf sf/0f
kf7 M & hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf ;nUg ljleGg
lgsfosf] eldsf
hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf /fli6o :t/sf lgsfosf] 7nf] eldsf

/xG5 . o; lsl;dsf lgsfoaf6 bzsf ;a} 7fpdf sfojmd
;~rfng ug{ ;lsG5 . w/} dflg;n] o;af6 ;xof]u
kfp5g\ . lzIff dGqfno, :jf:Yo tyf hg;nVof dGqfno,
:sfp6, /8jm;, c:ktfn tyf :jf:Yo lSnlgs h:tf
;:yfx¿af6 hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf dxTTjk0f{ sfo{ xb“
cfPsf] 5 . tL ;:yfx¿dèo] ;:yfn] u/sf
kd| v lgDgfg;f/ 5g\ M sfo
/]8j|m;sf] k|tLs lrx\g
:jf:Yo tyf hg;nVof dGqfno
:jf:Yo tyf hg;nVof ;DaGwL sfo{ ugsf nflu :jf:Yo tyf hg;nVof dGqfnosf] u7g
ul/Psf] 5 . o;n] tM :jf:Yo tyf of; ;DalGwt ljifodf gLlt lgdf0{ f u/L
dn hg;nV u
sfo m| d ;~rfng u5{ . hg;n of Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{jm| d ;~rfng ug{]
j o:t, V
lgsfox¿lar ;dGjo tyf cg'udg u/L ofn g klg ub5 .
dN s
hg;nVof lzIff md
sfoj f] hg;nV\ of Joj:yfkg ug{ k¥' . o;af6 hg;nV\ ofaf/]
hg;nV\ of lzIffn] ;xofu ofp5
a9b\
hgrtgf hufpg ;lsG5 . hg;nVof lzIff sfo{jmd cfkrfl/s / cgf}krfl/s u/L
bO ksf/n] sfofGjog ePsf] 5 .
hg;nVof lzIff kl/ofhgf
lzIff dGqfnoaf6 o=Pg=Pkm=kL=P=sf] ;xof / :sfsf] kfljlws ;xofudf ;g\
cflys u og
R(*) blv hg;nVof lzIff md ;~rfng eO/xsf] 5 . hg;nVof lzIff mdnfO
sfoj sfoj
kefjsf/L agfpg / ;dGjo ugsf nflu lzIff dGqfnodf hg;nVof lzIff ;dGjostfsf
sfofnoaf6 hg;nVof Joj:yfkg ;DaGwdf bft[ ;:yf tyf gkfn ;/sf/;u ;dGjo
u/L md f cgudg tyf dNofnsg Pjd\ cGo ljljw sfo{ } cfPsf] 5 .
sfoj thd ug,{ xb“
lzIf0f ;emfj
ljleGg lgsfo tyf
;+:yfn] u/]sf sfo{x¿sf] ;rL agfO{ 5nkmn u/fpg'xf];\ y
;n3
cgfkrfl/s hg;nVof lzIff sfojm| d
cgfk rfl/s hg;nV\ of lzIff m| kf , f, tyf dlxnfx¿nfO{ hg;nVof
sfoj dcGtu | o dhb/
t 9 j
;DaGwL rtgf hufOG5 . ;fgf] kl/jf/ ;vL kl/jf/sf] efjgf hufpg] pbbZon] hg;nVof
lzIffsf sfojmd ;~rfng ul/G5g\ .
lj=;= @)#* ;fnbl] v of lzIffnfO{ ljleGg rfl/s m| ddf u/sf]
hg;nV cgfk sfoj PsLst
5 . o; m| dn] fno guPsf f tyf nfO{ hg;n ofsf] l:yltaf/] l;sfp5 .
sfoj ljbo oj kf| 9 V
a9bf] hg;nVofaf6 hLjg :t/df kfg{] c;/af/] pgLx¿df rtgf hufp5 . o;n] pgLx¿nfO
hg;nVof ;DaGwL ;d:ofx¿sf] 1fg u/fp5 . pgLx¿sf] cfkmgf] wf/0ff / Jojxf/df
kl/ Nofpg o;af6 t kU' 5 . ;fy} >d ljefu, ;xsf/L ljefu, 3/]n' tyf ;fgf
jtg dbb
pbofu ljefu, :yfgLo ljsf; kl| zIf0f kl| fn kl/jf/ g ; , gkfn
ti7fg, gk lgofh n3
:sfp6, /8jm; h:tf ;:yf tyf lgsfon] klg cfcfkmgf md ;u } hg;nVof
sfoj ;u
Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL sfo{jm| dnfO{ PsLst ¿kdf ;~rfng u/sf]] kfOG5 .
lj|mofsnfk
R= cfÇgf] / Onfsfsf] of Joj:yfkgdf ePsf f] L u/ / sIffdf
Ifq hg;nV sfos vfh
k:tt u/ .
@= hg;nVof lwsf sf/0f cfÇgf] tyf 5/l5d]sdf pTkGg ] ;d:of ;dfwfgsf
jb 6fn xg
nflu ltdL s;/L k¥ofp5f} <
;xofu
cEof;
-s_ hg;nVof Joj:yfkg ;DaGwL gLlt lgdf0f, cgudg, dNofnsg s;n] ub5 <
-v_ hg;nV
of Joj:yfkgdf of lzIff kl/ofh gfsf] el" dsf s:tf] /xs f] 5 <
hg;nV
-u_ kf7ojmd ljsf; ] hg;nVof Joj:yfkgdf k¥ofPsf] ofubfg ltg fdf nv .
sGbn ab
-3_ of Joj:yfkgdf Ug / lgsfo tyf ;:+ L agfpm .
hg;nV ;n fli6o ;n3 yfsf] ;r
;fd'bflos sfo{
ljZjsf sltko bzdf hg;nVof } uPsfn] bzsf] ljsf;df kToIf kefj k/L cGo
36b
b]zaf6 hgzlSt nusf] kfOG5 . xfdf| ] bzaf6 ljbzdf w/} dflg; uPsf 5g\ . xfdf]| bzsf
hgzlSt gkfnd} ga;L lsg labl;Psf] xfnf < sf/0f vfhL sIffdf 5nkmn u/ .

k'g/fjnf]sg cEof;
!= l7s jf a]l7s 5'6ofpm M
-s_ ;:t ultdf ePsf] hg;n\Vofsf] j[blw tLj| hg;nVof j[blw xf] .
-v_ j}1flgs tl/sfsf] hgu0fgf ePg eg] ;xL hg;n\Vof yfxf gx'g
;S5 .
-u_ lj=;+= R((* df k|jf;L g]kfnLx¿ :jb]z kmls{P .
-3_ g]kfnaf6 cGo b]zdf a;fO“ ;g{] k|lj|mof pTk|jf; xf] .
-n_ @)^* ;fnsf] hgu0fgfn] hg;nVofsf] tLj| j[blw b/ b]vfp5“ .
@= hf]8f ldnfpm M
;d:of ;dfwfgsf pkfo
r]tgfsf] sdL ljsf;sf ;ljwf a9fpg
s/Llt / cGwljZjf; lzIffsf] Joj:yf ug{
ul/aL / k5f}6]kg cfo cfh{g Ifdtf a9fpg
pRr a;fO“ ;/fO r]tgfdns sfojmd|{ ;~rfng ug{
sdhf]/ cfly{s l:ylt ljsf;sf] k|ltkmn ljt/0fdf ;dfgtf
#= lj|mofsnfk
-s_ ltd|f] ;dbfodf vfbofGg, cfjf; / :jf:Yo ;ljwfsf] cj:yf s:tf] 5 <
df}hbf cj:yf, ;'wf/ ug'{kg]{ kIf, To;sf sf/0f, r'gf}tL / pkfo ;d]6L
k|ltj]bg tof/ u/ .
-v_ ltdL slxn]b]lv ljjfx of]Uo xG5f} < ltdLn] cfkmgf] hLjg ;vL agfpg
ljjfx ug{], ;Gtfg hGdfpg], hflu/ jf k];f ug{] af/]df s:tf] of]hgf agfPsf
5f} <
;fyLx¿lar cfcfkm\gf] efjL hLjgsf] of]hgfsf af/]df v'nf ¿kdf
5nkmn u/ .

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सामािजक अध््य ] जयसस्ा

k|yd ;+:s/0f M lj=;+= @)&!

kf7oj|md ljsf; s]Gb|sf] lnlvt :jLs[ltlagf Jofkfl/s k|of]hgsf nflu o;sf]

jī=;= zLifs{ ki ;ªVof

cfbz{ ;fdbflos ljbof dlGb/

— ukmf, cf8f/df ;;fgf] ;dxdf a;f]af;

o; kf7df xfdLn] ;fdflhsLs/0fsf af/]df 5nkmn ug{ 5f“} .

;fdflhsLs eP gePsf] ofpg ;fdflhsLs/0fsf ljz]iftf klg yfxf kfpg cfjZos

6 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

JolStnfO{ ;fdflhs xg ;xofu] k¥ofpg] Jojxf/, rfnrng /

ljsf;df hgtfsf] ;xeflutf clgjfo{ dflgG5 . ljsf;

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 11

>L lhNnf ljsf; ;ldltsf] sfof{no

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 13

xfd|f] b]zdf lxGb, afbw} , O:nfd, ls/ft, hg, l;v,

Pp6f lglZrt Ifqleq a;faf; ug{] JolStx¿sf] ;dxnfO

tnsf] tflnsfsf af/df sIffdf ;fdlxs 5nkmn u/M

24 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

k/Dk/fblv rlncfPsf] Jojxf/, rfnrng, krng, /Lltlyltsf] ;dli6 ¿k /Lltl/jfh xf]

26 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

nfs hLjgdf Jojxf/df cfPsf] ;:slt

28 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 29

hg/n u]x]Gb|;d;]/sf] hGd lj= ;+= R(@* sf] kf}if

#= ltd|f] ;dbfodf sg sg wd{ dfGg] dflg;x¿sf] a;faf;] 5, kTtf nufpm . wflds{

-/ftsf] RR alh;s]sf] 5 . lgb|f nfu]sf] 5}g, kfgdfof lgbfpg an pgsf] dgdf

40 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

R= ljleGg klqsfdf k|sflzt dfgj a]rlavg;u ;DalGwt ;dfrf/x¿ ;nsng u/L

kl/jf/ tyf 5/l5d]sdf åGå

tnsf] 36gf cWoog u/ M

xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df /fHosf cfwf/e"t Gofokflnsf

56 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

df3 R ut], cfh gkfnsf] cGtl/d

xfdLn] cl3Nnf] kf7df afn clwsf/sf]

76 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 77

lxdfnL k|b]z kxf8L k|b]z t/fO{ k|b]z

g]kfn ;fgf] 5 t/ of] cfkm}“df ljljwtfn] el/Psf] ljzfn 5 . g]kfnsf] ljljwtfnfO

o/f]k dxfb]z k[YjLsf] pTt/L uf]nfw{df

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 85

c:6]lnof dxfbz blÔ0fL

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 87

efO alxgLx¿, cl3Nnf] kf7df dgf,

90 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

ljkt\ Joj:yfkg / {;fjwfgLsf af/]df wd{Gb| emfn] u/]sf] ljrf/ o; k|sf/ 5 M

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 99

b]zdf ljbodfg /fhgLlts cj:yfn] ;fdflhs ;/rgfdf k|efj kf/]sf] xG5 .

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 105

kbdfbo df= lj=,

efOalxgLx¿ ¤ gS;fdf lbOPsf] sg bz] xf] < gS;f

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 109

d];f]kf]6fldofsf] ;Eotfaf/] lzIfs bfh{ nfdf /

110 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

jg M g]kfnsf] e"w/ftndf ljljwtf 5

hglxt dfèolds ljbofno d:tfnsf ljb\ofyL{x¿ gkfnsf] ] cf}bof]lus ljsf;sf af/]df

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 119

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 121

124 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;fs{ ultljlw M Ps emns

126 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

/fhsf bfh' ;fs{ ;lrjfnodf sfd ug{xG5 . bfh' 3/df cfPsf

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 129

134 ;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff &

;fdflhs cWoog / hg;n\Vof lzIff, sIff & 135