Test Bank for Invitation to the Life Span 3rd Edition Berger

1319015883 9781319015886
Full download link at:

Test bank: https://testbankpack.com/p/test-bank-for-invitation-to-the-life-span-3rd-edition-berger-

1319015883-9781319015886/

1. Vivian is less than a day old. Which of the following emotions is already apparent?
A) social smile
B) pain
C) embarrassed crying
D) fear of strangers

2. Which behavior develops around 6 weeks of age?

A) anger
B) laughter
C) fear of unexpected sounds
D) the social smile

3. Lin is a 3-month-old infant. Which of the following is he likely to have just recently
begun displaying?
A) social smile
B) laughter
C) sadness
D) fear

4. At 6 weeks of age, baby Jessica's newest emotional reaction is MOST likely to be

_____.
A) fear of strangers
B) a wide-eyed look of surprise
C) a social smile
D) a squeal of delight at her favorite toy

5. An infant's anger is usually triggered by _____.

A) sadness
B) fear
C) frustration
D) shame

Page 1
 6. Genji participated in a research study when he was an infant, during which the
researcher restrained his arms for two minutes. Which emotion did Genji likely
experience?
A) sadness
B) fear
C) anger
D) shame

7. Maxwell has recently begun to display the emotion of anger. How old is Maxwell likely
to be?
A) 6 weeks
B) 2 months
C) 6 months
D) 10 months

8. Usually, stranger wariness is first noticeable at _____ months.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 9
D) 12

9. When a baby acts upset because a caregiver is about to leave, the baby is exhibiting
_____.
A) general anxiety
B) separation anxiety
C) solitary fear
D) fear of isolation

10. When baby Lia met her uncle's big dog for the first time, she cried and tried to move
away from the dog. Lia is most likely _____.
A) a newborn
B) 3 months old
C) 6 months old
D) 9 months old

11. An infant's distress at seeing an unfamiliar person is called _____.

A) stranger wariness
B) extrafamilial fear
C) fear of the unknown
D) separation anxiety

Page 2
12. Four-month-old Sylvia and 13-month-old Lizzy are left with a babysitter. How will they
react?
A) Sylvia will be more upset than Lizzy.
B) Lizzy will probably show more distress than Sylvia.
C) Both Sylvia and Lizzy will be experiencing separation anxiety.
D) Neither girl is likely to show distress.

13. Which statement is correct?

A) The social smile in response to another person first appears at about 12 weeks old.
B) Very young infants seem incapable of expressing distress and contentment.
C) A 5-month-old baby is likely to display fear of strangers and separation anxiety.
D) An 11-month-old girl may show anxiety when her mother goes into another room.

14. Malcolm is a 2-year-old boy who loves his “lellow-lee” (yellow blanket) and won't take
a nap without it. Malcolm's yellow blanket would be considered a(n) _____.
A) sign of separation anxiety
B) transitional object
C) imaginary friend
D) indication of attachment problems

15. Emotional reactions, especially those connected to self-awareness, depend in part on

_____.
A) self-recognition
B) self-control
C) memory
D) embarrassment

16. Which emotion seems to depend on the development of social awareness?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

17. Which of the following emotions is the last to develop in an infant?

A) fear of strangers
B) anger
C) pride
D) curiosity

Page 3
18. Which characteristics must be present before an infant can experience pride, shame, or
guilt?
A) social awareness
B) social skills
C) stranger anxiety
D) embarrassment

19. With social awareness comes several new emotions, including _____.
A) joy, distress, fear, and anger
B) pride, shame, embarrassment, and guilt
C) joy, fear, shame, and guilt
D) pride, shame, joy, and anger

20. The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a child first _____.
A) develop long-term memory skills
B) develop language to express those emotions
C) gain an awareness of other people
D) have experienced punishment

21. Which statement about emotional development in toddlers is true?

A) Toddlers will universally feel proud of themselves.
B) Emotions such as pride and humility depend on cultural values.
C) Toddlers are naturally humble.
D) Toddlers are no longer distressed when separated from their parents.

22. Researchers placed a dot of rouge on babies' noses and then had them look into a mirror.
On average, at what age did most babies touch their own noses when they saw their
reflection?
A) 3 months
B) 6 months
C) 9 months
D) 18 months

23. If we place a dot of rouge on a 20-month-old girl's nose and stand the child in front of a
mirror, she may then touch her own nose. This indicates that the child has some _____.
A) dynamic perception
B) perceptual constancy
C) social referencing
D) self-awareness

Page 4
24. Experience produces connections between _____ and emotions.
A) self-recognition
B) self-control
C) neurons
D) allocare

25. Research has found that a person's temperament is _____.

A) highly variable from one country to the next
B) determined almost entirely by parenting
C) linked to biological patterns that appear in infancy
D) created during early social interactions

26. The coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called _____.
A) psychosocialization
B) synchrony
C) symbiosis
D) interplay

27. The crucial aspect of synchrony is _____.

A) infants observing adults
B) infants imitating adults
C) mutual interaction
D) unilateral imitation

28. George's Dad comes home from grocery shopping, sees George sitting on the sofa, and
says, “Where's that boy of mine?” George gives his Dad a wide smile, and his Dad
responds with an exaggerated surprised look. This is an example of _____.
A) psychosocialization
B) symbiosis
C) polarization
D) synchrony

29. Synchrony depends on _____.

A) attention span
B) stable mood
C) responsiveness and timing
D) breast-feeding

Page 5
30. Andrew and Laura want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old son. They
can best do this by _____.
A) imitating his vocal and facial expressions
B) watching him imitate their mouth movements and smiles
C) listening to his vocalizations
D) including him in their conversations

31. In research on synchrony, mothers were instructed to interact with their infants by
copying their facial expressions, and then on cue to show no emotional reaction at all.
This procedure is called the _____.
A) facial mimicking technique
B) emotional expression technique
C) still-face technique
D) social response technique

32. Lawrence is playing with his infant daughter Rosalie. He responds to Rosalie's facial
expressions by mimicking and exaggerating the same expressions. All of a sudden,
Lawrence stops showing any emotion. How is Rosalie likely to respond?
A) Rosalie will probably frown, fuss, drool, or look away from her father.
B) Rosalie will be glad for the break and will probably fall asleep.
C) Rosalie will exaggerate her father's facial expression.
D) Rosalie will smile and coo even more to try to get her father to respond.

33. The lasting emotional bond that an infant forms with a caregiver is called _____.
A) pair-bonding
B) attachment
C) unionization
D) synchrony

34. Attachment in infants is definitely evident by the age of _____.

A) 6 months
B) 8 months
C) 10 months
D) 1 year

35. Proximity-seeking and contact-maintaining behaviors are displays of _____.

A) love
B) fear
C) attachment
D) friendliness

Page 6
36. Based on research, attachment appears to be _____.
A) based on cognitive theory
B) achieved only by adults
C) universal
D) only in Western cultures

37. Which scenario portrays a secure attachment?

A) a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver
B) a child refusing to let other children play with his toys
C) a child clinging to her mother in a new environment
D) a child mimicking his mother's expressions in a familiar environment

38. Baby Abby's Father is holding her. She is smiling at him one minute and then,
unexpectedly, she slaps his face. Because this is typical behavior for her, she may have
which type of attachment?
A) insecure-avoidant
B) disorganized
C) secure-detached
D) insecure-resistant/ambivalent

39. Jerome clings to his Mother and refuses to leave her lap. Jerome is exhibiting _____
attachment behavior.
A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disoriented

40. Nine-month-old Taran explores new environments when his Mother is present but
shows distress when she leaves the room. Taran's behavior illustrates a(n) _____
attachment.
A) secure
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) insecure-avoidant
D) disorganized

Page 7
41. A sign of secure attachment is when a child _____.
A) refuses to let go of the caregiver's arm
B) plays aimlessly without interacting with the caregiver
C) shows extreme fear and anger
D) maintains contact with the caregiver while exploring

42. A child with secure attachment is one who _____.

A) ignores the caregiver while sitting in a corner
B) expresses fear at the sight of the caregiver
C) makes contact with the caregiver after the caregiver reenters the room
D) refuses to let go of the caregiver when the caregiver attempts to place the child on
the floor

43. A toddler with secure attachment _____.

A) is willing to explore
B) is self-centered
C) clings to his mother
D) wants to talk a lot

44. Jessica does not notice when her Father leaves the day care center and ignores him when
he returns. Jessica's behavior is characteristic of _____ attachment.
A) insecure-avoidant
B) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
C) secure
D) disorganized

45. Which psychologist developed the Strange Situation test?

A) Erikson
B) Freud
C) Skinner
D) Ainsworth

46. The Strange Situation measures how a child _____.

A) responds to a stranger
B) plays with a parent
C) responds to separations and reunions with a caregiver
D) plays with toys he or she has never seen before

Page 8
47. In the Strange Situation, a sign of insecure attachment might be _____.
A) smiling at her mother when she returns to the room
B) crying and being unable to be comforted when her mother returns
C) seeking contact with her mother when reunited
D) playing happily as long as her mother is present

48. In the Strange Situation, a sign of secure attachment is _____.

A) smiling at his mother when she returns to the room
B) crying and not being comforted when his mother comes back
C) ignoring his mother when she returns to the room
D) being reluctant to leave his mother to play with new toys

49. Dr. Berkowitz is doing research using the Strange Situation in order to measure a child's
_____.
A) fear
B) love
C) attachment
D) depth perception

50. Eric's Mother left him for a few minutes. When she returned, Eric climbed into her lap
and then resumed playing. Eric is probably a(n) _____ attached child.
A) insecurely
B) securely
C) timidly
D) disorganized

51. Recent research has indicated that once an infant has become securely attached to an
adult _____.
A) a healthy personality is expected throughout life
B) no relationship problems will occur later on
C) he or she is likely to be a securely attached child unless new trauma arises
D) his or her attachment status never changes

52. Josie is 15 months old. Her parents are happy in their marriage and financially stable.
Most likely, Josie's attachment type will be _____.
A) insecure-resistant/ambivalent
B) insecure-avoidant
C) disorganized
D) secure

Page 9
53. Based on the experience of the Romanian children who were institutionalized during the
late twentieth century, what might be concluded about attachment?
A) A person's attachment style starts to be set by about 6 months of age, but is not
complete.
B) There is no sensitive period for attachment.
C) No matter how impoverished an infant's emotional environment, effortful control
will protect the child from permanent psychological damage.
D) As long as children are adopted by 6 years of age, they can overcome any
emotional disability that had developed prior to that.

54. A baby searches the faces of her parents to see how to respond in unfamiliar situations.
This is called _____.
A) separation anxiety
B) social referencing
C) stranger anxiety
D) uncertainty checking

55. A parent and a toddler meet someone who makes the parent nervous. The toddler will
probably _____.
A) act anxious
B) smile and reach for the person
C) start crying and hit the person
D) not show any reaction

56. Abed is 12 months old, and his uncle Nadin is visiting for the first time in 6 months.
Nadin is delighted to see his nephew, so as he enters the room, he booms, “There's my
little man!” Abed looks to his mother, who is smiling broadly at her brother, and crawls
to him to be picked up. Abed is demonstrating _____.
A) attachment disorder
B) social referencing
C) social phobia
D) insecure attachment

57. Rodney was raised on a farm in Utah and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with
onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver,
but she very much enjoys sushi. What explains their differences in food preference?
A) differences in attachment styles
B) biological differences in their taste buds
C) behavioral reinforcement
D) social referencing

Page 10
58. Compared with mothers, fathers are more likely to make their infants _____.
A) stop crying
B) laugh
C) go to sleep
D) say “please”

59. When playing with their children, mothers are more likely than fathers to _____.
A) engage in physical play
B) help children to become less fearful
C) engage in noisy play
D) play peek-a-boo

60. Geoffrey enjoys spending time with his 1-year-old son. Compared with his wife,
Geoffrey's interaction with their son is likely to be _____.
A) more actively playful
B) less noisy and boisterous
C) more involved with basic care
D) less active and energetic

61. When playing with their children, fathers are more likely than mothers to _____.
A) read stories
B) engage in physical play
C) show them how to play with their toys
D) give them food rewards

62. One clear difference between father–infant and mother–infant interactions is that _____.
A) fathers foster insecure attachment
B) babies find their mothers more fun
C) babies laugh and smile more with their fathers
D) fathers do not affect their babies' cognitive development

63. Close father–infant relationships can teach infants (especially boys) appropriate
expressions of emotion, particularly _____.
A) anger
B) disgust
C) sadness
D) fear

Page 11
64. Allocare refers to children being cared for by _____.
A) their biological parents
B) foster parents
C) the siblings
D) people other than their biological parents

65. Child care that is provided a person other than the parents is called _____.
A) center day care
B) allocare
C) decentralized day care
D) extrafamilial day care

66. When Laurel gave birth, her mother moved in with the young family to help care for the
newborn. This sort of caregiving by someone other than the baby's parents is called
_____.
A) proximal parenting
B) allocare
C) kinship
D) distal parenting

67. Sigmund Freud was a _____.

A) social learning theorist
B) behaviorist
C) psychoanalytic theorist
D) cognitive theorist

68. A child's typical activity during the oral stage is _____.

A) sucking on a pacifier
B) toilet training
C) feeling a blanket using the fingers
D) playing peek-a-boo

69. According to psychoanalytic theory, the child's prime focus of pleasure in the first year
of life is the _____.
A) anus
B) stomach
C) hands and feet
D) mouth

Page 12
70. Freud's stage that takes place in the second year is called _____.
A) the phallic stage
B) the anal stage
C) trust versus mistrust
D) the oral stage

71. Freud claimed that during the anal stage _____.

A) infants often find urinating and defecating to be painful
B) toilet training leads to positive mother–child interactions
C) infants find pleasure in stimulating and controlling the bowels
D) infants strive to develop a sense of trust in the parents

72. How do people become “fixated” in a Freudian stage?

A) They experience excessive emotions.
B) Their normal developmental urges are frustrated.
C) Their mother is not their primary caregiver.
D) They fail to undergo a normal cognitive metamorphosis.

73. A child fixated in the oral stage may become an adult who _____.
A) talks excessively
B) is excessively neat
C) is a homosexual
D) has intense fears

74. Freud would attribute an adult's overeating to problems during which childhood
developmental stage?
A) sensorimotor
B) oral
C) anal
D) phallic

75. Shaunquelle is an adult who requires regularity in all aspects of her life. She eats the
same lunch every day, organizes her clothes by season in her closet, and becomes
distressed when the juice is put on the wrong shelf in the refrigerator. Shaunquelle
appears to be fixated at the _____ stage.
A) sensorimotor
B) oral
C) anal
D) phallic

Page 13
76. In Erikson's theory, the infant's earliest task is described as that of _____.
A) obtaining oral gratification
B) controlling bodily functions
C) learning pain and pleasure
D) learning trust or mistrust

77. The first crisis of life, according to Erikson, is _____.

A) industry versus inferiority
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) trust versus mistrust
D) the oral stage

78. Erikson's second stage of development is called _____.

A) attachment versus self-awareness
B) pride versus shame
C) trust versus mistrust
D) autonomy versus shame and doubt

79. If a child successfully resolves Erikson's first stage, he or she can be expected to _____.
A) explore his or her world
B) be increasingly obsessive
C) greet strangers with a smile
D) be an easy baby

80. A toddler in Freud's anal stage would also be at Erikson's _____.

A) autonomy versus shame and doubt stage
B) oral stage
C) trust versus mistrust stage
D) object permanence stage

81. According to Erikson's theory, what holds true for most toddlers?
A) They want to depend on their caregivers to meet all of their needs.
B) They want to gain a sense of control over their own bodies.
C) Toilet training is only a minor step in learning a sense of autonomy.
D) They need to feel guilt and shame in order to strengthen their sense of autonomy.

Page 14
82. Another term for self-rule is _____.
A) governed
B) synchrony
C) autonomy
D) controlled

83. According to Erikson, failure to develop autonomy over one's own actions is most
closely identified with _____.
A) mistrust
B) synchrony
C) the oral stage
D) shame and doubt

84. The autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis involves the child _____.
A) exhibiting a sense of trust
B) asserting control over his or her own actions
C) developing a sense of worthiness
D) getting along with other children

85. The Western value of independence is clearly exhibited in _____.

A) Erikson's stage of autonomy versus shame and doubt
B) Freud's oral stage
C) Piaget's sensorimotor stage
D) epigenetic theory

86. Huan is 20 months old, and his Mother is in a hurry. She wants to put his shoes on, but
Huan rejects her efforts by squirming and declaring, “No! Me!” It takes him five
minutes, and his shoes end up on the wrong feet, but he proudly skips out to the car
when he's done. Huan is in Erikson's _____ stage.
A) trust versus mistrust
B) autonomy versus shame and doubt
C) anal stage
D) oral stage

87. According to traditional behaviorism, personality is _____.

A) molded by one's parents
B) due to nature
C) in the unconscious mind
D) unchangeable

Page 15
88. Which theorist stated, “Failure to bring up a happy child, a well-adjusted child—
assuming bodily health—falls squarely upon the parents' shoulders”?
A) Erikson
B) Skinner
C) Freud
D) Watson

89. _____ learning takes place by observing others.

A) Cognitive
B) Psychoanalytic
C) Social
D) Developmental

90. Developmentalists have demonstrated that social learning takes place _____.
A) through early childhood
B) through middle childhood
C) through adolescence
D) throughout life

91. Margarita and Roberto are warm, nurturing parents who hold their baby often. They are
exhibiting _____.
A) proximal parenting
B) distal parenting
C) authoritarian parenting
D) autonomous parenting

92. When Renee falls and hurts herself, she cries and runs to her Father. Rather than
comforting Renee, her Father offers her a toy to distract her. Her father is probably a(n)
_____.
A) proximal parent
B) distal parent
C) authoritative parent
D) slow-to-warm-up parent

Page 16
93. According to cognitive theory, infants use their early relationships to develop a set of
assumptions that become a frame of reference for later in life. Such a set of assumptions
is called a _____.
A) referential hypothesis
B) working model
C) schematic plan
D) work-in-progress

94. One-year-old Scotlyn lives in a loving, but noisy, family home with her parents and four
siblings. She receives much positive attention and has a trusting relationship with her
family. She will MOST likely develop _____ as her working model.
A) a fixed frame of reference that families are large
B) a fixed frame of reference that she will always be the youngest in her family
C) a frame of reference that families are loving and loud
D) a frame of reference that children are reinforced for making noise

95. A working model, according to cognitive theory, _____.

A) can never change
B) is final
C) can be reorganized
D) is irrational

96. Center-based day care is common in countries such as France, Israel, and China, where
_____.
A) parental policies are highly variable by location and employer
B) there is no maternity leave
C) it is heavily subsidized by the government
D) most people are opposed to allocare

97. Worldwide, only about 15 percent of infants receive daily care from _____.
A) their mother
B) a grandparent or other extended family member
C) a paid, trained, nonrelative caregiver
D) their father

Page 17
98. In the United States, about 20 percent of infants are cared for _____ throughout their
first year of life.
A) exclusively by their mothers
B) by a grandparent
C) by professionals at a day care center
D) by a professional in a family day care

99. Which is NOT an essential characteristic of high-quality day care?

A) encouragement of language development
B) experienced, professional caregivers
C) cleanliness routines and accident prevention
D) a ratio of one adult to three infants

Page 18
Answer Key
1. B
2. D
3. B
4. C
5. C
6. C
7. C
8. C
9. B
10. D
11. A
12. B
13. D
14. B
15. C
16. C
17. C
18. A
19. B
20. C
21. B
22. D
23. D
24. C
25. C
26. B
27. C
28. D
29. C
30. A
31. C
32. A
33. B
34. D
35. C
36. C
37. A
38. B
39. B
40. A
41. D
42. C
43. A
44. A

Page 19
45. D
46. C
47. B
48. A
49. C
50. B
51. C
52. D
53. A
54. B
55. A
56. B
57. D
58. B
59. D
60. A
61. B
62. C
63. A
64. D
65. B
66. B
67. C
68. A
69. D
70. B
71. C
72. B
73. A
74. B
75. C
76. D
77. C
78. D
79. A
80. A
81. B
82. C
83. D
84. B
85. A
86. B
87. A
88. D
89. C
90. D

Page 20
91. A
92. B
93. B
94. C
95. C
96. C
97. C
98. A
99. D

Page 21