Ch 27 – Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid – Base Homeostasis:

 Which of the following is a mechanism that maintains pH of body fluids?

Buffer Systems Carbonic acid-bicarbonate Proteins Phosphates All choices

 The major hormone that regulates water loss is?

Angiotensin II Renin ANP ADH Angiotensin

 The body uses aldosterone to retain sodium ion. This hormone has the reverse effect on another
mineral or compound. This mineral or compound is?

Chloride Calcium Phosphate Potassium Bicarbonate.

 Which Imbalance results when systemic arterial blood HCO3- Levels DROP SIGNIFICANTLY (Below 22 mEq/liter)

Metabolic acidosis Respiratory alkalosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory acidosis none of these

 A Decline in Angiotensin II levels does NOT result in?

Reduced Na+ and CI- reabsorption by the kidneys Increased GFR Increased urine output

Reduced water reabsorption by the kidneys Increased Calcium reabsorption.

 In extracellular fluid the most abundant anion is?

Na+ CI- K+ HPO42- HCO3-

 Which of the following is a function of an electrolyte in the body?

Carry electrical currents Controlling osmosis between compartments
Serve as cofactors All of these choices.

 Which of the following occurs between RBC and blood plasma as the blood level of carbon dioxide
increases or decreases?
Bicarbonate shift Sodium shift Chloride shift Protein shift Potassium shift

 Which of the following is a common cause of respiratory acidosis?

Loss of acid due to vomiting Loss of bicarbonate ions due to renal dysfunction All of these are correct
Hyperventilation due to pulmonary disease Hypoventilation due to emphysema

 In Intracellular fluid the most abundant cation is?

Na+ CI- K+ HPO42- HCO3-

 Which of the following is the most abundant mineral in the body?

Na+ Phosphate Calcium Iron Magnesium

 How much of the total volume of body fluid is intracellular fluid?

50% 2/3 99% 10% 1/3

 In Intracellular fluid the most abundant anion is?

Na+ CI- K+ HPO42- HCO3-

 In partial compensation, systemic arterial blood pH?

Is greater than 5.5 Is lower than 2.5 Is brought into the normal range Is higher than 9.5
Is still lower than 7.35

 80% of the extracellular fluid is?

Lymph Interstitial fluid Cytosol Plasma Bile

 Water intoxication results from?

Decrease in water intake Dilute body fluids and a decrease in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids
Increase in the osmolarity of interstitial fluids Concentrated body fluids Osmosis of water from ICF-ECF

 Which of the following is used to promote water reabsorption by the kidneys?

Aldosterone ANP Antidiuretic hormone Parathyroid hormone All of these choices

 Infants experience More problems with Acid-base homeostasis & fluid & electrolyte balance based on which of
the following?

Metabolic rate Proportion & distribution of water Breathing rate Body surface area All these factors

 Which of the following is used to promote Na+ Reabsorption by the kidneys?

Antidiuretic hormone Aldosterone ANP Parathyroid hormone All of these choices

 Which Imbalance results when systemic arterial blood CO2 levels raise to Abnormal values?
Metabolic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Metabolic alkalosis Respiratory alkalosis None of these

 Which of the following makes up the Largest single component of the human body?

Electrolytes Organs Blood Skin Water

 Which cation and two anions are present in the highest quantities in the extracellular fluid?

Potassium, bicarbonate, protein anions Sodium, chloride, bicarbonate Sodium, phosphate, protein anions
Potassium, chloride, sulphate Calcium, phosphate, sulphate

 The Na+ level in blood is controlled by?

ATP production Aldosterone Glucagon Insulin Krebs cycle

 Buffer systems, exhaling carbon dioxide, and excretion by the kidneys, are all?

Ways to make ions Ways to balance interstitial fluid volumeMeans of balancing blood volume
Ways to increase blood volume Ways of controlling H+ levels in the body

 Which of the following is the Most common cause of Metabolic Alkalosis?

Hemorrhage Cancer Vomiting Pneumothorax Diabetes

 Most of the phosphate in the body is present as?

Carbohydrates Lipid Calcium phosphate salt DNA Plasma membrane

 Which condition may result in Respiratory Alkalosis?

Use of certain diuretics Emphysema Cerebrovascular accident Accumulation of acid

Airway obstruction

 PTH, calcitriol and calcitonin are?

The main regulators of phosphate in the blood The main regulators of NaCI in the blood None of these
The main regulators of magnesium in the blood The regulators of calcium in the blood

 Which cells of the kidney are the most important for regulation of pH of body fluids?

Glomerular podocytes PCT cells DCT cells Principal cells Intercalated cells

 What part of the brain contains the thirst center?

Hypothalamus Midbrain Thalamus Brain stem Cerebrum

 Which protein is the main protein buffer in blood plasma?

Hemoglobin Complement Calmodulin Albumin Fibrin

 The breathing rate of an Infant?

Makes the infant blood more acidic Causes greater water loss from the lungs Is normal to an adult
Removes less carbon dioxide than in an adult twice as fast as an adult

 Which of the following occurs when water loss is greater than water gain?

Evaporation Dehydration Precipitation Insensible loss None of these at

 Which of the following is the main factor that determines water loss?

Sweating Defecation Exhalation of water vapor Evaporation through the skin Urination

 Inadequate Exhalation of carbon dioxide can cause?

Alkalosis Respiratory compensation Unequal distribution of water Metabolic alkalosis

Blood pH to drop

 Which of the following is a condition where blood pH is below 7.35?

Alkalosis Acidosis Alkalemia Isodosis None of these

 Most buffer systems in the body consist of

A weak buffer system & the salt of that base A strong acid A strong base None of these
A weak acid &the salt of that acid

 The response of the body to decreasing blood pressure will NOT include which of the following?

Formation of angiotensin II Increased vasoconstriction Dehydration Stimulate the kidneys to secrete renin
Increase of ADH

 Which of the following is produced when electrons are accepted by oxygen during aerobic respiration?

Lipids Carbohydrates Anions Metabolic water Cations

  The rate of fluid intake and outflow is how much higher in an infant than in an adult?

2xs 7sx 5xs 10xs They are equal

 Metabolic Reactions can produce?

H+ Ca+ Nonvolatile acids Volatile bases HCO3-