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(Reaffirmed 2014) 

  : 1993
IS 8356
( Reaffirmed 1999 )
(Reaffirmed 2013) 
(Reaffirmed 2020)
 

(Reaffirmed 2012) 

Indian Standard (Reaffirmed 2011) 

TITANIUM DIOXIDE, FOOD GRADE-  

SPECIFICATION (Reaffirmed 2010) 

( First Revision )  

(Reaffirmed 2009) 

 
UDC 664-099.6 : 667.26 : [ 546.824-31 ]
(Reaffirmed 2008) 

(Reaffirmed 2007) 

(Reaffirmed 2006) 

(Reaffirmed 2005) 

@ BIS 1993

BUREAU OF INDIAN STANDARDS

MANAK BHAVAN, 9 BAHADUR SHAH ZAFAR MARG
NEW DELHI 110002

February 1993 Price Group 4

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Food Additives Sectional Committee, FAD 8

FOREWORD
This Indian Standard ( First Revision ) was adopted by the Bureau of Indian Standards, after the
draft finalized by the Food Additives Sectional Committee had been approved by the Food and
Agriculture Division Council.
This standard was first published in 1977. It is being revised to take into account the latest
technological advances and align it with lnternational Standards. In the revised version limits
have been included for loss on drying, loss on ignition, water soluble substances, aluminium
oxide and silicon dioxide. In addition, the requirements for lead, arsenic and antimony have
been modified to align them with International Standards.
Titanium dioxide was the first inorganic food colour approved by the Central Committee for
Food Standards, Ministry of Health for permitting under the Prevention of Food Adulteration
Rules, 1955.
Description
Common Name -. Titanium dioxide.
Synonyms - C. I. Pigment white 6; Bioxyde de titane; LB-Pigment No. 3; E. E. C. Serial
No. E 171.
Colour - White
Class - Inorganic colouring matter
Co/our Index Number ( 1956* ) - 77891
Chemical Name - Titanium dioxide
Empirical Formula - TiO,
Molecular Mass - 79.90
In the formulation of this standard the requirements specified in the following publications have
been taken into consideration:
FAO Food and Nutrition Paper No. 31/l, ‘Specification for the identity and purity
of food colours’ published by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee of Food
Additives.
Food Chemical Codex, Published by National Academy of Sciences and National
Research Council, Washington DC, USA.
For the purpose of deciding whether a particular requirement of this standard is complied with,
the final value, observed or calculated, expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded
off in accordance with IS 2 : 1960 ‘Rules for rounding off numerical values ( revised)‘. The
number of significant places retained in the rounded off value should be the same as that of the
specified value in this standard.
*Colour Index ( 1956 ), Ed. 2, Society of Dyers and Colourists and the American Association of Textile
Chemicals and Colourists.
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IS 8356 : 1993

Indian Standard
TITANIUM DIOXIDE,FOOD GRADE-
SPECIFICATION
( First Revision )
1 SCOPE 3 REQUIREMENTS

1.1 This Indian Standard prescribes the require- 3.1 Description

ments and methods of sampling and test for Titanium dioxide shall be a white, tasteless,
titanium dioxide, food grade. odourless, infusible powder. It is insoluble in
water and in organic solvents. It dissolves
2 REFERENCES slowly in hydrofluoric acid and hot concentra-
ted sulphuric acid.
The following lndian Standards are necessary
adjuncts to this standard: 3.2 Identification
3.2.1 Peroxide Reaction
IS No. Title
Fuse titanium dioxide with potassium hydrogen
1070 : 1992 Reagent grade water ( third sulphate and dissolve in water. A yellow
revision ) colour shall be produced upon addition of
hydrogen peroxide.
1699 : 1974 Methods of sampling and test
for food colours 3.2.2 Spectrography
( first
revision ) The two most characteristic lines for titanium
are at 4981.733 and 3653.496 A.
6854 : 1973 Method of sampling and test
for ingredients used in media 3.2.3 Melting Range
for microbiological work Heat resistant to at least 500°C.
7928 : 1992 Alginic acid, food grade 3.3 The material shall also conform to the
(first revision ) requirements given in Table 1.
Table 1 Requirements for Titanium Dioxide, Food Grade
( Clauses 3.3 and 6.1 )
_
Sl No. Characteristic Method of Test, Ref to
- ----7
&E of This Other
Standard Standard
(1) (2) (4) (5)
.9 Purity as TiO, percent by mass, Min A
11) Loss on drying at 1OYC for 3 hours, 0.5 A.2 of IS 7928 : 1992
percent by mass, Max
iii) Loss on ignition ( at 800°C ), percent 0.5 B -
by mass. Mm
iv) f._ck& $,$o&ble substances, percent by 0.35 C -

v) FJ$;;;:ble substances, percent by 0.25 D

vi) Soluble barium compounds, mg/kg, Max E
\rli) Lead ( as Pb ), mqkg, Max *‘o Cl 9 of IS 1699 : 1974
VIII) Arsenic ( as As ) mg!kg, MUX 1 - Cl 10 of IS 1699 : 1974
ix) Antimony, mg/kg, MUX 0
I‘

x) Zinc, mg/kg, Max 5; - Cl 18 of 186854 : 1973

xi) Mercury, mg/kg, MUX 1 Appendix H of IS 9808 :
1981
xii) Aluminium oxide and/or silicon dioxide 2.0 G & II -
( either singly or combined ), percent by
mass, Max

1
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IS 8356 : 1993

4 PACKING AND MARKING ( Packaged Commodities ) Rules, 19771 ’

Prevention of Food Adulteration Rules, 19.55.
4.1 Packing
4.2.1 The container may also be marked with
The material shall be securely packed in well- the Standard Mark.
filled containers with minimum access to air
and light. The containers shall be such as to 5 SAMPLING
yreclude air contamination of the contents
with metals or other impurities. 5.1 Representative samples of the material
shall be drawn as prescribed in 3 01‘ IS 1699 :
4.2 Marking 1974.
Each container shall be labelled as follow: 6 TESTS
a) Name of the material including the words
‘Food Grade’; 6.1 Tests shall be carried out as prescribed
in 3.2 a11d co1 4 arid 5 of Table 1.
b) Colour intiex number;
c) Source of manufacture; 6.2 Quality of Reagents
d) Minimum net mass or contents; Unless specified othcrwirc, pure chemicals and
e) Batch or code number; distilled water ( set IS 1070 : 1992 ) shall bc
employed in tests.
f ) Date of manufacture; and
NOTE - <Pure chemicals’ shall mean chcmiculs
g) Any other details required under the that do not contain impurities which alrtxt thz
Standards of Weights and Measures results of analysis,

ANNEX A
[ Table 1, SI No. (i) ]
DETERMJNATION OF THE PURITY

A-l REAGENTS from the formula:

13.534 - A
A-l.1 Potassium Hydrogen Sulphate Ziilc, m/m, percent= ~oo~875-

A-l.2 Dilute Sulphnric Acid \\ here

A = Mass of amalgam - 13.534
Mix 75 ml of sulphuric acid [ H$O, approxi- Mass of mercury
mately 20 percent ( m/m )] with sufficient water
to produce 1 000 ml. A-l.5 Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Solution - 15
percent.
A-l.3 Sulphuric Acid - 1 N. A-1.6 Potassium Permanganate - 0.1 N.
A-l.4 Zinc Amalgamate A-2 PROCEDURE
Amalgamate about 100 g of zinc ( A.R. Grade ) A-2.1 Fuse O.300 g of titanium dioxide with
of 20-30 mesh size by letting it fall into 200 about 3 g of p,~tassium hydrogen sulphate in a
ml of water in a beaker containing 4 g of platinum dish, cool and dlssolvc ii1 150 ml oi
mercuric chloride and 10 ml of sulphuric acid. dilute sulphuric acid. Fill the column ( filling
Stir the mixture for ab:jut 5 minutes and area approximately 1.5 cm diameter and 25 cm
de cant the supernatant liquid. Wash several length ) with Lint aniLllgdm reductor. Activate
times with waler before lilling the column. the zinc amalgam ‘reductor’ by passing through
Zinc amalgam may be used repeatedly until the column 100 ml of dilute sulphuric acid
the content of zinc is reduced to 0.2 percent, followed by 100 ml of :vater. Pass through the
m/m as determined by the following process. column 200 ml of N sulphuric acid, followed
Fill the pyknometer with mercury at 25 + I ‘C by lb,0 ml of water, and c,jlleci in ;I receivci
and weigh. Rcpzat the operation using lhe containing 30 ml of solution of‘ ferric amm)-
amalgam. Calculate the proportion of zinc nium sulphate in a 25 pcrceni solution of

2
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IS 8356 : 1993

dilute sulphuric acid. Titrate the mixture NOTES

potassium permanganate solution. Reactivate 1 When the reductor colltmn is not in use keep it
the column with 100 ml of N sulphuric acid. filled with water in order to prevent formation of
Pass through the column the titanium solution, basic salt by atmospheric oxygen.
followed by 100 ml of N sulphuric acid and 2 Pass the test solutions through the cslum;l at the
rate of approximately 25.30 drops per millute.
100 ml of water, collect in a receiver containing
50 ml of the acidified solution of ferric ammo-
nium sulphate, and titrate the mixture with A-3 CALCULATION
potassium permanganate solution. The diffe-
rence between the titrations represents the A-3.1 Each millilitre of 1 N potassium per-
amount of potassium permanganate required manganate is equivalent to 0.007 99 g of
by the titanium dioxide. titanium dioxide.

ANNEX B

[ Table 1, Sl No. (iii) ]

LOSS ON IGNITION

B-l PROCEDURE muffle furnace at 800 f 25°C and heat to

Weigh accurately about 2 g of the material constant mass. Determine the loss in mass
previously dried at 1050 for 3 hours in a tared and express the result as percentage of the
platinum crucible. Transfer the crucible to a mass of the material taken for the test.

ANNEX C

[ Table 1, 5%No. (iv) ]

DRTERMINATION OF ACIDSOLUBLE SUBSTANCES

C-i REAGENTS first using medium coarse asbestos; then pulped

filter paper, and finally fine asbestos. The
C-l.1 Hydrochloric Acid - 015 r\T. asbestos should previously have been acid
washed. Wash with three, IO-ml portions of
C-2 PROCEDURE hydrochloric acid. Evaporate the combined
filterate and washing to dryness in a platinum
C-2.1 Suspend 5 g of titanium dioxide in 100 ml dish and ignite at a dull red heat to constant
of the hydrochloric acid and heat on a mass. The mass of the residue should not
water-bath with occasional stirring for 30 exceed 0.0175 g. Use the residue for the
minutes. Filter through a Gooch crucible in determination of soluble barium compounds
which the mat has been built up in 3 layers; ( E-2 ).

3
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IS 8356 : 1993

ANNEX D
[ Table 1, SI No. (v) ]
DETERMINATION OF WATER SOLUBLE SUBSTANCES

D-l REAGENTS volume with water and mix. Filter through a

double thickness of filter paper discarding the
D-l.1 Ammonium Chloride Solution first 10 ml of filtrate, and collect 100 ml of the
subsequent clear filterate. Transfer into a
Dissolve 10.5 g of ammonium chloride, NH&l tared platinum dish, evaporate on a hot plate
in sufficient water to mark 100 ml. to dryness, and ignite at a dull red heat to
constant mass.
D-2 PROCEDtJRE D-3 CALCULATION
Suspend 4 g of the sample in 50 ml of water. Water soluble substances, M
Mix and allow to stand overnight. Transfer percent by mass
to a 200-m] volumetric flask. Add 2 ml of =Tj- l x 100x2
ammonium chloride solution and mix. If the
titanium dioxide does not settle, add another where
1 ml portion of ammonium chloride, then MI = mass, in g, of residue in platinum
arllow the suspension to settle. Dilute to dish.

ANNEX E
[ Table 1, Sl No. (vi) ]
DETERMINATiON OF SOLUBLE BARIUM COMPOUND
E-l REAGENTS soluble substances ( C-2.1 ) in the bath of
boiling uater with 20 ml slightly acidified
E-l.1 Sulphuric Acid - Dilute.
water ( HCl ) and filler. To the clear filtrate
E-2 PROCEDURE add one millilitre of the sulphuric acid. No
turbidity or precipitate shall be produced after
E-2.1 Heat the residue obtained in the acid allowing to stand for 30 minutes.

ANNEX F
[ Table 1,Sl No. (ix) ]
DETERMINATION OF ANTIMONY

F-1 REAGENTS ( 0.01 percent, m/v in water ), 0.25 ml of K

sulphuric acid and I ml of methyltrihydroxy
F-l.1 Sulphuric Acid - 90 percent, m/m. fluorone solution ( 0.01 percent, m/v of methyl-
F-l.2 Sodium Sulphste - anhydrous. trihydroxyfluorone in 05 percent alcohol
containing O-2 percent, v/v of sulphuric acid ),
F-1.3 Zinc - granulated.
F-1.5 Antimony Standard Solution
F-l.4 Absorption Solution
Dissolve 2.742 g of antimony pc)tassium tartrate
Add 25 ml of silver sulphate solution ( 0.2 jn water and dilute to 100 ml. Dilute 5 ml of
percent, m/v in water ), 2 ml of starch mucilage, this solution to 500 ml with water, a;lcl dilute
followed by 0~5 ml of tartaric acid solution 5 ml of the dilution to 500 ml with water. Each

4
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IS 8356 : 1993

millilitre of the solution contains O*OOl mg a rolled cylinder of lead paper, and 50 ml of
of Sb. water and 10 g of granulated zinc. Q:lickIy
replace the bung and pass the liberated gas
F-2 PROCEDURE
for 16 hours by means of a capillary jet 1 cm
Digest O-10 of titanium dioxide with 30 ml of from the base of the glass, into a 50.ml Nessler
sulphuric acid containing 3 g of anhydrous glass containing the absorption solution. Any
sodium sulphate until it has almost completely colour which develops shall not be deepel
dissolved. Cool, dilute to 100 ml with water than that produced by 10 ml of the antimony
and cool. Transfer 50 ml to a wide-mouthed standard solution when similarly treated,
bottle of 200.ml capacity, fitted with commencing the digestion with the sulphuric
a rubber bung and a delivery tube containing acid and anhydrous sodium sulphate.

ANNEX G
[ Table 1, S’l No. (xii) J

DETERMINATION OF ALUMINIUM OXIDE

C-l REAGENTS conlained in a ?SO.ml high-silica glass Erlen-

meyer flask. ( Caution: DJ not use more
G-l.1 Zinc Sulphate ( 0.01 M)
sodium bisulphate than specified, since an
Dissolve 2.90 g of zinc sulphate ZnS0,.7H,O, excess concentration of salt will interfere with
in sufficient water to make 1 000 ml. Standardize the EDTA titration later on in the procedure,)
the solution as follows: Dissolve 500 mg of Begin heating at low heat on a hgt plate, and
high-purity ( 99.9(:/, ) aluminium wire accurately then gradual!y raise the temperature until full
weighed, in 20 ml of concentrated hydrochloric heat is reached. When spattering has stopped
acid, heating gently to effect solution, then and light fumes of SO, appear, heat in the
transfer into a 1 000.ml volumetric flask, full flame of a Meker burner, witn the flask
dilute to volume with water, and mix. Trans- tilted so that the fusion is concentrated at
fer a IO-O-ml aliquot of this solution into a one end of the flask. Swirl constantly until the
500.ml Erlenmeyer flask containing 90 ml of melt is clear ( except for silica content ), but
water and 3 ml of concentrated hydrochloric guard against prolonged heating to avoid
acid; add 1 drop of methyl orange and 25.0 ml precipitation of titanium dioxide. Cool, add
of O-02 M disodium EDTA, and continue as 25 ml of sulfuric acid solution ( 1 in 2 ), and
directed below under Sample Solution C begin- then heat untii the mass has dissolved and a
ning with “Add dropwise ammonium hydroxide clear solution results. Cool, and dilute to 120 ml
solution ( 1 in 5 ) until . . . . . . . . . . ..‘I Calculate the with water.
titer T of the zinc sulphate solution by the
formula: C-l.3 Sample Solution B
T = ( 18.890 x M ),W Measure out 200 mI of approximately 6.25 M
where sodium hydroxide, and add 65 ml of it to
Sample Solution A while stirring constantly
T = mass, in mg, of A&O, per ml of zinc with a magnetic stirrer; pD,ur the remaining
sulphate solution; 135 ml of the alkali solution into a 500.ml
M = mass, in g, of the aIuminium wire volumetric flask. Slowly and with constant
taken; stirring add the sample mixture to the alkali
V =: volume, in ml, of the zinc sulphate solution in the 500.ml volumetric flask, then
solution consumed in the second dilute to volume with water, and mix.
titration; and ( NOTE -~- If the procedure is delayed at this
point for more than 2 h, store the contents
The factor 18.898 is derived as ( mol wt Al,O,/ of the volumetric flask in a polyethylene
mol wt Al ) % ( IO00 mg/g ) x ( 10 ml/:! ). bottle. ) Allow most of the precipitate to settle
out ( or centrifuge for 5 min ), and then filter
G-l.2 Sample Solution A
the supetnatant liquid through a very fine
Fuse I g of the sample, accurately weighed, filter p”pCl-. L:ibcl the fillrute Sample
with 10 g of sodium bisulphate ( NaHSO,.H,O ) Solution n.

5
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IS 8356 : 1993

G-l.4 Sample Solution C G-2 PROCEDURE

Titrate Sample solution C with O-01 M zinc
Transfer 100.0 ml of Sample Solution B into a
sulphate to the first yellow brown or pink end-
500-ml Erlenmeyer flask, add 1 drop of methyl
point colour that persists for 5 to 10 seconds.
orange solution. acidify with hydrochloric
( Caution: This titration should be performed
acid solution ( 1 in 2 ), and then add about
Add 25.0 ml of 0.02 M quickly near the endpoint by adding rapidly
3 ml in excess.
0.2 ml increments of the titrant until the first
disodium EDTA, and mix. [ NOTE - If the
color change occurs; although the colour will
approximate Al,O, content is known, calculate
fade in 5 to 10 seconds, it is the true endpoint.
the optimum volume of EDTA solution to be
Failure to observe the first colour change will
added by the formula ( 4x y/o Al,08 ) + 5 1.
result in an incorrect titration. The fading
endpoint does not occur at the second end-
Add dropwise ammonium hydroxide solution point. This first titration should require more
( 1 in 5 ) until the colour is just completely than 3 ml of titrant, but for more accurate
changed from red to orange yellow, then add work a titration of 10 to 15 ml is desirable ),
10 ml of ammonium acetate buffer solution Add 2 g of sodium fluoride, boil the mixture
( 77 g of ammonium acetate plus 10 ml of for 2 to 5 minutes, and cool in a stream of
glacial acetic acid, diluted to 1 000 ml with running water. Titrate the EDTA ( which is
water ) and 10 ml of dibasic ammonium released by fluoride from its aluminium
phosphate solution ( 150 g of dibasic ammo- complex ) with 0.01 M zinc sulfate to the same
nium phosphate in 700 ml of water, adjusted to fugitive yellow brown or pink endpoint as
pH 5.5 with a I in 2 solution of hydrochloric described above.
acid, then diluted to 1 000 ml with water ).
Boil for 5 minutes, cool quickly to room G-3 CALCULATION
temperature in a stream of running water, add
Percentage of aluminium oxide ( A&O, ) in the
3 drops of xylenol orange TS, and mix. If the
sample:
solution is purple, yellow brown, or pink,
bring the pH to 5.3 -5.7 by the addition of ( PxT)/( 2XS)
acetic acid; at the desired pH a pink colour where
indicates that not enough of the EDTA Y = the volume, in ml, 0.01 it4 zinc
solution has been added, in which case another sulphate consumed in the second
100 ml of Sample Solution B should be taken titration;
and treated as directed from the beginning of
this paragraph, except that 50-O ml, rather than T = the titer of the zinc sulfate solution,
25.0 ml, of 0.02 M disodium EDTA should be determined previously; and
used. S = the mass in g of the sample taken.
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IS 8356 : 7993

ANNEX H
[ Tuble 1, SI No. (xii) ]

DETERMINATION OF SILICON DIOXIDE

H-l FROCEDIJRE the filter paper with sulphuric acid solution

( 1 in JO ). Transfer the filter paper and its
Fuse 1 g of the sample, accurately weighed, cor.tents into a platinum crucible, dry in an
Gth IO r of sodium bisulphate ( NaHSO,.&O )
oven at 120”, and th:n heat ths partly covered
contained in a 250 ml high-silica glass Erlen-
crucible over a Bunsen burner. To prevent
meycr t7abk. Heat gently over a Maker burner,
flaming of the filler paper, heat first the cover
while swirling the flask, until decomposition
from abllve, and then the crucible from below.
and fusion arc complete and the melt is clear, When the filter paper is cocsumed, transfer
except for the silica content, and then cool.
the rrucible to a muffle furnace and ignite at
( Caurion: Do not overheat the contents of the
1 000’ for 30 min. Cool in a desiccator, and
flask at the beginning, and heat cautiously
weigh. Add 2 drops of sulfuric acid ( I in 2)
during fusion to avoid spzttering. ) To the
and 5 ml of concentrated hydrofluoric acid
cold melt add 25 ml of sulfuric acid solution
( sp. gr. 1.15 ), and carefully evapol-ate to
( 1 in 2 ), and heat very carefully and very slowly
dryness, first on a low-heat hot plate ( to
until the melt is dissolved. Cool, and care-
remove the HF ) and then over a Bunsen burner
fully add 150 ml of water, pouring very small
( to remove the H,SO, ). Take precautions
portions down the sides of the flask, with
to avoid spattering, especially after removal
frequent swirling, to avoid overheating and
of the HF. Ignite at 1 000” for IO min, cool in
spattering. Allow the conients of the flask
a desiccator, and weigh again. Record the
to cool, and then filter through the ashless
difference between the two weights as the
filter paper, using a 60-degree gravity funnel.
content of SiO, in the sample.
Wash out all of the silica from the flask onto
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producers may be obtained from the Bureau of Indian Standards.
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Revision of Indian Standards

Amendments are issued to standards as the need arises on the basis of comments. Standards
are also revit ,ved periodically; a standard along with amendments is reaffirmed when such review
indicates that no changes are needed; if the review indicates that changes are needed, it is taken
up for revision. Users of Indian Standards should ascertain that they are in possession of the
latest amendments or edition by referring to the latest issue of ‘BIS Handbook and ‘Standards
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reference:

Dot : No FAD 8 ( 0100 )

Amendments Issued Since Publicatloo

Amend No. Date of Issue Text Affected

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