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  • 8 Emissions

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    Mo Mo
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    The document discusses engine emissions, including unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. It explains that hydrocarbons increase with too rich or too lean mixtures and can be caused by ignition, fuel delivery, or air induction problems. Carbon monoxide increases with richer mixtures due to incomplete combustion from a lack of combustion oxygen or time. Oxides of nitrogen are highest with lean mixtures and are difficult to reduce along with hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide simultaneously. The document then discusses catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation systems which are emission reduction methods that aim to complete the combustion process and reduce oxides of nitrogen through dilution of combustion temperatures.

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    8-Emissions

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    The document discusses engine emissions, including unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. It explains that hydrocarbons increase with too rich or too lean mixtures and can be caused by ignition, fuel delivery, or air induction problems. Carbon monoxide increases with richer mixtures due to incomplete combustion from a lack of combustion oxygen or time. Oxides of nitrogen are highest with lean mixtures and are difficult to reduce along with hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide simultaneously. The document then discusses catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation systems which are emission reduction methods that aim to complete the combustion process and reduce oxides of nitrogen through dilution of combustion temperatures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 views9 pages

    8 Emissions

    Uploaded by

    Mo Mo
    The document discusses engine emissions, including unburned hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and particulate matter. It explains that hydrocarbons increase with too rich or too lean mixtures and can be caused by ignition, fuel delivery, or air induction problems. Carbon monoxide increases with richer mixtures due to incomplete combustion from a lack of combustion oxygen or time. Oxides of nitrogen are highest with lean mixtures and are difficult to reduce along with hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide simultaneously. The document then discusses catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation systems which are emission reduction methods that aim to complete the combustion process and reduce oxides of nitrogen through dilution of combustion temperatures.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 9

    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Faculty of Engineering- Mataria

    INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE – PART I

    Chapter (8)
    ENGINE EMISSIONS

    Dr. Ahmed Emara

    Cairo 2012

    ١
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Exhaust emissions
    • Unburned hydrocarbons (HC)
    • Carbon monoxide (CO)
    • Oxides of nitrogen (Nox)
    • Carbon dioxide (CO2)
    • Oxides of sulfur (SO2)
    • Oxygenated hydrocarbons like
    aldehydes
    • Smoke, soot, and other forms of black
    carbon
    • Particulate matter including lead

    Hydrocarbon (HC) Emission

    HC's increases with too rich or too lean

    Misfire due to:


    • Ignition
    • Fuel delivery
    • Air induction problems

    ٢
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Carbon Monoxide (CO) Emission

    CO increases with richer mixtures.

    Incomplete combustion
    • Combustion oxygen
    • Combustion time

    Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) Emission

    Nox is highest with lean mixture

    •Inverse with HC and CO


    •Difficult to lower three
    emission levels at once.

    ٣
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

    excellent indicator of efficient combustion.

    Sulfur dioxide (SOx)

     Sulfur present in gasoline


     Sulfur oxidizes to SO2
     Catalyst oxidizes sulfur dioxide to make SO3
     Reacts with water to make H2SO4

    ٤
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Causes of Excessive Emissions

    Excessive Hydrocarbons

    Excessive Carbon Monoxide

    Excessive Oxides of Nitrogen

    Emission Reduction Methods

    • Catalytic Converter

    ٥
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Catalytic Converter

    • To complete the oxidation process for


    (HC) and (CO)
    • Reducing oxides of nitrogen (NOx) back
    to simple nitrogen and carbon dioxide.

    Catalytic Converter

    Two types of catalysts:


    Reduction catalyst
    Oxidation catalyst
    Both consist of a ceramic structure coated
    with a metal catalyst:
    • Platinum/Palladium: Oxidizing catalysts for
    HC and CO
    • Rhodium: Reducing catalyst for NOx
    • Cerium: Promotes oxygen storage to
    improve oxidation efficiency

    ٦
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Exhaust Gas Recirculation System (EGR)

    Reduces NOx by diluting the


    mixture combustion temperature

    ٧
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    EGR flow should match:

    • High EGR during cruising and mid-range


    acceleration, when combustion
    temperatures are typically very high
    • Low EGR lows-peed and light load
    conditions
    • No EGR when EGR operation could
    adversely affect engine operating
    efficiency or vehicle driveability.

    Relationship between EGR ratio and load

    •Volume is referred to as EGR ratio


    •Increases with load

    ٨
    ٠٨/٠٦/١٤٣٣

    Thank You

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