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Faculty of Engineering- Mataria

Internal Combustion Engines

Chapter (4)
Combustion in Spark Ignition Engines

Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ahmed Emara

Cairo 2022/2023

1- Introduction

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Spark Plug

[2] COMBUSTION PHENOMENON IN SIE's

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[2] COMBUSTION PHENOMENON IN SIE's

[2] COMBUSTION PHENOMENON IN SIE's

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Combustion types:

Normal

Abnormal

(1) Normal combustion

(a) Ignition delay period (IDP).
(b) Rapid pressure rise period (RPRP).

Fig.(4.1) Typical P-θ

θ diagram for a SIE.

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(a) Ignition Delay Period (IDP)

Factors:
(1) T and P at the moment of sparking (2)
(2) Compression ratio of the engine
(3) Induction air temperature and pressure
(4) Engine load
(5) Fuel/air ratio
(6) Quality of fuel (Volatility)
(7) The rate of chemical reaction for the flame
nucleus.

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(b) Rapid Pressure Rise Period (RPRP)

Factors:
(1) Reducing the distance travelled.

(2) Increasing the flame speed.

Factors affecting the flame speed

(1) Mixture temperature and pressure

(2) Air/fuel ratio ( φ = 1.15)
(3) Engine load
(4) Engine speed (neglected)
(5) Combustion chamber design

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Advancing the spark

timing

Advancing

TDC θ

Advancing the spark

timing

•Higher peak pressure

•Closer to the TDC
•Higher mechanical stresses
•Higher negative work

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•The spark timing should be

adjusted in order to give the
best engine performance.

•Peak pressure 10 – 15o after

TDC Spark timing should be
10 – 30o before the TDC.

Factors affecting the spark timing

(1) Engine speed

1 rev 360o 60/N (sec)
θo X (sec)

IDP θo = Time x 360o/(60/N)

θo = IDP x 6 N
N ↑ → Advancing

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Factors affecting the spark timing

(2) Engine load

Load ↓ (P & T) at Sparking ↓ IDP ↑

Load ↓ → Advancing

• (2) Abnormal combustion

Normal Detonation Pre ignition

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(2) Abnormal combustion

(a) Detonation (knock)

(b) Pre ignition

(c) Running on

(2) Abnormal combustion

(a) Detonation (knock)

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(2) Abnormal combustion

(a) Detonation (knock)
Factors:
(1) Mixture temperature and pressure
(2) Engine load
(3) Coolant temperature
(4) Combustion chamber design
(5) Compression ratio
(6) Engine speed
(7) Mixture strength
(8) Ignition timing
(9) Type of fuel

(2) Abnormal combustion

(b) Pre ignition

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(2) Abnormal combustion

(b) Pre ignition

Rumbling

(i) Tendency of fuel to form deposits.

(ii) Tendency of fuel to ignite from such

glowing deposits.

(2) Abnormal combustion

(c) Running on

(1) After switching off the ignition,

charge may reach its self ignition
temperature.
(2) Poor cooling in conjunction with
low speed.

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Injection in SIE’s

INJECTION IGNITION

Injection in SIE’s

Theory of Operation

• η and Power ↑
• Controlled emissions.

•No throttling (carburettor engine)

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Injection in SIE’s

Injections Modes

Injection in SIE’s

Injections Modes
(1) Ultra lean burn mode is used for light-load running
conditions, at constant or reducing road speeds, where no
acceleration is required.

(2) Stoichiometric mode is used for moderate load conditions.

(3) Full power mode is used for rapid acceleration and heavy
loads

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Injection in SIE’s

Injections Modes

Injection in SIE’s

Injections Modes

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Injection in SIE’s

Indirect injection

Injection in SIE’s

Direct injection

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