BE8256-Basic Mechanical Engineering - Unit IV

BE8256-Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019
Basic Mechanical Engineering

Unit Iv – I.C. ENGINES, STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES
Engine
 Energy Conversion Device (One Form to the Other)
Heat Engine
Convert Thermal Energy in fuel into Mechanical Energy for Motion
Classifying Engines
Classification is based on:
 The location of the combustion
 The type of combustion
 The type of internal motion
The location of the combustion
The Type of Combustion
The Type of Internal Motion
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IC Engine
The combustion of fuel takes place inside the cylinder is known as Internal Combustion Engines
Chemical Energy
Heat Energy
Mechanical Energy
Classify IC engine
According to working cycle: a) Four stroke cycle engine b) Two stroke cycle engine
According to the type of fuel used: a) Petrol Engine b) Diesel Engine c) Gas Engine
According to the method of ignition: a) Spark Ignition (SI) b) Compression Ignition (CI)
According to the cooling system: a) Air cooled Engine b) Water cooled Engine
Swept volume in IC Engine
The volume swept by the piston during one stroke is called the swept volume (or) piston
displacement. In other words, swept volume is the volume covered by the piston while moving from
TDC to BDC.
Scavenging in IC engine
The process of pushing out of exhaust gases from the cylinder by admitting the fresh charge into the
cylinder is known as scavenging.
Short circuiting of two stroke engine
In two stroke engine at certain speed the air fuel mixture is directly come out from the cylinder
without undergoing combustion process is called short circuiting of two stroke engine.
Overlap period
The time duration during which both inlet and exhaust valves remain open is called as overlap period
Functions of a flywheel
A flywheel is an inertial energy-storage device. It absorb mechanical energy and serves as a
reservoir, storing energy during the period when the supply of energy is more than the requirement
and releases it during the period when the requirement of energy is more than the supply.
Carburation
The process of vapourizing the fuel ( petrol) and mixing it with air outside the cylinder in the SI
Engine is known as carburation.
Requirement of the fuel injector
(i) To inject the fuel into the engine cylinder by atomizing the fuel to the required degree.
(ii) To distribute the fuel such that there is a rapid and complete mixing of fuel and air.
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Necessity of cooling in IC engine
(i) To avoid un even expansion of the piston in the cylinder.
(ii) To reduce the temperature of piston and cylinder.
(iii) To avoid the overheating of the cylinder.
(iv) To avoid the physical and chemical changes in the lubricating oil which may cause sticking
of piston rings..
Purpose of thermostat in an engine cooling system
It is located in the cooling circuit,between the engine and the radiator. It opens and allows the flow
of water, assisted by water pump. It is a self regulating device and it is designed at a particular
temperature usually about 950C. The main purpose of thermostat is to avoid cold starting problem.
Ignition delay
The period between the start of fuel injection into the combustion chamber and the start of
combustion is termed as ignition delay period.
Unit Injection system
In this system each cylinder has its own individual high pressure pump and a metering unit.
Knocking
If the delay period of C.I engines is long, more fuel is injected and accumulated in the chamber.
When ignition begins, pulsating pressure rise can be noticed and creates heavy noise. This is known
as knocking.
Phenomenon of “knocking” in spark ignited engines.
Auto-ignition of end charge is responsible for knocking in spark ignited engines.
Effects of knocking?
(i) The engine parts gets overheated which may cause damage to the piston.
(ii) It creates heavy vibration of engine and hence louder noise and roughness.
(iii) Decrease in power output and efficiency.
(iv) More heat is lost to the coolant as the dissipation rate is rapid.
Brake power
Brake power is the power output of the drive shaft of the engine without the power loss caused by
gears, transmission, friction etc. it is also called as useful power or true power.
Octane number in I.C. Engines
Octane rating is a measure of a fuel's ability to resist 'knock'. The octanerequirement of an engine
varies with compression ratio, geometrical and mechanical considerations and operating conditions.
The higher the octane number the greater the fuel's resistance to knocking or pinging during
combustion.
Motoring test
It is a method of engine testing used measure the power output of the engine. The temperature
of he engine’s pistons and cylinder walls, together with other working parts and also the engine oil,
falls bellow that of normal working temperature during the motoring tests, and with the lack of
exhaust gases, etc, the frictional and pumping losses are somewhat modified.
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Indicated Power Friction Power

FP = IP - BP kW
Where Indicated Thermal Efficiency
N= rpm
PIMEP=Indicated Mean Effective Pressure(kN/m2)
L=length of Stroke (m)
A=Area of piston or cylinder(m2)
̇
n = Number of Power strokes(N/2 for four stroke)
k= Number of cylinders
Break Thermal Efficiency
Break Power
Where
N= rpm ̇
PBMEP= Break Mean Effective Pressure(kN/m2)
L=length of Stroke (m)
A=Area of piston or cylinder(m2) Mechanical Efficiency
n = Number of Power strokes(N/2 for four stroke)
k= Number of cylinders
(OR)
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption
Where
N= rpm
T=W x R (Load(kN) x Radius of drum(m))
Indicated Specific Fuel
Number of power strokes Consumption
Volumetric Efficiency
Heat Supplied
̇
Where
̇
Heat Balance Sheet:

Heat Supplied by the fuel ( Heat carried away by exhaust gas
Heat Supplied by the fuel

Unaccounted Heat Loss
Heat Loss due to the cooling Water
[Units is if , , are in ]
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PART – B (Theory)
1. Discuss the construction and working of a 4 stroke engine with sketch.
Suction stroke:
 Piston starts moving from TDC to BDC during this stroke.
 Inlet valve is in open condition and the exhaust valve is in closed condition.
 Air is taken inside the engine cylinder till the piston reaches BDC.
Compression stroke:
 Piston starts moving from BDC to TDC during this stroke.
 Both inlet valve and the exhaust valve are in closed condition.
 Air is compressed to 12 to 18 times inside the engine cylinder till the piston reaches TDC.
Working stroke:
 Fuel is injected in the atomized form using fuel pump and fuel injector inside the engine
cylinder just before the piston reaches TDC.
 High pressure, high temperature compressed air is sufficient enough to burn the fuel
injected.
 Fuel is burnt by the high temperature compressed air.
 High pressure, high temperature burnt gas after combustion pushes the piston from TDC to
BDC.
 Since the power is obtained due to expansion of burnt gas this stroke is also known as
power stroke or expansion stroke.
 Both inlet valve and the exhaust valve remain in closed condition.
Exhaust stroke:
 Piston starts moving from TDC to BDC during this stroke.
 Exhaust valve is in open condition and the inlet valve is in closed condition.
 Burnt gas is expelled into atmosphere till the piston reaches TDC.
 Both inlet valve and the exhaust valve are in closed condition.
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2. Discuss the construction and working of a 2 stroke engine with sketch.
Upward stroke of the piston (Suction + Compression): When the piston moves upward it covers
two of the ports, the exhaust port and transfer port, which are normally almost opposite to each
other. This traps the charge of air- fuel mixture drawn already in to the cylinder. Further upward
movement of the piston compresses the charge and also uncovers the suction port. Now fresh
mixture is drawn through this port into the crankcase. Just before the end of this stroke, the mixture
in the cylinder is ignited by a spark plug (Fig 2 c &d). Thus, during this stroke both suction and
compression events are completed.
Downward stroke (Power + Exhaust): Burning of the fuel rises the temperature and pressure of
the gases which forces the piston to move down the cylinder. When the piston moves down, it
closes the suction port, trapping the fresh charge drawn into the crankcase during the previous
upward stroke. Further downward movement of the piston uncovers first the exhaust port and then
the transfer port. Now fresh charge in the crankcase moves in to the cylinder through the transfer
port driving out the burnt gases through the exhaust port. Special shaped piston crown deflect the
incoming mixture up around the cylinder so that it can help in driving out the exhaust gases .
During the downward stroke of the piston power and exhaust events are completed.
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3. Discuss difference between 4 stroke engine and 2 stroke engine
S. No. Four stroke cycle engine Two stroke cycle engine
1 For every two revolutions one power stroke For every one revolution one power stroke is
is produced. produced.
2 Power produced for same size engine is Power produced for same size engine is more.
small. (Theoretically twice, actually 1.75 times).
3 For the same power more space is required. For the same power small space is required.
4 Valves are required. Ports are made in the cylinder walls.
5 Heavier flywheel is required because of non- Lighter flywheel because of uniform torque.
uniform torque on the crank shaft.
6 Fuel cannot escape with exhaust gases, since Some of the fuel may escape with exhaust
scavenging is better. Hence, fuel gases. Since, scavenging is poor. Hence, fuel
consumption is less. consumption is more.
7 Not possible to make the engine reversible. Possible to make the engine reversible.
8 Lesser cooling and lubrication requirements. Greater cooling and lubrication requirements.
Lesser rate of wear and tear. Greater rate of wear and tear.
9 Starting of the engine is fairly difficult. Starting of the engine is easy.
10 It gives less noise, since exhaust gases are It gives more noise due to sudden release of
released in a separate stroke. exhaust gases.
11 Thermal efficiency is more. Thermal efficiency is less.
12 Used in heavy vehicles like buses, lorries, Used in light vehicles like motor cycles,
trucks, cars, etc. scooters, mopeds, etc.
4. Discuss difference between petrol engine and Diesel engine

S. NO Petrol engine Diesel engine
1. Fuel (petrol) and air is admitted into the Air alone is admitted into the cylinder during
cylinder during suction stroke. suction stroke.
2. Fuel admission is through carburetor. Fuel admission is through fuel injector.
3. Spark ignition system is used for ignition. Compression ignition system is used for
combustion.
4. Compression ration varies from 6 to 10. Compression ratio varies from 14 to 22.
5. Due to light weight, they run at high Due to heavy weight, they run at low speeds
speeds (2000 to 5000 rpm or above). (400 rpm) and medium speeds (400-1200 rpm).
6. Efficiency is less due to low compression Efficiency is more due to higher compression
ratio. ratio.
7. Easy to start. Difficult to start the engine since more
cranking effort is required.
8. Lighter in weight. Heavier in weight due to high pressure.
9. More fuel consumption. Less fuel consumption.
10. Fuel cost is more. Fuel cost is less.
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PART – B (Problems)
1. Calculate the diameter and length of the stroke of a diesel engine working on four stroke
constant pressure cycle from the following data. IP=18.75 kW rotation per minute=220 CR=14
fuel cut-off ratio=1/20th of stroke, index of expansion=1.3, index of compression=1.35, L/D=1.5.
Assume the pressure and temperature of the air at inlet are 1 bar and 40˚C respectively.
Given
IP=18.75kW, N=220rpm, CR=14, L/D=1.5 , ,
Solution:
Cutoff Ratio:
Mean Effective Pressure:

* + * ( )+
Indicated Power:
D = 0.294m
Length of Stroke:
2. A four-cylinder, four-stroke oil engine 10 cm in diameter and 15 cm in stroke develops a

torque of 185 Nm at 2000 rpm. The oil consumption is 14.5 lit/hr. The specific gravity of the oil
is 0.82 and calorific value of oil is 42000 kJ/kg. If the imep taken from the indicated diagram is
6.7 bar find, (i) mechanical efficiency (ii) brake thermal efficiency (iii) Brake mean effective
pressure (iv) Specific fuel consumption in litres on brake power basis.
Given:
D=10cm, L=15cm, T=185Nm, N=2000rpm, ̇ , , CV=42000 kJ/kg,
Solution:
Indicated Power:
IP = 52.62kW
Brake Power:
W kW
Mechanical Efficiency:
Heat Input:
̇
Brake thermal efficiency:
Brake Mean Effective Pressure
= 493.38
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3. A four stroke, four cylinder gasoline engine has a bore of 60 mm and a stroke of 100 mm. On
test it develops a torque of 66.5 N m, when running at 3000 rpm. If the clearance volume in
each cylinder is 60 cc, the relative efficiency with respect to brake thermal efficiency is 0.5 and
the calorific value of the fuel is 42 MJ/kg, determine the fuel consumption in kg/h and the
brake mean effective pressure.
Given:
D=60cm, L=100cm, T=66.5Nm, N=3000rpm, CV=42000 kJ/kg, ,
Solution:
Brake Power:
W kW
= 738.83
Fuel Consumption:
̇ ̇
̇
Brake Thermal Efficiency: Ideal Efficiency:
Where,
4. A four cylinder, four stroke diesel engine has brake mean effective pressure of 6 bar at full
load speed of 600 rpm and specific fuel consumption of 0.25 kg/kWh. The cylinder has bore of
20 cm and stroke length of 30 cm. The air fuel ratio is measured as 26 from the exhaust gas
analysis. The ambient conditions are 1 bar, 27ºC. Assuming the calorific value of fuel as 43
MJ/kg determine the brake thermal efficiency and the volumetric efficiency. Also find out
brake power.
Given:
, N=600rpm, SFC=0.25 kg/kWh, D=20cm, L=30cm, , ,
CV=43MJ/kg
Solution:
Brake Power:
BP = 113.09 Kw
Fuel Consumption:
̇
̇ ̇ ̇
Page 10
Volumetric Efficiency:
̇
̇ ̇
̇
5. A two stroke two cylinder engine runs with speed of 3000 rpm and fuel consumption of 5
litres/hr. The fuel has specific gravity of 0.7 and air-fuel ratio is 19. The piston speed is 500
m/min and indicated mean effective pressure is 6 bar. The ambient conditions are 1.013 bar,
15ºC. The volumetric efficiency is 0.7 and mechanical efficiency is 0.8. Determine brake power
output considering R for gas = 0.287 kJ/kgK. (Take piston speed, m/min = 2 LN where L is
stroke (m) and N is rpm)
Given:
N=3000rpm, , , , Piston Speed=500 m/min, ,
, , , , R = 0.287 kJ/kgK,
Solution:
Length of Stroke:
Mass FLOWRATE of air:

̇
̇ ̇
̇
Volume FLOWRATE of air:
Stroke Volume:
Diameter or Bore of the Cylinder:
Indicated Power:
IP = 18.47 kW
Page 11
6. During trial of four stroke single cylinder engine the load on dynamometer is found 20 kg at
radius of 50 cm. The speed of rotation is 3000 rpm. The bore and stroke are 20 cm and 30
respectively. Fuel is supplied at the rate of 0.15 kg/min. The calorific value of fuel may be
taken as 43 MJ/kg. After some time the fuel supply is cut and the engine is rotated with motor
which required 5 kW to maintain the same speed of rotation of engine. Determine the brake
power, indicated power, mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency, indicated thermal
efficiency, brake mean effective pressure, indicated mean effective pressure.
Given:
, R=50cm, N=3000rpm, D=20cm, L=30cm, , CV=43MJ/kg, FP=5kW

Solution:
Torque:
Brake Power:
W kW
Indicated Power:
IP=30.82+5 kW
Indicated thermal efficiency:
Indicated Mean Effective Pressure
= 152.02
= 130.8
7. A four stroke four cylinder diesel engine running at 300 rpm produces 120 kW of brake
power. The cylinder dimensions are 30 cm bore and 25 cm stroke. Fuel consumption rate is 1
kg/min while air fuel ratio is 10. The average indicated mean effective pressure is 0.8 MPa.
Determine indicated power, mechanical efficiency, brake thermal efficiency and volumetric
efficiency of engine. The calorific value of fuel is 43 MJ/kg. The ambient conditions are 1.013
bar, 27ºC.
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Given:
N=300rpm, BP=120kW, D=30cm, L=25cm, , , ,
CV=43MJ/kg, , ,
Indicated Power:
IP = 141.37kW
Volumetric Efficiency:
̇
̇ ̇
̇
8. The following observations were taken during a test on a single cylinder 4 stroke cycle engine
having a bore of 300 mm and a stroke of 450 mm.
Ambient air temperature =22oC Engine speed = 300 rpm
Fuel consumption =11 kg/h CV of fuel = 42000
kJ/kg.
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar Rope diameter = 2 cm
Net brake load =1.0 kN Brake drum diameter =2m
Quantity of Jacket cooling water = 590 kg/hr Temperature entering cooling water =
22oC
Temperature of leaving cooling water =70oC Quantity of air as measured = 225 kg/h
Specific heat of exhaust of gases =1.005 kJ/kgK Exhaust gas temperature = 405oC
Determine indicated power, brake power mechanical efficiency and draw a heat balance sheet
on hour basis.
Solution:
Indicated Power:
IP = 47.71kW
Brake Power:
kW
Page 13
Heat Input:
Heat carried away by exhaust gas
Heat Loss due to Brake power:
Unaccounted Loss:
Percentage of Heat Loss:
9. During the trial of a single acting oil engine, cylinder diameter is 20 cm, stroke 28 cm, working on
two stroke cycle and firing every cycle, the following observations were made:
Duration of trial = 1 hour Total fuel used = 4.22 kg
Calorific value = 44670 kJ/kg Proportion of hydrogen in fuel = 15%
Total number of revolutions = 21000 Mean effective pressure =2.74 bar
Net brake load applied to a drum = 600 N Drum Diameter = 100 cm
Total mass of cooling water circulated = 495 kg Cooling water enters = 13ºC
Cooling water leaves = 380C Air used =135kg
Temperature of air in test room = 200C Temperature of exhaust gases = 3700C
Cpgases = 1.005 kJ/kgK Cp steam at atm = 2.093 kJ/kg K
Calculate thermal efficiency and draw up the heat balance.
Solution:
Indicated Power:
IP = 14.06 kW
Page 14
Brake Power:
kW
Heat Input:
Heat carried away by exhaust gas:

Mass of the Exhaust gas:
Heat carried away by exhaust gas = Heat carried away by steam in exhaust gas +
Heat carried away by dry gas in exhaust gas
[ ]
Heat carried away by steam in exhaust gas:

{ }
{[ ] [ ]}
Heat carried away by dry gas in exhaust gas:
Unaccounted Loss:
Page 15
10. During an experiment on four stroke single cylinder engine the indicator diagram obtained
has average height of 1 cm while indicator constant is 25 kN/m2 per mm. The engine run at
300 rpm and the swept volume is 1.5 × 104 cm3. The effective brake load upon dynamometer
is 60 kg while the effective brake drum radius is 50 cm. The fuel consumption is 0.12 kg/min
and the calorific value of fuel oil is 42 MJ/kg. The engine is cooled by circulating water around
it at the rate of 6 kg/min. The cooling water enters at 35º C and leaves at 70ºC. Exhaust gases
leaving have energy of 30 kJ/s with them. Take specific heat of water as 4.18 kJ/kg K.
Determine indicated power output, brake power output and mechanical efficiency. Also draw
the overall energy balance in kJ/s.
Given:
Indicator Diagram Height =1cm, Indicator Constant = 25 kN/m2 per mm, N=300rpm,
, , , , CV = 42 MJ/kg, ,
, , ,
Solution:
Brake Mean Effective pressure:
Indicated Power:
IP = 9.375 kW
Brake Power:
kW
Heat Input:
Page 16
Unaccounted Loss:
11. During 15 minutes trial of an internal combustion engine of 2-stroke single cylinder type the
total 4 kg fuel is consumed while the engine is run at 1500 rpm. Engine is cooled employing
water being circulated at 15 kg/min with its inlet and exit temperatures as 27ºC and 50ºC. The
total air consumed is 150 kg and the exhaust temperature is 400ºC. The atmospheric
temperature is 27ºC. The mean specific heat of exhaust gases may be taken as 1.25 kJ/kg K.
The mechanical efficiency is 0.9. Determine the brake power, brake specific fuel consumption
and indicated thermal efficiency. Also draw energy balance on per minute basis. Brake torque
is 300 Nm and the fuel calorific value is 42 MJ/kg.
Given:
Trail=15min, N=1500rpm, , , ,
, , , T=300Nm
Page 17
Solution:
Brake Power:
W kW
Heat Input:
Unaccounted Loss:
Page 18
12. During trial of a four cylinder four stroke petrol engine running at full load it has speed of
1500 rpm and brake load of 250 N when all cylinders are working. After some time each
cylinder is cut one by one and then again brought back to same speed of engine. The brake
readings are measured as 175 N, 180 N, 182 N and 170 N. The brake drum radius is 50 cm.
The fuel consumption rate is 0.189 kg/min with the fuel whose calorific value is 43 MJ/kg and
A/F ratio of 12. Exhaust gas temperature is found to be 600ºC. The cooling water flows at 18
kg/min and enters at 27ºC and leaves at 50ºC. The atmospheric air temperature is 27ºC. Take
specific heat of exhaust gas as 1.02 kJ/kg K. Determine the brake power output of engine, its
indicated power and mechanical efficiency. Also draw a heat balance on per minute basis.
Given:
N=1500rpm, , 175 N, 180 N, 182 N and 170 N, R=50cm, ,
CV=43MJ/kg, , , , , ,, ,,
Solution:
Brake Power when all Cylinders are working:
Torque:
Brake Power:
W kW
Brake Power when Cylinder one cut:
Torque1:
Brake Power1:
W kW
Indicated Power1:
Brake Power when Cylinder two cut:

Torque2:
Brake Power2:
W kW
Indicated Power2:
Page 19
Brake Power when Cylinder three cut:
Torque3:
Brake Power3:
W kW
Indicated Power3:
Brake Power when Cylinder four cut:
Torque4:
Brake Power4:
W kW
Indicated Power4:
Total Indicated Power:
Heat Input:
Unaccounted Loss:
Page 20
13. During Morse Test experiment on a six cylinder petrol engine the brake power output was
found 50 kW when all cylinders run at full load. When one by one each cylinder is cut and load
is reduced to bring engine back to original speed, the measured brake power outputs are as
under. Determine the indicated power of engine and mechanical efficiency of engine.
No. of cylinders 1 2 3 4 5 6
Brake power (kW) 40.1 39.5 39.1 39.6 39.8 40
Indicated Power when Cylinder one cut:
Indicated Power when Cylinder two cut:
Indicated Power when Cylinder three cut:
Indicated Power when Cylinder four cut:
Indicated Power when Cylinder five cut:
Indicated Power when Cylinder six cut:
Total Indicated Power:
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STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES

Pure substance
A pure substance is a substance of constant chemical composition throughout its mass. A
pure substance does not have to be of a single chemical element. A mixture of various
chemical elements is also called as pure substance as long as the mixture is homogeneous in
composition, homogeneous in chemical aggregation and invariable in chemical aggregation.
e.g. H2O.
Saturation states
A saturation state is a state from which a change of phase may occurs without a change of
pressure or temperature. The state of a substance at which a phase transformation begins
or ends.
Sub cooled liquid
The state of a pure substance at which the temperature is less than the saturation
temperature corresponding to the pressure is known as sub-cooled liquid state
Compressed liquid
The pressure on the liquid water is greater than the saturated pressure at a given
temperature. In this condition, the liquid water is known as the compressed liquid
super heating‟ and „subcooling‟
Heating steam beyond its saturation temperature and cooling of liquid below saturation
temperatures are known as superheating and subcooling.
Degree of superheat
The difference between the superheated temperature and the saturated temperature at the
given pressure is called the degree of superheat.
Critical state. The term critical pressure , critical temperature, and critical
volume of water.
The state at which the transition from liquid to vapour phase suddenly takes place. The
specific volume of the saturated liquid and of the saturated vapour is the same. Such a state
of the substance is called the critical state. The properties like pressure, temperature and
volume at critical state are known as critical pressure, critical temperature, and critical
volume. The corresponding values for water are: 221.2 bar, 374.15°C and 0.00317 m3/kg
Triple point. For a pure substance, how many degrees of freedom are there at
triple point?
The state at which all the three phases-solid ,liquid and vapour coexist in equilibrium is
called the triple point. At the triple point, C=1, P=3 and application of the phase rule gives
F=C+2-P=1+2-3+0. Hence, the number of degrees of freedom at the triple point is equal to
zero. In other words the triple point is invariant (F=0). One cannot arbitrarily assign either
temperature or pressure for the triple point. The triple point exists at u definite pressure
and temperature. For example, the triple point of water is P=0.611kPa and t=0.01°C.
Page 22
Phase rule for pure substance
Phase rule gives F=C+2-P, Hence, the number of degrees of freedom at the triple point is
equal to zero. In other words the triple point is invariant (F=0). One cannot arbitrarily
assign either temperature or pressure for the triple point. The triple point exists at u
definite pressure and temperature. For example, the triple point of water is P=0.611kPa
and t=0.01°C.
List the advantages of superheated steam
 Its heat content and hence its capacity to do work is increased without having to increase its
pressure
 High temperature of superheated steam results in an increase in thermal efficiency
 Superheating is done in a superheated which obtains its heat from waste furnace gases
which would have otherwise uselessly up the chimney
Dryness fraction
The term dryness fraction is related with wet steam. It is defined as the ratio of the mass of
actual dry steam to the mass of steam containing it. It is expressed by the symbol ‘x’.
Heat of superheat
The additional amount of heat supplied to the steam during superheating is called as heat of
superheat. It can be calculated by using the specific heat of superheated steam at constant pressure.
Latent heat
The heat being supplied does not show any rise of temperature but results in change of state is
known as latent heat.
Sensible heat of water.
It is defined as the quantity of heat absorbed by 1 kg of water when it is heated from 0°C to boiling
point. It is also called total heat of water.
Phase equilibrium diagram on T-v coordinates
Phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substances on T-S plot
Page 23
p-T diagram for water
Rankine Cycle:
A simple Rankine cycle has the following processes for the boiler, turbine, condenser and pump of
a steam power cycle:
Process 1–2: Isentropic expansion of the working fluid through the turbine from
saturated vapour at state 1 to the condenser pressure.
Process 2–3: Heat transfer from the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure through the
condenser with saturated liquid at state 3.
Process 3–4: Isentropic compression in the pump to state 4 in the compressed liquid region.
Process 4–1: Heat transfer to the working fluid as it flows at constant pressure through the
boiler to complete the cycle.
Reheat Rankine Cycle:

Increasing the boiler pressure can increase the thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle, but it
also increases the moisture content at the exit of the turbine to an unacceptable level. To
correct this side effect, the simple Rankine cycle is modified with a reheat process. The
schematic of an ideal reheat Rankine cycle with its T-s diagram. In this reheat cycle, steam is
expanded isentropically to an intermediate pressure in a high-pressure turbine (stage I) and
Page 24
sent back to the boiler, where it is reheated at constant pressure to the inlet temperature of
the high-pressure turbine. Then the steam is sent to a low-pressure turbine and expands to the
condenser pressure (stage II) . The total heat input and total work output is
Regenerative Rankine Cycle:

In regenerative Rankine cycle, some amount of steam is bled off during expansion in the turbine
and mixed with feed water before it enters the boiler to reduce the heat input. In the below both
reheat and regeneration (Two feed water heaters) are incorporated.
Rankine cycle is modified?

The work obtained at the end of the expansion is very less. The work is too inadequate to
overcome the friction. Therefore the adiabatic expansion is terminated at the point before the
end of the expansion in the turbine and pressure decreases suddenly, while the volume
remains constant.
Improve thermal efficiency of the Rankine cycle.
 Reheating of steam
 Regenerative feed water heating
 By water extraction
 Using binary vapour
Page 25
Properties of Pure substance: Types of steam: If a vessel contains Water and Vapor
Wet Steam: From Steam Table at given dryness fraction and
Pressure (or Temperature)
The total mass of mixture,
vf = ? , vg = ?, hf = ?, hfg = ?, sf = ?, sfg = ? Total Volume ( )
( ) Volume of liquid,
Table 1 for given temperature
or
( ) Table 2 for given pressure Volume of vapour
( ) Mass of vapour,
if Dryness fraction is not given
Mass of vapour,
Quality of the mixture,
or find out from above formula Quality of the mixture,
Dry or saturated Steam: From Steam Table at given Pressure

or Temperature The specific internal energy, u :
Table 1 for given temperature
or
Table 2 for given pressure From Superheated steam to Wet Steam Expansion:
From Superheated steam tables, At 10 bar & 300°C.
Superheated Steam: From Steam Table at given Pressure and

Temperature
Table 3 Internal energy of superheated steam

Table 4
( ) Table 5
From steam tables, at exit pressure (wet steam)
vg = ?, hf = ?, hfg = ?,
For superheated steam, use formula or Table
(To find out , use formula which is easier) Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion)
Interpolate the valve and find exact one if not available in Internal energy of this steam,
steam table
Ex: Temperature vs Entropy (Find T)
Hence change of internal energy per kg
Page 26
SIMPLE RANKINE CYCLE REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE REGENERATION RANKINE CYCLE
COMMON CONDITIONS TO THREE CYCLES

Note:
1. Boiler oulet steam condition may be Dry saturated or Super heated steam which enters to the Turbine.(Use saturated or superheated steam table (Table 3,4,5 ) to find out
properties.)
2. Turbine exit steam condition is wet steam which enters to the Condenser. (Use formulas [ ( )] to find out Dryness Fraction).
3. For Reheater and Regenerative cycle, Turbine exit at state 2, steam condition may be Dry Saturated Or Superheated Condition.
4. Condenser outlet condition is Saturated liquid always which enters to the Pump.(at a given Pressure, the enthalpy )
5. Pump outlet condition is subcooled liquid which enters to the boiler. (Ex: Simple Rankine Cycle, Use formulas [ ] to find out pump work and for enthalpy
. ( not possible to use steam table at this condition.)
Notations in the Steam Table:
Note: (For reheat and regeneration at state 2)

Turbine inlet entropy = Turbine exit entropy
at a given turbine exit pressure find entropy in the saturated pressure table
if , ,
Page 27
SIMPLE RANKINE CYCLE REHEAT RANKINE CYCLE REGENERATION RANKINE CYCLE
Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic expansion Process 1-2: Reversible adiabatic expansion Turbine Work:Reversible adiabatic expansion
)
Process 2-3: Constant pressure reheating Process 3-4: Constant pressure heat rejection
Process 2-3:Constant pressure heat rejection
Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic expansion

To find bypass steam mass: energy balance
Process 3-4: Reversible adiabatic pumping

Process 4-5:Constant pressure heat rejection Process 4-5: Reversible adiabatic pumping
Process 6-7: Reversible adiabatic pumping

Process 5-6:Reversible adiabatic pumping
Process 7-1: Constant Pressure Heat Supplied

Process 4-1: Constant pressure heat supplied
Process 6-1:Constant pressure heat supplied
Efficiency :
Efficiency :
Efficiency :
Note: Here Pump work is negligible
Page 28
PART – B
1. Explain steam formation with relevant sketch and label all salient points and explain every point in
detail.
 Consider a cylinder fitted with a piston which can move freely upwards and downwards in it.
 Let, for the sake of simplicity, there be 1 kg of water at 0°C with volume v f (m3) under the piston.
Further let the piston is loaded with load W to ensure heating at constant pressure.
 Now if the heat is imparted to water, a rise in temperature will be noticed and this rise will continue till
boiling point is reached.
 The temperature at which water starts boiling depends upon the pressure and as such for each pressure
(under which water is heated) there is a different boiling point.
 This boiling temperature is known as the temperature of formation of steam or saturation temperature.
 It may be noted during heating up to boiling point that there will be slight increase in volume of water
due to which piston moves up and hence work is obtained as shown in Fig. (ii).
 This work, however, is so small that is can be neglected. Now, if supply of heat to water is continued it
will be noticed that rise of temperature after the boiling point is reached nil but piston starts moving
upwards which indicates that there is increase is volume which is only possible if steam formation
occurs.
 The heat being supplied does not show any rise of temperature but changes water into vapour state
(steam) and is known as latent heat or hidden heat.
 So long as the steam is in contact with water, it is called wet steam [Fig. (iii)] and if heating of steam is
further progressed [as shown in Fig. (iv)] such that all the water particles associated with steam are
evaporated, the steam so obtained is called dry and saturated steam.
Page 29
3
 If vg (m ) is the volume of 1 kg of dry and saturated steam then work done on the piston will be
p(vg – vf) .
where,
p is the constant pressure (due to weight ‘W’ on the piston).
 Again, if supply of heat to the dry and saturated steam is continued at constant pressure there will be
increase in temperature and volume of steam. The steam so obtained is called superheated steam and it
behaves like a perfect gas. This phase of steam formation is illustrated in Fig. (v).
 The amount of heat required to convert the liquid water completely into vapour under this condition is
called the heat of vapourisation. The temperature at which vapourisation takes place at a given pressure
is called the saturation temperature and the given pressure is called the saturation pressure.
 The pressure on the liquid water is greater than the saturation pressure at a given temperature. In this
condition, the liquid water is known as the compressed liquid.
 When the temperature increases above the saturation temperature (in this case 100°C), the vapour is
known as the superheated vapour and the temperature at this state is called the superheated
temperature.
 The difference between the superheated temperature and the saturation temperature at the given pressure
is called the degree of superheat.
 The specific volume of the saturated liquid and of the saturated vapour is the same, i.e., vf = vg. Such a
state of the substance is called the critical state. The parameters like temperature, pressure, volume, etc.
At such a state are called critical parameters.
 When the pressure is greater than the critical pressure. At this state, the liquid water is directly converted
into superheated steam. As there is no definite point at which the liquid water changes into superheated
steam, it is generally called liquid water when the temperature is less than the critical temperature and
superheated steam when the temperature is above the critical temperature.
Page 30
2. A vessel having a capacity of 0.05 m3 contains a mixture of saturated water and saturated steam at a
temperature of 245°C. The mass of the liquid present is 10 kg. Find the following, (i) The pressure, (ii) The
mass, (iii) The specific volume, (iv) The specific enthalpy, (v) The specific entropy, and (vi) The specific
internal energy.
3
Given: V=0.05 m , T1=245°C, mf =10 kg
Find : (i) p (ii) m (iii) v (iv) h (v) s (vi) u
Solution:
From steam tables, corresponding to 245°C :

psat = 36.5 bar, vf = 0.001239 m3/kg, vg = 0.0546 m3/kg
hf = 1061.4 kJ/kg, hfg = 1740.2 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
(i) The pressure ‘P’ = 36.5 bar
(ii) The mass
Volume of liquid,
Volume of vapour –
∴ Mass of vapour,
∴ The total mass of mixture,

(iii) The specific volume
Quality of the mixture,
–
(iv) The specific enthalpy
(v) The specific entropy
s
(vi) The specific internal energy
3. A pressure cooker contains 1.5 kg of saturated steam at 5 bar. Find the quantity of heat which must be
rejected so as to reduce the quality to 60% dry. Determine the pressure and temperature of the steam at the
new state.
Given: m= 1.5 kg , p = 5 bar, x1 = 1, x2 = 0.6
Find: Pressure and temperature of the steam at the new state :

Solution:
From steam tables, At 5 bar.

ts = 151.8°C, , , vg = 0.375 m3/kg
Page 31
Internal energy of steam per kg at initial point 1,
( )
– –
The volume of pressure cooker,
We know that ,
[ ]
From steam tables at
, ,
Internal energy of steam per kg, at final point 2,
( )
– –
Heat transferred at constant volume per kg
– –
Total heat transferred
– –
4. A spherical vessel of 0.9 m3 capacity contains steam at 8 bar and 0.9 dryness fraction. Steam is blown off
until the pressure drops to 4 bar. The valve is then closed and the steam is allowed to cool until the pressure
falls to 3 bar. Assuming that the enthalpy of steam in the vessel remains constant during blowing off periods,
determine :(i) The mass of steam blown off (ii) The dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling ;(iii)
The heat lost by steam per kg during cooling.
Given: V = 0.9 m3, p1 = 8 bar, x1 = 0.9, p2 = 4 bar, p3 = 3 bar

Find : (i) m (ii) x2, (iii) Q
Solution:

, , vg1 = 0.24 m3/kg
(i) The mass of steam blown off :
The enthalpy of steam before blowing off (per kg)
Page 32
, , vg1 = 0.462 m3/kg
Enthalpy before blowing off = Enthalpy after blowing off
Now the mass of steam in the vessel after blowing off,
Mass of steam blown off, –

, , vg3 = 0.606 m3/kg
(ii) Dryness fraction of steam in the vessel after cooling
As it is constant volume cooling
(iii) Heat lost during cooling
( )
( )
–
Heat transferred during cooling
–
5. Calculate the internal energy per kg of superheated steam at a pressure of 10 bar and a temperature of
300°C. Also find the change of internal energy if this steam is expanded to 1.4 bar and dryness fraction 0.8.
Given: p1 = 10 bar, T1 = 300°C , x1 = 0.8, p2 = 1.4 bar
Find : (i) Δu
Solution:
From steam tables, At 10 bar

,
From Superheated steam tables, At 10 bar & 300°C.

,
Page 33
Internal energy of superheated steam at 10 bar,
From steam tables, at 1.4 bar :

vg = 1.236 m3/kg, hf = 458.4 kJ/kg, hfg = 2231.9 kJ/kg,
sf = 2.7474 kJ/kg K, sfg = 3.3585 kJ/kg K.
Enthalpy of wet steam (after expansion)
Internal energy of this steam,
Hence change of internal energy per kg

– –
Negative sign indicates decrease in internal energy.
6. Steam initially at 0.3 Mpa, 250°C is cooled at constant volume. At what temperature will the steam become
saturated vapour? What is the steam quality at 80°C? Also find what is the heat transferred per kg of steam
in cooling from 25oC to 80°C.
From Steam Table

At P1=30 bar and T1=250 °C
v1=0.7964 m3/kg, h1=2967.6 kJ/kg
we know that , v1= v2= v3=0.7964 m3/kg
From steam Table
At v2 = vg = 0.7964 m3/kg
vg = 0.8919 m3/kg, Tsat=120°C
vg = 0.7706 m3/kg, Tsat=125°C
State 2
From Steam Table
At
vf = 0.001029 m3/kg , vg = 3.0407 m3/kg, hf = 334.91 kJ/kg, hfg = 2308.8 kJ/kg,
–
The specific enthalpy
The specific internal energy
Page 34
Heat Transfer
From first law of thermodynamics
,
Then,
7. Steam at 30 bar and 350 °C is expanded in a non-flow isothermal process to a pressure of 1 bar. The
temperature and pressure of the surroundings are 25 °C and 100 kPa respectively. Determine the maximum
work that can be obtained from this process per kg of steam. Also find the maximum useful work.
Given : Non-flow system (Closed system)
System at state 1:
From steam table
p1= 30 bar and T1=350 °C (super-heated steam since sat T= 233.8°C for 30 bar sat pr.)
v1 = 0.09053 m3/kg
System at state 2:
From steam table
p2= 1 bar and T2= T1 = 350 °C (super-heated steam since sat T= 99.63°C for 1 bar sat pr.)
v1 = 2.871 m3/kg
Surrounding is at are 25 °C and 100 kPa
Consider mass of steam as 1 kg. Find maximum work that can be obtained from this process per kg
of steam.
( ) ( )
Maximum useful work. [reversible adiabatic (isentropic) work]

From steam table
p1= 30 bar and T1=350 °C (super-heated steam since sat T= 233.8°C for 30 bar sat pr.)
h1 = 3117.5 kJ/kg
s1 = 6.747 kJ/kg.k
From steam tables at 1 bar
0.8987
Maximum useful work:
Page 35
Rankine cycle
1. In a Rankine cycle, the steam at inlet to turbine is saturated at a pressure of 35 bar and the exhaust pressure
is 0.2 bar. Determine : (i) The turbine work (ii) The condenser heat flow, (iii) The pump work, (iv) Heat
Supplied to the boiler, (v) Network done, (vi)The Rankine efficiency, (vii) The dryness at the end of
expansion, (viii) Carnot efficiency (ix) SSC, (x)Work ratio, (xi) Turbine power output if flow rate of 9.5
kg/s.
Given: p1 = 35 bar, p2 = 0.2 bar

Find : (i) W, (ii) η
Solution:
State 1
,
State 2
From steam tables at 0.2 bar
,
vf2 = 0.001017 m3/kg

State 3
State 4
Process 1-2: Turbine Work : Reversible adiabatic expansion
Process 2-3: Condenser heat rejection: Constant pressure heat rejection
Process 3-4: Pump Work: Reversible adiabatic pumping
Page 36
Process 4-1: Boiler heat supplied: Constant pressure heat supplied
Net work done:
Efficiency :
Carnot Efficiency:
Specific Steam Consumption:
Work Ratio:
Turnine Power output:
2. A simple Rankine cycle works between pressures 28 bar and 0.06 bar, the initial condition of steam being
dry saturated. Calculate the cycle efficiency, work ratio and specific steam consumption.
Given: p1 = 28 bar, p2 = 0.06 bar

Find : (i) , (ii) η, (iii) SSC
Solution:
State 1
From Superheated steam tables at 28 bar
,
State 2
,
vf2 = 0.001m3/kg
Page 37
State 3
State 4
Net work done:
Efficiency :
Work Ratio:
3. In a steam turbine steam at 20 bar, 360°C is expanded to 0.08 bar. It then enters a condenser, where it is
condensed to saturated liquid water. The pump feeds back the water into the boiler. Assume ideal
processes, find per kg of steam the net work and the cycle efficiency.
Given: p1 = 20 bar, T1 = 360°C, p2 = 0.08 bar

Solution:
From Superheated steam tables at 20 bar, 360°C
By interpolation
Page 38
vf2 = 0.001008 m3/kg
0.838
Net work done:
Efficiency :
4. The following data refer to a simple steam power plant :

Calculate :(i) Power output of the turbine, (ii) Heat transfer per hour in the boiler and condenser separately,
(iii) Mass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser. Choose the inlet temperature of cooling
water 20°C and 30°C at exit from the condenser, (iv) Diameter of the pipe connecting turbine with
condenser.
Page 39
Solution:
(i) Power output of the turbine, P :
From Superheated steam tables

At 60 bar, 380°C (380°C is not available in steam table)
By interpolation
,
vg2 = 14.67 m3/kg
Heat transfer per hour in the boiler and condenser :


(by interpolation)
Heat transfer per hour in the boiler,
Heat transfer per hour in the condenser,
Mass of cooling water circulated per hour in the condenser, mw :

Heat lost by steam = Heat gained by the cooling water
Diameter of the pipe connecting turbine with condenser , d:
Page 40
5. A Rankine cycle operates between pressures of 80 bar and 0.1 bar. The maximum cycle temperature is
600°C. If the steam turbine and condensate pump efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.8 respectively, calculate the
specific work and thermal efficiency. Relevant steam table extract is given below.
Given: p1 = 80 bar, T1 = 600°C, p2 = 0.1 bar

Solution:
State 1
, ,
State 2
,
,
vf2 = 0.0010103 m3/kg
0.85
State 3
State 4
Page 41
Net work done:
Efficiency :
Work Ratio:
8. A reheat Rankine cycle receives steam at 35 bar and 0.1 bar. Steam enters the first stage steam turbine 350
ºC. If reheating is done at 8 bar and 350 ºC, calculate the specific steam consumption and reheat Rankine
cycle efficiency.
Given:
P1=35 bar, T1=350 ºC, P3=8 bar,
T3=350 ºC, P4=0.1 bar
Solution:
Process 1-2: Adiabatic expansion process
From the superheated steam table at 35 bar and 350 ºC

By interpolation
From saturated steam table at 8 bar
Where, , so the exit of turbine is saturated steam
Page 42
From saturated steam table at 8 bar
Turbine work
Process 2-3: Constant pressure heat addition
From superheated steam table at 8 bar and 350 ºC
Heat supplied to reheater
Process 3-4: Adiabatic expansion process in turbine 2:
From saturated steam table at 0.1 bar
, so the exit of turbine is wet steam

From saturated steam table at 0.1 bar
, , ,
0.9
Process 4-5: Constant pressure heat rejection
Process 5-6: Adiabatic pumping
Process 5-6: Constant pressure heat addition
Rankine cycle efficiency
Specific steam consumption
Page 43
Steam Turbine
STEAM TURBINE
• Prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy, and
later in turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaft.
• Turbine shaft, directly or with help of a reduction gearing, is connected with the driven
mechanism
• Based on the type of driven mechanism it is used for power generation and transport.
CLASSIFICATION
• With respect to the action of steam
(i) Impulse (ii) Reaction

(iii) Combination of impulse and reaction
Other classifications are:
1. According to number of pressure stages

(i) Single stage turbines with one or more velocity stages
(ii) Multistage impulse and reaction turbines
2. According to the direction of steam flow
(i) Axial turbines – Steam flows parallel to turbine axis
(ii) Radial turbines – Steam flows perpendicular to turbine axis
3. According to the number of cylinders
(i) Single cylinder turbines
(ii) Double cylinder turbines
(iii) Three cylinder turbines
(iv) Four cylinder turbines
4. According to the method of governing
(i) Turbines with throttle governing – simult oper. Throttle valves
(ii) Turbines with nozzle governing – consetve. opening regulators.
(iii) Turbines with by pass governing – first stage & intermedi stage
5. According to heat drop process
(i) Condensing turbines with generators.
(ii) Condensing turbines with 1 or 2 intermediate stage extractions
(iii) Back pressure turbines
(iv) Topping turbines
(v) Back pressure turbines with steam extraction from intermediate stages at specific
pressure
(vi) Low pressure turbines
(vii) Mixed pressure turbines
Page 44
6. According to steam condition at inlet to turbine
(i) Low pressure turbines
(ii) Medium pressure turbines
(iii) High pressure turbines
(iv) Turbines of very high pressures
(v) Turbines of supercritical pressures
7. According to their usage in industry
(i) Stationary turbines with constant speed of rotation
(ii) Stationary steam turbines with variable speed
(iii) Non-stationary turbines with variable speed
ADVANTAGES OF STEAM TURBINE OVER THE STEAM ENGINES
1. Thermal efficiency of a steam turbine is higher than that of a steam engine
2. Power generation in a steam turbine is uniform hence flywheel is not required

3. Higher and greater range of speeds is possible than in case of a steam engine.
4. Steam turbines are very much suitable in large thermal stations where we need higher outputs
5. With the absence of reciprocating parts the balancing problem is minimized
6. No internal lubrication is required (no rubbing parts in steam turbine)
7. In a steam turbine there is no loss due to initial condensation of steam
8. Steam turbine can utilize high vacuum very advantageously.
9. Considerable overloads can be carried at the expense of slight reduction in overall efficiency.
DESCRIPTION OF STEAM TURBINE OVER THE STEAM ENGINES
Common types of steam turbines are:
(i) Simple impulse turbine
(ii) Reaction turbine

• Main difference between these turbines lies in the way in which the steam is expanded
while it moves through them.
• In the former type steam expands in the nozzles and its pressure does not alter as it
moves over the blades.
• In the latter type the steam expands continuously as it passes over the blades and thus
there is gradual fall in the pressure during expansion.
Page 45
Simple impulse turbine

• Top portion of the figure exhibits a longitudinal section through the upper half of the turbine
• Middle portion shows one set of nozzles which is followed by a ring of moving blades
• Lower part indicates changes in pressure and velocity during the steam flow through the
turbine.
• This turbine is called ‘simple’ impulse turbine since the expansion of steam takes place in one
set of the nozzles.
• As the steam flows through the nozzle its pressure falls from steam chest pressure to
condenser pressure (atm pressure if non-condensing turbine).
• Due to this relatively higher ratio of steam expansion in the nozzles the steam leaves the
nozzle with a very high velocity.
• Velocity of steam leaving the moving blades is a large portion of the maximum velocity of the
steam when leaving the nozzle.
• Energy lost due to this higher exit velocity is called as “carry over/leaving loss”
• Example:
Page 46
“De Laval turbine” – Exit/leaving/lost velocity is 3.3 % of the nozzle outlet velocity
• Since the kinetic energy is to be absorbed by one ring of the moving blades only, the velocity of
wheel is too high (varying from 25000 to 30000 rpm).
• This wheel or rotor speed can be reduced by different methods.
Reaction turbine
• Gradual pressure drop takes place continuously over the fixed and moving blades
• Fixed blades alter the direction of steam as well as allow it expand to a larger velocity.
• As the steam passes over the moving blades its kinetic energy is absorbed by them
The changes in pressure and velocity are also shown
• As the volume of steam increases at lower pressures, diameter of the turbine must increase
after each group of blade rings.
• Since pressure drop per stage is small, the number of stages required is much higher than an
impulse turbine of the same capacity
Differentiate impulse turbine and reaction turbine.

S.No Particulars Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
Only in nozzles and In fixed blades (nozzles) as well as in
1 Pressure drop
not in moving blades. moving blades.
Area of blade
2 Constant Varying
channels
3 Blades Profile type Aerofoil type.
4 Admission of steam Not all round All round or complete
Fixed blades similar to moving blades
Diaphragm contains
5 Nozzles attached to the casing serve as
the nozzle
nozzles and guide the steam.
Page 47

BE8256-Basic Mechanical Engineering - Unit IV

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BE8256-Basic Mechanical Engineering Chemical Engineering 2018-2019

Basic Mechanical Engineering

The Type of Combustion

The Type of Internal Motion

Indicated Power Friction Power

Heat Balance Sheet:

Heat Supplied by the fuel

compression events are completed.

4. Discuss difference between petrol engine and Diesel engine

Mean Effective Pressure:

2. A four-cylinder, four-stroke oil engine 10 cm in diameter and 15 cm in stroke develops a

Brake Mean Effective Pressure

, N=600rpm, SFC=0.25 kg/kWh, D=20cm, L=30cm, , ,

N=3000rpm, , , , Piston Speed=500 m/min, ,

Mass FLOWRATE of air:

Volume FLOWRATE of air:

Diameter or Bore of the Cylinder:

, R=50cm, N=3000rpm, D=20cm, L=30cm, , CV=43MJ/kg, FP=5kW

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

Brake thermal efficiency:

Indicated thermal efficiency:

Indicated Mean Effective Pressure

N=300rpm, BP=120kW, D=30cm, L=25cm, , , ,

Brake thermal efficiency:

Heat Loss due to the cooling Water

Heat carried away by exhaust gas

Heat Loss due to Brake power:

Percentage of Heat Loss:

Indicated thermal efficiency:

Heat Loss due to the cooling Water

Heat carried away by exhaust gas:

Heat carried away by steam in exhaust gas:

Heat carried away by dry gas in exhaust gas:

Heat Loss due to Brake power:

Heat carried away by exhaust gas

Heat Loss due to Brake power:

Percentage of Heat Loss:

is 300 Nm and the fuel calorific value is 42 MJ/kg.

Brake Specific Fuel Consumption

Indicated thermal efficiency:

Heat Loss due to the cooling Water

Heat carried away by exhaust gas

Heat Loss due to Brake power:

Percentage of Heat Loss:

N=1500rpm, , 175 N, 180 N, 182 N and 170 N, R=50cm, ,

Brake Power when Cylinder two cut:

Brake Power when Cylinder four cut:

Total Indicated Power:

Heat Loss due to the cooling Water

Heat carried away by exhaust gas

Heat Loss due to Brake power:

Indicated Power when Cylinder one cut:

Indicated Power when Cylinder two cut:

Indicated Power when Cylinder three cut:

Indicated Power when Cylinder four cut:

Indicated Power when Cylinder five cut:

Indicated Power when Cylinder six cut:

Total Indicated Power:

STEAM AND ITS PROPERTIES

Phase equilibrium diagram for a pure substances on T-S plot

Reheat Rankine Cycle:

Regenerative Rankine Cycle: