Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Engines &
Reciprocating Machines
Semester I, 2013 E.C
Merga Derara
“I have always considered that the substitution of the Internal Combustion Engine for the
horse marked a very gloomy milestone in the progress of mankind.”
Chapter-One
INTRODUCTION
December 2013
Semester I, 2013 E.C
Content
Why we study I.C. Engines?
Definition of Engines
Heat Engines, & Classification
Major Engine components & Systems
I.C. Fundamentals (working Principle)
4-stroke (SI & CI Engines)
2- stroke
Comparison of SI & CI Engines and 4-s & 2-s Engines
Classification of Engines
Application of Engines
Definition of Engine
Engine-
is a device which transforms one form of energy
in to another form.
Most of the engines convert Thermal Energy into
Mechanical Work and therefore they are called
Heat Engine.
Mechanical
Fuel Energy Thermal Energy Energy
IC Engine EC Engine
pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
I.C Engine Fundamentals
pressure = force
area
force = pressure x area
I.C Engine Fundamentals
Ignition system
I.C Engine Fundamentals
ignition system
crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
ignition system
crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
ignition system
crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
cooling system thermostat
ignition system
crank mechanism
I.C Engine Fundamentals
intake system
exhaust system
cooling system thermostat
ignition system
lubrication system
crankcase vent
I.C Engine Fundamentals
Working Principle of Engines
Four- Stroke Ignition Engine
The cycle of operation completed in 4 strokes of piston
operation ( 2 revolutions of Crankshaft)
Each stroke consists of 1800 of crankshaft rotation.
During 4 strokes, there are 5 events
Suction
Compression
Combustion
Expansion
Exhaust
I.C Engine Fundamentals
Nomenclature
Cylinder Bore (d) or B
The nominal inner diameter of the working cylinder
Piston Area (A)
The area of circle diameter equal to the cylinder bore
Stroke (L) or (s)
The nominal distance through which a working piston moves between two successive
reversal of its distance of motion
Dead Centers
The potion of the working piston at the moment when the dirction of piston motion
reversed at either end of the stock
Top Dead Center (TDC) or Inner Dead Center IDC) – when the piston is a farthest from the
crankshaft
Bottom Dead Center (BDC) or outer Dead Center (ODC) – when the piston is nearest to the
crankshaft
I.C Engine Fundamentals
Displacement Volume (Vs)
The nominal volume swept by the working piston
when traveling from one dead center to the other
Vs = A Х L= π/4(d2L)
Clearance Volume (Vc)
The nominal volume of the combustion chamber above the
piston when it is at TDC is the clearance volume.
Compression Ratio (r)
It is the ratio of the total cylinder volume when the piston is at the
BDC, VT, to the clearance volume vc
VT VC VS V
r 1 s
VC VC VC
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
Otto Cycle
Intake
Compression,
Combustion
Power
Exhaust
.
Gasoline engine
High speed and high power output; easy to
diesel fuel.
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
fuel
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Fanda (SI Engine)
pressure
stoichiometric mixture
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
positive work
pressure
exhaust gas residual
volume
TDC BDC
negative work
I.C Engine Funda (SI Engine)
I.C Engine Funda-Some Problem
intake tuning emissions
exhaust tuning
inertia
lubrication
I.C Engine Funda (Diesel Engine)
pressure
volume
TDC BDC
Cylinder compression
Power Stroke Exhaust Stroke
another intake stroke is
Crankcase compression Scavenging
happening beneath the piston
I.C Engine Funda (2- S Engine)
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals
I.C Engine Fundamentals
Basic Cycle Otto Cycle Heat addition @ V=C Diesel cycle, Heat addition @P=C
Gasoline, Highly volatile fuel, Diesel oil, non volatile fuel, self-
Fuel
self ignition temp is high ignition temp is comparatively low
Fuel-air mixture introduced Fuel directly injected to the com.
Introduction of
during suction stroke Chamber at high pressure (fuel
Fuel
(Carburettor is necessary) pump and injector is necessary
The quantity of fuel is regulated in
Throttle controls the quantity of
Load control the pump. Air quantity is not
mixture introduce
control
Turning moment is not uniform & Turning moment is more uniform &
hence a heavier flywheel is needed hence a lighter flywheel can be used
The initial cost is very high (Coz of heavy Initial cost of the engine is less (Coz od
wt. & complicated valve mechanism) light wt. & simplicity)
Volumetric Efficiency is more (Coz of more Volumetric Efficiency is low (Coz of lesser
time for induction) time for induction)
Thermal Efficiency is higher, part load Thermal Efficiency is less, part load
efficiency is better efficiency is poor compared 4-s engine
Used where Efficiency is important Used where low cost, compactness & Light
( in Cars, Buses, aero planes, etc… Wt. are important (in Scooters, Motercycles
Classification of I.C. Engines
Engines can be classified according to the following Points
Application
Basic Engine Design
Operating Cycle
Working Cycle
Valve/Port Design and Location
Fuel
Mixture Preparation
Ignition
Stratification of Charge
Combustion Chamber Design
Method of Load Control
Cooling
Classification of I.C. Engines
Application
Automotive: (i) Car , (ii) Truck/Bus (iii) Off-highway
Locomotive
Light Aircraft
Marine: (i) Outboard (ii) Inboard (iii) Ship
Power Generation: (i) Portable (Domestic) (ii) Fixed (Peak Power)
Agricultural: (i) Tractors (ii) Pump sets
Earthmoving: (i) Dumpers (ii) Tippers (iii) Mining Equipment
Home Use: (i) Lawnmowers (ii) Snow blower (iii) Tools
Others
Classification of I.C. Engines
Basic Engine Design:
1. Reciprocating
(a) Single Cylinder
(b) Multi-cylinder
(I) In-line
(ii) H, U,V,W & X
(iii) Radial
(iv) Opposed Cylinder
(v) Opposed Piston
2. Rotary:
(a) Single Rotor
(b) Multi-rotor
Classification of I.C. Engines
Position & Number
of Cylinders
Classification of I.C. Engines
Radial Engine
Classification of I.C. Engines
Valve Location
Classification of I.C. Engines
6. Fuel
1.Conventional:
(a) Crude oil derived (i) Petrol (ii) Diesel
(b) Other sources: (i) Coal
(ii) Wood (includes bio-mass)
(iii) Tar Sands
(iv) Shale
2. Alternate:
(a) Petroleum derived (i) CNG (ii) LPG
(b) Bio-mass Derived (i) Alcohols (methyl and ethyl)
(ii) Vegetable oils
(iii) Producer gas and biogas
(iv) Hydrogen
3. Blending
4. Dual fueling
Classification of I.C. Engines
7. Mixture Preparation
1. Carburetion
2. Fuel Injection
(i) Diesel
(ii) Gasoline
(a) Manifold
(b) Port
(c) Cylinder
Classification of I.C. Engines
8. Ignition
1.Spark Ignition
(a) Conventional
(i) Battery
(ii) Magneto
(b) Other methods
2.Compression Ignition
Classification of I.C. Engines
10. Combustion Chamber Design
1. Open Chamber:
(i) Disc type
(ii) Wedge
(iii) Hemispherical
(iv) Bowl-in-piston
(v) Other design
2. Divided Chamber: (For CI):
(i) Swirl chamber
(ii) Pre-chamber (For SI)
(i) CVCC
(ii) Other designs
Classification of I.C. Engines
9. Charge Stratification
2. Stratified Charge
(i) With carburetion
(ii) With fuel injection
Classification of I.C. Engines
11. Method of Load Control
1. Throttling: (To keep mixture strength constant) Also called Charge Control
Used in the Carbureted S.I. Engine
3. Combination
1. Direct Air-cooling
Experimental
Industrial
Gas Engines Sterling Engine SpaceVehicles
Power
submarines
Automotive
Locomotive Power
Diesel Steam Turbine
Power Large Marine
Marin
Power
QUESTIONS?
“I have always considered that the substitution of the Internal Combustion Engine for the
horse marked a very gloomy milestone in the progress of mankind.”