HEAT ENGINES

HEAT ENGINES
Device which transforms the chemical energy of a fuel into thermal
energy and uses this energy to produce mechanical work.
TYPES
a. External combustion engines
• Combustion takes place outside of the engine.
Eg. Steam engine, Steam Turbine

b. Internal combustion engines

• Combustion takes place within the engine.
Eg. Diesel, Petrol and Gas engines.
Classification of Heat engine
 INTERNAL
COMBUSTION ENGINE
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE

1. Type of Fuel
2. Method of ignition
3. Number of storks
4. Cycle of operation
5. Method of Charging
6. Cooling system
7. Cylinder arrangement
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE
1. Type of Fuel
a) Diesel
b) Petrol
c) Gasoline – CNG, LPG

2. Method of Ignition
a) Spark Ignition - Carburettor
b) Compression Ignition – Fuel injector

3. No. of Strokes
a) Two Stroke
b) Four Stroke
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE
4. Cycle of operation
a) Otto Cycle - S.I engine, Gasoline engine
b) Diesel cycle - Diesel engine

5. Method of Charging
a) Natural aspirated engine – at near atm pressure
b) Super charged engine – above atm pressure

6. Type of Cooling
a) Air cooled engine
b) Water cooled engine
 CLASSIFICATION OF IC ENGINE
7. Cylinder arrangement
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINES

Cylinder
head
Valve lever
mechanism

Piston
Fuel injection
Connecting rod pump

Crank shaft

Sump
 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF IC ENGINES

Cylinder
head
Valve lever
mechanism

Piston
Fuel injection
Connecting rod pump

Liner
Crank shaft

Sump
 NOMENCLATURE IN IC ENGINES
Bore (d)
The nominal inside diameter of the engine cylinder is called Cylinder
bore. Expressed in mm.

Piston Area (A)

The area of the circle of diameter equal to the cylinder bore is called
the Piston Area.

Top Dead Center (TDC)

The extreme position of the piston at the top of the cylinder of the
vertical engine is called the top dead centre (TDC).
 NOMENCLATURE IN IC ENGINES
Bottom Dead Center (BDC)
The extreme position of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder of the
vertical engine called bottom dead centre (BDC).

Stroke (L)
The maximum distance travelled by the piston in the cylinder in one
direction is known as stroke. In other words, The distance travelled by
the piston from TDC to BDC is called the stroke.

Clearance Volume (Vc)

The volume contained in the cylinder above the top of the piston, when
the piston is at the top dead centre is called the clearance volume.
 NOMENCLATURE IN IC ENGINES
Swept Volume (Vs)
Swept volume is the volume covered by the piston while moving
from TDC to BDC.  In other words, The volume swept by the piston
during one stroke is called the swept volume or piston displacement.

Compression Ratio
Compression ratio is a ratio of the volume when the piston is at the
bottom dead centre to the volume when the piston is at top dead
centre.

Compression ratio = Maximum Cylinder Volume/ Minimum Cylinder Volume

Compression ratio = (Swept Volume + Clearance Volume)/ Minimum Cylinder Volume

compression ratio for petrol engines from 5: 1 to 10: 1

And for diesel engines from 12:1 to 22: 1
 NOMENCLATURE IN IC ENGINES
Mean Effective Pressure
This is the Average pressure acting on the piston during the
thermodynamic processes.
 FOUR STROKE ENGINE
1. INTAKE / SUCTION STROKE
2. COMPRESSION STROKE
3. POWER STROKE
4. EXHAUST STROKE
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM
140°
 FIRING ORDER
Firing order of IC engine is the sequence of ignition for the cylinder.

ALCO LOCO FIRING ORDER

R/L 14768523
 TWO STROKE ENGINE
1. Scavenging
2. Compression
3. Power
4. Exhaust
 VALVE TIMING DIAGRAM for HHP LOCO

HHP LOCO FIRING ORDER

R/L 1 8 9 16 3 6 11 14 4 5 12 13 2 7 10 15
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO AND FOUR STROKE
ENGINES
S.No. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
It has one power stroke for every It has one power stroke for each
1.
two revolutions of the crankshaft. revolution of the crankshaft.
A heavy flywheel is required and
A lighter flywheel is required and the
the engine runs unbalanced
engine runs balanced because turning
because turning moment on the
2. moment is more even due to one power
crankshaft is not even due to one
stroke for each revolution of the
power stroke for every two
crankshaft.
revolutions of the crankshaft.
3. Engine is heavy in Weight. Engine is lighter in weight.
Engine design is complicated due to Engine design is simple due to the
4.
the valve mechanism. absence of valve mechanism.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO AND FOUR STROKE
ENGINES
S.No. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
Less mechanical efficiency due to More mechanical efficiency due to less
5.
more friction in many parts. friction on a few parts.
More output due to full fresh
Less output due to mixing of fresh charge
6. charge intake and full burnt gas
with the hot burnt gases.
exhaust.
The engine runs cooler. It means Engine runs hotter. It means that the
7. that Temperature runs on lower engine temperature is higher as compared
temperatures. with two stroke engines.
The engine may be air-cooled or
8. The engine is air-cooled.
water-cooled.
More fuel consumption and a small
Less fuel consumption and
9. amount of fresh charge is mixed with
complete burning of fuel.
exhaust gases.
 DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO AND FOUR STROKE
ENGINES
S.No. Four stroke engine Two stroke engine
10. The engine requires more space. The engine requires less space.
11. Less noise is created by the engine. More noise is created by the engine.
The engine consists of an inlet and The engine consists of inlet and exhaust
12.
exhaust valve. ports.
13. More thermal efficiency. Less thermal efficiency.
14. It consumes less lubricating oil. It consumes more lubricating oil.
 VARIOUS
COMPONENTS IN ALCO
ENGINES
Diesel Engine Alco Locomotive
Engine Base
Engine Block
Crank shaft
Cylinder Head
Cylinder Head
Piston pin
Cylinder Liner
Connecting Rod
Valves

Pushrods
Valve rocker
Valve Lever assembly
Fuel injection pump – ALCO loco
Fuel injectors
 VARIOUS
COMPONENTS IN HHP
ENGINES
 IDLE LOW 200 RPM
710 G3B ENGINE
IDLE NORMAL 269 RPM

For 4000 HP, FULL 904 RPM

ENGINE RIGHT SIDE For 4500 HP, FULL 954 RPM

Firing order for a 16 cylinder engine is

1, 8, 9, 16, 3, 6, 11, 14, 4, 5, 12, 13, 2, 7, 10,15.
CYLINDER Liner stud
LINER
(LASER HARDENED) PILOT STUD

WATER JACKET

AIR INLET PORTS

WATER INLET

LOWER SEAL GROOVE

Crank shaft and Main bearings:
Power assembly
REAR GEAR
TRAIN
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Energy supplied by fuel:

= Mass of Fuel x Volume

Indicated Horse Power:

Indicated horsepower (ihp) is the theoretical power of a
reciprocating engine if it is completely frictionless in converting the
expanding gas energy (piston pressure × displacement) in the cylinders.
It is calculated from the pressures developed in the cylinders.

Brake Horse Power:

The brake power (briefly written as B.P.) of an IC Engine is the power
available at the crankshaft. The brake power of an I.C. engine is, usually,
measured by means of a brake mechanism (prony brake or rope brake).
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

Friction Power:
= Indicated Power – Brake Power

Indicated Thermal Efficiency:

Energy equivalent of the Indicated power
=
Energy supplied by Fuel

Brake Thermal Efficiency:

Energy equivalent of the Brake power
=
Energy supplied by Fuel
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Mechanical Efficiency:
Brake Power
=
Indicated Power

Energy lost in exhaust coolant, radiation, etc.,

Energy lost in Pumping, etc.,
Energy in Fuel
Indicated power
Brake power
 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Specific Fuel Consumption:
The fuel consumption charecteristics of an engine are generally
expressed in terms of specific fuel consumption in grams per
horsepower – hour.
LOAD TEST
 LOAD TEST

Objective:
To match the required demand with the engine output.
To find certain parameters which could not be found by normal
test methods.
To assess the condition of the components.
To satisfy the customer as to the rated power output with the
guaranteed fuel consumption
 Heat Balance Sheet
Heat Balance Sheet is an account of heat supplied and heat
utilized in various ways in the IC engine. Heat balance sheet is used to
get necessary information regarding the performance of IC Engine.

List of heat which are utilized by the engines are :-

1) Heat equivalent to brake power of engine.
2) Heat carried away by cooling water.
3) Heat exhausted with the exhaust gases
4) Unaccounted heat loss.
 Heat Balance Sheet of IC engine

18%
25%
Heat equivalent to
brake power of
engine.
Heat carried away
by cooling water.

30% Heat exhausted

with the exhaust
27% gases
Unaccounted heat
loss.
1. Heat equivalent to brake power of engine

Brake power (B.P) =(2πNT)

N = rpm of the engine
T = Torque produced by engine
in Nm

2πNT = P L A N / n
P = Mean effective pressure
L = Length of Stroke
A = Area of Piston
N = rpm of the engine
n = For Four Stroke – 2,
For Two Stroke - 1
2. Heat carried away by cooling water

Qw = Mw X CPw X ( Two – Twi ) in KJ/min

Where ,
Mw =Mass of cooling water circulated in Kg/Min
CPw = Specific heat of cooling water which is equal to 4.186 KJ/khK
Twi = Temperature of cooling water at inlet in °C .
Two= Temperature of cooling water at outlet of the engine in °C
3. Heat carried away by the exhaust gases

Qg = mg CPg (Tg – TR)

Where ,
mg = mass of exhaust gases in kg/min
CPg = Specific heat of exhaust gases
Tg = Temperature of exhaust gases in °C
TR = Room temperature in °C
4. Unaccounted heat losses
  A part of heat is lost by leakage of gases as well as by convection and
radiation. Part of heat is also used to run other accessories like
lubricating pump, cam shaft and water circulating pump. These part of
heat cannot be measured accurately, so this is known as unaccounted
heat. It is denoted by Qun.

Qun = Qs – (QB.P + Qw + Qg) in KJ / min

SUPERCHARGING
 What is supercharging ?
• It is the process of increasing the mass or density of air fuel mixture
in S.I.engine or air in C.I. engine sucked into the engine cylinder.
• It is done with the help of
1.Centrifugal blower
2.Root blower
3.Vane blower
 Effect of Supercharging

1. To maintain power output of an engine working at high altitude,

where less oxygen is available for combustion.
2. To reduce the space occupied by the engine.
3. To reduce the consumption of lubricating oil.

4. To reduce the mass of engine per B.P.

5. To increase mechanical and thermal efficiency.
6. To increase volumetric efficiency.
7. Specific fuel consumption is less.
8. Chances of detonation due to high pressure.
TURBOCHARGING
 What is Turbo charging

1. It is the process in which energy extracted from the exhaust gases

by the turbine is utilized to drive the supercharger i.e. centrifugal
compressor.
2. About 30 % of heat goes out through the exhaust gas. It depends on
type of engine and operating conditions.
3. This gas turbine is directly coupled to the centrifugal compressor.
 Advantages of Turbocharger

1. Reduce pollution from exhaust gases.

2. Reduce fuel consumption.

3. Reduction in power loss due to decrease in air density at

higher altitude.
4. Increase power o/p of engine.

5. More power to weight ratio.

6. Better torque characteristics.
ALCO TURBOCHARGER
HHP TURBOCHARGER
 HHP TURBOCHARGER

 Single stage turbine with a connecting gear train

Connecting gear train works in the condition of
 Engine staring
 Light load operation
 Rapid acceleration
At 6th notch an overriding clutch in the drive gear train disengages and
turbo charger drive is disconnected from the engine gear train and
turbo run with its own RPM.