GENERAL LAYOUT OF AN AUTOMOBILE

1. Layout of four-wheel drive

Fig: Layout of a four-wheel drive vehicle

Examples are: Toyota Fortuner, Tata Safari, etc.

2. Layout of two-wheel drive

Fig: Layout of two-wheel drive vehicle

Examples are: Maruti Suzuki Alto, Tata Nano, etc.

IC ENGINES AND EC ENGINES
IC Engines- Automobiles
EC Engines- Power plants
IC ENGINES

Fig: 4-stroke petrol engine

Fig: Piston-Cylinder assembly

 Fig: Working of a 4-stroke engine

Fig: Two-stroke petrol engine

• TDC to BDC: Expansion and exhaust- During this time exhaust and transfer port are
open whereas inlet port is closed. Fresh charge enters through transfer port and
scavenge the exhaust gases.
• BDC to TDC: Compression and suction: During this time inlet port is open whereas
exhaust and transfer port are closed. Compression of charge takes place.
COMPARISON OF 2S AND 4S
2S 4S
1. 2 strokes are more powerful than 4 1. 4 strokes are less powerful than 2
strokes. strokes.

2. 2 strokes are less efficient than 4 2. 4 strokes are more efficient than 2
strokes. strokes.

3. Power is generated in 1 revolution of 3. Power is generated in 2 revolutions

crankshaft. of crankshaft.

4. 2 strokes require smaller size 4. 4 strokes requires larger size

flywheel. flywheel.

5. In 2 strokes, ports are used which 5. In 4 strokes, valves are used which
are cheaper. are expensive.

6. It requires more cooling and 6. It requires less cooling and

lubrication. lubrication.

EC ENGINES

Fig: EC engines using Rankine cycle

 • Reciprocating mechanisms are used in IC engine whereas, centrifugal mechanisms are
used in EC engine.
• IC engine- small capacity, EC engine- large capacity. We cannot have large size
reciprocating mechanisms because a lot of vibrations will occur.
• IC engines are designed for vibrations, it is not an issue whereas EC engines are
designed for installation, i.e. more power is desired.
• IC engine have more efficiency; EC engine have more power.
• In marine ships we can have larger size IC engines.
• Cubic capacity(cc)- It represents size of engine
CC= K* Vs, where K is number of cylinders and Vs is stroke volume

SI AND CI ENGINES

SI- spark ignition (petrol engine)

CI- compression ignition (diesel engine)

 Why we use petrol in SI and diesel in CI engine?

 IC engines are fuel specific engines
Petrol

• Good vaporization characteristics.

• Good mixing behaviour.
• High self-ignition temperature.
Diesel

• Low self-ignition temperature, i.e. easy to auto ignite.

• Poor vaporization characteristics.

 Compression ratio (r): It is defined as ratio of total volume to clearance volume or It is

defined as volume before compression to volume after compression.
Comparison of SI and CI engine

SI CI
1. Based on Otto cycle 1. Based on Diesel cycle

2. Compression ratio is 6-10 2. Compression ratio is 10-20

3. Petrol is used 3. Diesel is used

4. Small in capacity 4. Large in capacity

5. Less efficient 5. More efficient

6. Spark plug and carburettor is 6. Fuel injector is used

used
7. Homogenous combustion takes 7. Heterogeneous combustion takes
place place
8. Regular flame front occurs 8. Spot ignition takes place

9. Combustion takes place due to spark 10. Auto-ignition on compression of air

and diesel particles injected
FLYWHEEL
• It is a disc of high MOI
• It is a mechanical reservoir. It stores energy.
• It is mounted on crankshaft.
• 4S requires larger size flywheel, that’s why 4S is heavier.
• Power obtained is not uniform in 4S, flywheel makes sure that torque is uniformly
distributed and we are getting uniform power.

Fig: Mechanical drive train showing flywheel

Knocking/Detonation in SI engine
Because of high pressure on piston head hotspot develops. These hotspot contains carbonic
material and have very high temperature. Whatever unburnt A-F mixture come in contact
with hotspot will start burning and an opposite flame occurs.
Q) How to detect detonation?
Answer - Performance of engine falls, less mileage, high smoke, sound and vibration of
engine.
Q) What are the parameters which increase detonation?
Answer - i) High compression ratio (r)- r should be kept minimum to avoid detonation
ii) High Temperature and Pressure inside- It can be minimised by reducing r.
iii) Switch over to light gears i.e. 4th and 5th gear i.e. high engine speed will reduce knocking.
iv) In case of high engine speed regular flame front will propagate fast than opposite flame.
So, it will reduce knocking.
Q) What will happen if diesel is put inside SI engine?
Answer- As diesel don’t have good vaporisation characteristics so regular flame front cannot
be formed by spark plug. It also has low self-ignition temperature due to which it auto-ignites
and multiple flame will form. Hence, abnormal combustion takes place.
Q) What will happen if petrol is put inside CI engine?
Answer- Petrol is not going to self-ignite as its self-ignition temperature is high. Spot ignition
will take place at many places later on.

Knocking in CI engine
When the fuel is injected and it doesn’t get auto ignited then lot of fuel gets accumulated and
then entire energy is released simultaneously. A lot of pressure rise takes place inside and
eventually that pressure hits the cylinder wall and knocking takes place. This leads to
vibration of engine.
Q) How to reduce knocking?
Answer- i) High temperature and high pressure reduces the detonation in CI engine
ii) High compression ratio (r)
iii) Switch over to higher gears i.e. I and II gear.

Knocking in SI and CI comparison

Detonation in SI Knocking in CI
1. Self-ignition temperature of fuel 1. Self-ignition temperature should be
should be high. low.

2. Octane number should be high. 2. Cetane number should be high.

3. Compression ratio (r) should be less. 3. Compression ratio (r) should be

more.
4. Sharp sound occurs. 4. Vibration of engine occurs.

5. Takes place towards end of 5. Takes place towards beginning of

compression. compression.
 • If we increase r in petrol engine or decrease r in diesel engine, then abnormal
combustion takes place.
 Note: Every car can be made of petrol but small cars cannot be made of diesel.

Octane number(ON)- Isooctane(ON=100) and n-heptane(ON=0). ON is the percentage by

volume of isooctane in mixture that matches knocking intensity of new fuel
Cetane number(CN)- n-cetane (CN=100) and alpha-methylnapthalene (CN=0). CN is the
percentage by volume of n-cetane in mixture giving same ignition delay(when we inject fuel
after how much time ignition takes place)