THERMODYNAMICS LAB

Roll NO 15758

SUBMITTED BY M.Suleman

SUBMITTED TO Imran Zahid

SEMESTER 3rd
 Question no# 1. Write the Difference between
and 4 stroke Engine?
Today I am going to tell you about main difference between 2 stro
engines. We all heard about both of these engines but few of us k
differences between them. Before discussing on this topic first yo
about stroke. The stroke in an engine is the distance covered by t
top dead center to the bottom dead center. In simple words,
distance of cylinder between piston moves. If a piston moves
cylinder, that means, engine is known as two stroke engine and if it
in a four stroke engine. The cranksha
The basic and main difference between two stroke and four stroke
the crankshaft complete one revolution in one power stroke in 2
and complete two revolution in one power stroke in four stroke e
stroke engine give high power compare to 4 stroke engine but the 4
is more fuel efficient. There are many other differences which are g
S. No.
Two Stroke Engine
1. It has one revolution of crankshaft within one power stroke. It has two revo
It generates less torqu
2. It can generate high torque compare to 4 strokes engine.
3. It used port to inlet and outlet of fuel.
2 stroke engines require lighter flywheel compare to other engines
because it generates more balanced force due to one revolution for It requires heavy flywheel
4. one power stroke.
The charge is partially burn and mix with the burn gases during inlet. In four stroke engine
5. It is due to port mechanism.
6. Easy lubrication due to lubrication oil mix with the fuel.

7. More lubricating oil requires because some oil burns with fuel.
8. These engines give less thermal efficiency.
9. It has high power to weight ratio compare to others. 4
10. It creates more noise.
11. Two stroke engines are less efficient and generate more smoke. Four stroke eng
12. These engines are comparatively cheaper. These engines are exp
13. These engines are easy to manufacture. These
 These engines are co
14. These engines are generally lighter.
15. These are mostly used in ships, scooters etc. These engines m
16. Due to poor lubrication more wear and tear occurs
Question no 2. Discuss working of Engine And its Component?

Working Principle OF Engine

The principle of working of both SI and CI engines are almost the same, except the
process of the fuel combustion that occurs in both engines. In SI engines, the burning of
fuel occurs by the spark generated by the spark plug located in the cylinder head. The
fuel is compressed to high pressures and its combustion takes place at a constant
volume. In CI engines the burning of the fuel occurs due to compression of the fuel to
excessively high pressures which does not require any spark to initiate the ignition of
fuel. In this case the combustion of fuel occurs at constant pressure.

Both SI and CI engines can work either on two-stroke or four stroke cycle. Both the
cycles have been described below:

1) Four-stroke engine: In the four-stroke engine the cycle of operations of the engine
are completed in four strokes of the piston inside the cylinder. The four strokes of the 4-
stroke engine are: suction of fuel, compression of fuel, expansion or power stroke, and
exhaust stroke. In 4-stroke engines the power is produced when piston performs
expansion stroke. During four strokes of the engine two revolutions of the engine’s
crankshaft are produced.
2) Two-stroke engine: In case of the 2-stroke, the suction and compression strokes
occur at the same time. Similarly, the expansion and exhaust strokes occur at the same
time. Power is produced during the expansion stroke. When two strokes of the piston
are completed, one revolution of the engine’s crankshaft is produced

COMPONENT OF ENGINE

The following is a list of major components found in most

reciprocating internal combustion engines .

1.Block
Body of engine containing the cylinders, made of cast iron or
aluminum. In many older engines, the valves and valve ports were
contained in the block. The block of water-cooled engines includes a
water jacket cast around the cylinders. On air-cooled engines, the
exterior surface of the block has cooling fins
2.Camshaft
Rotating shaft used to push open valves at the proper time in the
engine cycle, either directly or through mechanical or hydraulic linkage
(push rods, rocker arms, tappets). Most modern automobile engines
have one or more camshafts mounted in the engine head (overhead
cam). Most older engines had camshafts in the crankcase. Camshafts
are generally made of forged steel or cast iron and are driven off the
crankshaft by means of a belt or chain (timing chain). To reduce
weight, some cams are made from a hollow shaft with the cam lobes
press-fit on. In four-stroke cycle engines, the camshaft rotates at half
engine speed.
3.Carburetor
Venturi flow device which meters the proper amount of fuel into the air
flow by means of a pressure differential. For many decades it was the
basic fuel metering system on all automobile (and other) engines. It is
still used on low cost small engines like lawn mowers, but is
uncommon on new automobiles.
4.Catalytic converter
Chamber mounted in exhaust flow containing catalytic material that
promotes reduction of emissions by chemical reaction

5. Connecting rod:
Rod connecting the piston with the rotating crankshaft, usually made
of steel or alloy forging in most engines but may be aluminum in
some small engines.
6.Connecting rod bearing
Bearing where connecting rod fastens to crankshaft.

7.Cooling fins
Metal fins on the outside surfaces of cylinders and head of an air
cooled engine. These extended surfaces cool the cylinders by
conduction and convection
8.VALVES

To control the inlet and exhaust of engine valves are used .The
number of valves are used in an engine depends on the number of
cylinders two valves are used for each cylinder one for inlet of air/fuel
mixture inside the cylinder and other for exhaust of combustion gases
the valves are fitted in the port at the cylinder head by use of strong
spring the spring keep them closed both v valves usually open

inward.
9.Crankshaft
Rotating shaft through which engine work output is supplied to external
systems. The crankshaft is connected to the engine block with the main
bearings. It is rotated by the reciprocating pistons through connecting
rods connected to the crankshaft, offset from the axis of rotation. This
offset is sometimes called crank throw or crank radius. Most crankshafts
are made of forged steel, while some are made of cast iron

10.Cylinders
The circular cylinders in the engine block in which the pistons
reciprocate back and forth. The walls of the cylinder have highly
polished hard surfaces. Cylinders may be machined directly in the
engine block, or a hard metal (drawn steel) sleeve may be pressed into
the softer metal block. Sleeves may be dry sleeves, which do not
 contact the liquid in the water jacket, or wet sleeves, which form part of
the water jacket. In a few engines, the cylinder walls are given a knurled
surface to help hold a lubricant film on the walls. In some very rare
cases, the cross section of the cylinder is not round.

11.Exhaust Manifold
Piping system which carries exhaust gases away from the engine
cylinders, usually made of cast iron.

12.Exhaust
System Flow system for removing exhaust gases from the cylinders,
treating them, and exhausting them to the surroundings. It consists
of an exhaust manifold which carries the exhaust gases away from
the engine, a thermal or catalytic converter to reduce emissions, a
muffler to reduce engine noise, and a tailpipe to carry the exhaust
gases away from the passenger compartment.

13. Fuel injector

A pressurized nozzle that sprays fuel into the incoming air on SI
engines or into the cylinder on CI engines. On SI engines, fuel injectors
are located at the intake valve ports on multipoint port injector systems
and upstream at the intake manifold inlet on throttle body injector
systems. In a few SI engines, injectors spray directly into the
combustion chamber.
14.Fuel pump
Electrically or mechanically driven pump to supply fuel from
the fuel tank (reservoir) to the engine. Many modern
automobiles have an electric fuel pump mounted submerged
in the fuel tank. Some small engines and early automobiles
had no fuel pump, relying on gravity feed.

15.Flywheel
Rotating mass with a large moment of inertia connected to
the crankshaft of the engine. The purpose of the flywheel is
to store energy and furnish a large angular momentum that
keeps the engine rotating between power strokes and
smoothes out engine operation. On some aircraft engines the
propeller serves as the flywheel, as does the rotating blade
on many lawn mowers.

DIAGRAM OF ENGINE
Question#3 Define Engine Writes its Classification?
DEFINATION

Any device which can convert heat energy of fuel in to mechanical energy is
called engine or heat engine. Engine is widely used in automobile industries or we
can say that engine is the heart of an automobile.

CASSIFICATION OF ENGINE
 HEAT ENGINE

INTERNAL EXTERNAL
COMBUSTION COMBUSTION
ENGINE ENGINE

RECIPROCATING ROTARY ROTARY

RECIPROCATING
TYPE TYPE TYPE

SPARK COMPRESSION STEAM ENGINE

IGNITION IGNITION
PETROL DIESEL STEAM
COMPOUND UNIFORM
ENGINE ENGINE TURBINE
SIMPLE
2 4 2 4 RADIAL AXIAL
STROKE STROKE STROKE STROKE FLOW FLOW
ENGINE CLASSIFICATION
Internal engine can be classified in different ways.

1. Types of Spark Ignition (SI).

• An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a

spark plug. The spark plug gives a high-voltage electrical discharge
between two electrodes which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber surrounding the plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms of torch holes
were used to initiate combustion from an external flame.
(a) Spark Ignition (SI).

• An SI engine starts the combustion process in each cycle by use of a

spark plug. The spark plug gives a high-voltage electrical discharge
between two electrodes which ignites the air-fuel mixture in the
combustion chamber surrounding the plug. In early engine development,
before the invention of the electric spark plug, many forms of torch holes
were used to initiate combustion from an external flame.

(b) Compression Ignition (CI). •

• The combustion process in a CI engine starts when the air-fuel mixture

self-ignites due to high temperature in the combustion chamber caused
by high compression.
• 2.According to Engine Cycle

(a) Four-Stroke Cycle

A four-stroke cycle experiences four piston movements over two
engine revolutions for each cycle.

•
(b) Two-Stroke Cycle.
• A two-stroke cycle has two piston movements over one revolution for
each cycle. Three-stroke cycles and six-stroke cycles were also tried in
early engine development

3.According to design of engine:

1. Reciprocating engine (piston engine)
In reciprocating engine the pressure force generate by combustion of fuel exerted on a piston (A
device which free to move in reciprocation inside the cylinder). The piston starts reciprocating
motion (too and fro motion). This reciprocating motion converts into rotary motion by use of
crank shaft. So the crank shaft starts to rotate and make rotate the wheels of the vehicle. These
are generally used in all automobile.

2. Rotary engine (Wankel engine)

In rotary engine there is a rotor which frees to rotate. The pressure force generated by burning of
fuel is exerted on this rotor so the rotor rotate and starts to rotate the wheels of vehicle. This
engine is developed by Wankel in 1957. This engine is not used in automobile in present days.
4.According to fuel used:

1. Diesel engine
These engines use diesel as the fuel. These are used in trucks, buses, cars etc .

2. Petrol engine
These engines use petrol as the fuel. These are used in bikes, sport cars, luxury cars etc.

3. Gas engine
These engines use CNG and LPG as the fuel. These are used in some light motor vehicles .

4. Electric engine
It is eco-friendly engine. It doesn’t use any fuel to burn. It uses electric energy to rotate wheel.
petrol engine gas engine electric engine
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2. V-type engine
An engine with two cylinder banks inclined at an angle to each other and with one
crankshaft known as V-type engine.

4. W-type engine
An engine same as V-type engine except with three banks of cylinders on the same
crankshaft known as W-type engine.

5. Opposite piston engine

In this type of engine there are two pistons in each cylinder with the combustion
chamber in the center between the pistons. In this engine, a single combustion
process causes two power strokes, at the same time.
6. Radial engine
It is an engine with pistons positioned in circular plane around the central
crankshaft. The connecting rods of pistons are connected to a master rod which, in
turn, connected to the crankshaft.

7.According to air intake process:

1. Naturally aspirated
In this types of engine intake of air into cylinder occur by the atmospheric
pressure.

2. Supercharged engine
In this type of engine air intake pressure is increased by the compressor driven by
the engine crankshaft.

3. Turbocharged engine
In this type of engine intake air pressure is increase by use of a turbine compressor
driven by the exhaust gases of burning fuel.
References:
https://www.quora.com/Defie engine
https://carbiketech.com
www.mech4study.com/.../what-is-engine-what-are-main-
types of engine
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