1.

MODULE Number: 1

2. TOPIC: Basic Engine Principles

3. Duration:
Lecture:
Hands-on Operation:

4. Learning Objectives:

At the end of this training module session, the participant should be able to:
4.1 learn the principles of engine operations
4.2 learn the construction of an engine
4.3 learn the basic parts of an engine and its functions
4.4 learn the difference between a diesel and a gasoline engine

1. Methodology:
Pre-test
Level of Expectation
Participatory Discussion
Hands-on Operation
Post-test
Evaluation of Speakers

2. Outline of Presentation:

Introduction/Rationale

Various farm operations are categorized into tractive and stationary work. These operations use
different power sources such as human, animal, engines, electricity, and renewable energies.
One of the most common prime movers in the country is the small engine. Gaining considerable
popularity in agricultural operations, engines have become one of the most common prime
movers used in agricultural operations.
Engines can be categorized into two main types: external combustion engine and internal
combustion engine (ICE). In the former, the combustion process takes place outside the
mechanical engine system. ICEs produce mechanical power from the energy contained in the
fuel as a result of the combustion process happening inside the engine system. This module will
focus on internal combustion engines and its different classifications and types.

Internal Combustion Engine (ICE)

Combustion, also called burning, is the basic chemical process that releases energy of fuel and
air mixture. In ICE, the ignition and/or compression of the fuel occurs inside the engine.
Chemical energy of the fuel is first converted to thermal energy by combustion or oxidation with
air, this will raise the temperature and pressure of the gases within the combustion chamber.
The high-pressure gas then expands, this will push the piston, which in turn rotates the
crankshaft. This motion transfers power from the driveline (engine) to a secondary application
through a system of gear in the powertrain.

Classifications of ICE

Type of fuel used

● Gasoline - In gasoline engines, the fuel is mixed with air, compressed by pistons then
ignited by sparks from the spark plug. This is also classified as a spark ignition system.
● Diesel - In diesel engines, the air is compressed first, and then fuel is injected. The
heated air ignites the fuel when injected. This is also classified as a compression ignition
system.

Orientation of engine cylinder

● Vertical (I) - Vertical engine are taller and narrower,
● Horizontal (H) - Horizontal engines sit very low and wide, this produces a low center of
gravity and an provides more space and stiffness
● Inclined/Diagonal (V) - This engine sits lower with an improved center of gravity, usually
have more space efficient design

Type of cooling system

● Water-cooled - In this system, the cylinder, cylinder head, valve seats and other parts of
the engine are provided with water jackets. These jackets, when circulated with water,
absorb the heat from combustion. The hot water will then be cooled in the radiator
partially by a fan and coolant and partially by the flow developed by the forward motion
of the vehicle.
● Air-cooled - Generally used in small engines. This type of cooling system uses fins or
extended surfaces on the cylinder walls, cylinder head and other parts of the engine.
The heat generated from combustion in the engine cylinder will be conducted by the
fins, when the air flows through it, heat will be dissipated to air.

Arrangement of valves
● Side valve (SV) - The valves are contained within the engine block instead in the cylinder
head.
● Overhead valve (OHV) - Intake and exhaust valve is mounted above the cylinders in the
cylinder head.

Arrangement of camshaft
● Overhead-cam - the camshaft is located at the cylinder head
● Overhead-valve - camshaft is located in the engine block
Number of cycle
Two-stroke
Four-stroke

Two-Stroke Cycle Engine

Four-Stroke Cycle Engine
Intake-Compression-Power-Exhaust

Spark-Ignition Engine
Compression-Ignition Engine

4.2 learn the construction of an engine

● Parts of an engine:
○ Engine Block
○ Piston
○ Cylinder Head
○ Crank Shaft
○ Camshaft
○ Engine valves
○ Oil Pan
○ Manifolds
○ Connecting Rod
○ Piston Ring
○ Flywheels
○ Gudgeon Pins
○ Gasket
○ Spark Plugs
○ Cam

● Single cylinder and Multi-cylinder:

○ Single Cylinder - is the most basic piston engine configuration of an internal
combustion engine. It is often seen on motorcycles but has many uses in
portable tools and garden machinery. It has been used in cars and tractors.
■ Single Cylinder engines are mostly simple and compact, and will often
deliver the maximum power possible within a given envelope, though
they are not suitably built for the biggest and most powerful engines.
Single Cylinders require more flywheel effect than multi-cylinder
engines and the rotating mass is relatively large, thus restricting
acceleration and sharp changes of speed. They are prone to vibration
which may result in discomfort for the rider which can be controlled
with balance shafts. Single Cylinder cooling is simpler than with multiple
cylinders which has a large margin for saving further weight.
 ○ Multi-Cylinder - According to Berchowitz & Kwon (2008) by introducing an
increase in the number of piston-cylinder cars results in an improvement of
power. In stirling machinaciers consideration is priority, because primary energy
is transferred into the casing wall. This happens due to the different scaling
between the basic power and required heat transfer. It is proven that the
relation of heat transfer and size is that heat transfer is progressively limited as
the size of the machine increases. Multiple cylinder machines mostly maintain
their surface area to volume ratio at advantageous parameters.
○ In addition, the spring effect of the working gas in “Alpha” configuration is
mostly enough to provide a high frequency resonance point which results in the
improvement of specific power. Aside from “Alpha” configuration,there are also
many ways to configure a multiple cylinder; there is also the simplest “Beta”
configuration which is an opposed pair of piston-displacer machines; A
three-cylinder machines that requires stepepd pistons in order to have a proper
volume phase relationship & 4 - 6 cylinder configurations are also possible.
○ To demonstrate both cooling operation and power generation of a multiple
cylinder, a small demonstrator inline to four cylinder alpha machine has been
built. The data from the demo proves and verifies theoretical expectations and is
used to extrapolate and improve the performance of future machines.
○ Vibration levels are discussed and it is argued that some multiple cylinder
machines don't have a linear component to the casing vibration but may have a
nutating couple. Examples of these applications are discussed ranging from
general purpose coolers, computer cooling, exhaust heat power extraction and
to some high power engines.

4.3 learn the basic parts of an engine and its functions

List of parts and functions:

● Parts of an engine:
○ Engine Block - Main part of the Engine, mostly made up of iron and aluminum.
The engine block houses pistons, crankshaft, camshaft, and between four and
twelve cylinders depending on the vehicle, in a line, also known as inline, flat, or
in the shape of a V. Has several holes for cylinders, water and oil paths for
lubrication and coolness of the engine.

○ Piston - a cylindrical apparatus with a flat surface on top. The piston is

responsible for the energy flow from combustion to the crankshaft. Pistons are
the ones that move up and down as the spark plugs ignite while the pistons
compress the air/fuel mixture.

○ Cylinder Head - attached to the top of the block to seal with head gasket the
area to prevent the leak of gasses. Cylinder head consists of valve springs,
 valves, lifters, pushrods, rocker arms, and camshaft that controls the passages of
the air to the cylinders during an intake strong, as well as the exhaust passages
that removes exhaust gasses during an exhaust stroke.

○ Crankshaft - located at the bottom of the engine block, within the crankshaft
journals, connected to the pistons through the connecting rod. Crankshaft turns
the pistons up and down into a reciprocal motion and also converts energy from
reciprocating to rotational motion.

○ Camshaft - varies from vehicle to vehicle and is located either in the engine
block or in the cylinder heads. Modern vehicles mostly have a camshaft in their
cylinder heads which is also known as the Dual Overhead Camshaft (DOHC) or
Single Overhead Camshaft (SOHC) and are carried by a series of bearings which
are lubricated in oil for longevity. Camshaft is also responsible for regulation of
the timing of opening and closing of valves, and also to transfer rotary motion
from the crankshaft to an up and down motion which controls the movement of
the lifters and to move the pushrods, rockers and valves.

○ Engine valves - they regulate the air, fuel, and exhaust gas flow in the cylinder
head. There are both inlet valves and outlet valves.

○ Oil Pan - The oil pan, also known as the oil sump, is attached to the bottom of
the engine and stores all of the oil that is used to lubricate the engine.

○ Intake Manifolds - is the pipe and part of an engine that is connected to the
intake valves which supplies the fuel/air mixture to the combustion chamber.

○ Exhaust Manifolds - generally a simple cast iron or stainless steel unit that is
connected to the exhaust valves and responsible for collecting engine’s exhaust
gases from multiple cylinders and delivering them to the exhaust pipe.

○ Connecting Rod - is a forged steel-connecting rod that has two ends, the small
end which is connected to the piston head with gudgeon pin and the big end
which is connected to the crankshaft with the crankpin. The connecting rod is
also responsible for connecting the piston to the throw of the crankshaft and
converts rotational motion of the piston to rotational speed of the crank.

○ Piston Ring - The piston is a major component of the piston ring which forms a
movable boundary. When fuel burns inside the cylinder, it also applies a
pressure force onto the piston which moves it downward and converts thermal
energy to mechanical energy.

○ Flywheels - deals with the fluctuating load of the vehicle which comes from the
nonuniform torque of the engine. Generally flywheel is mounted on the
 camshaft which stores torque when its value is high and releases when the value
is low in a cycle operation, which is why it acts as a torque buffer.

○ Gudgeon Pins - is attached to the piston to the connecting rod, and gives a
bearing for the connecting rod to drive the piston. mostly crafted using steel
alloy or titanium pin.

○ Gasket - is compressed between the engine block and the cylinder head. The
head gasket seals in the internal combustion process and also keeps coolant and
oil from mixing as the two fluids travel from the engine block to the cylinder
head.

○ Spark Plugs - is an important component of the ignition system and is one that
must be able to operate under the most extreme conditions. due to the
combustion chamber being exposed to temperature and pressure and
contaminations, spark plug requires more intensive attention and spark plugs
typically are the shortest-living component of a gasoline engine.

○ Cam - is the integral part of camshafts, cams are mounted on the camshaft to
control the inlet and exhaust valve’s timing.

4.4 learn the difference between a diesel and a gasoline engine

● Both gasoline and diesel engines are 4 stroke Internal Combustion Engines, But both
work in a different way. These two engines can be distinguished by the way they ignite
the fuel. While gasoline relies on spark plugs to ignite the fuel, Diesel can be self-ignited
due to the high temperature and pressure inside the combustion chamber (Brain, 2021).

● Fuel is injected differently in gasoline and diesel engines. A port injection system or a
carburetor can be used to inject fuel into a gasoline engine. Right before the intake
stroke, the port injection system injects air into the fuel. A carburetor, on the other
hand, combines the fuel and air before putting it into the cylinder to compress. While in
a diesel engine, the fuel is immediately injected into the cylinder of a diesel engine. The
diesel injectors can become a sophisticated element of the process because this
procedure is so important to how diesel engines run. The injectors must be able to resist
high temperatures and a significant level of pressure in order to deliver the fine mist of
fuel required for the process to work (Chevrolet, 2021).

● Different types of fuel are required for gasoline and diesel engines since they perform
differently. While both gasoline and diesel begin their lives as crude oil dug from the
earth, the refining process differentiates them into different types of fuels. Diesel fuel is
 heavier than gasoline, thus it takes longer to evaporate. Diesel fuel has a higher energy
density than gasoline (Chevrolet, 2021).

3. Summary

4. References

● Sabhadiya, J., 2021. 21 Basic Parts of an Engine | Car Engine Parts | Engineering Choice. [online]
Engineering Choice. Available at: <https://www.engineeringchoice.com/car-engine-parts/>
[Accessed 23 August 2021].

● Ayub, Izzat. (2016). SUMMARIZE OF SINGLE CYLINDER ENGINE. 10.13140/RG.2.1.3712.3443.

Available at :
<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303401004_SUMMARIZE_OF_SINGLE_CYLINDER_E
NGINE/> [Accessed 23 August 2021].

● BERCHOWITZ, D. and KWON, Y., 2008. Multiple Cylinder Free-Piston Stirling Machinery. Journal
of Power and Energy Systems, [online] 2(5), pp.1209-1220. Available at:
<https://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/m/multiple+cylinder+engines.html> [Accessed 23
August 2021].

● Brain, M. (2021, August 1). How Diesel Engines Work. HowStuffWorks. Retrieved from
https://auto.howstuffworks.com/diesel1.htm Retrieved date: August 23, 2021

● Chevrolet, S. (2021, March 10). What Is the Difference Between Diesel and Gas? Sweeney
Chevrolet. Retrieved from
https://www.sweeneychevrolet.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-diesel-and-gas/
Retrieved date: August 23, 2021