SUMMER INTERNSHIP

Topic – IC engine and Automobile course

PRESENTED BY – ABHAY RAAJ YADAV

ROLL NO - 1900270320001
 Content

• I. C. Engine

Working Principles of I.C. Engines

Study of Different Components of I.C . Engines

• Automobile
• Automotive design
• automobile component
HEAT ENGINE
 Heat engine is a machine for converting heat (developed by
burning fuel) into useful work.
 It can be said that heat engine is equipment which generates
thermal energy and transforms it into mechanical energy.

CLASSIFICATION OF HEAT ENGINES:

* Internal combustion engine (I.C. Engine): In internal combustion engine, the
combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine cylinder and heat is generated
within the cylinder. This heat is added to the air inside the cylinder and thus the
pressure of the air is increased tremendously. This high pressure air moves the
piston which rotates the crank shaft and thus mechanical work is done.
 CONSTRUCTION OF AN I.C. ENGINE:

 I.C. engine converts the

reciprocating motion of
piston into rotary motion
of the crankshaft by means
of a connecting rod.
 CONSTRUCTION OF AN I.C. ENGINE:

 The combustion space is

provided at the top of the
cylinder head where
combustion takes place.
  WORKING PRINCIPLE OF INTERNAL COMBUSTION
ENGINE (I. C. ENGINE):
 A mixture of fuel with correct amount of air is exploded in an engine cylinder
which is closed at one end. As a result of explosion, heat is released and this
causes the pressure of the burning gases to increase. This pressure increase,
forces a close fitting piston to move down the cylinder. This movement of
piston is transmitted to a crankshaft by a connecting rod so that the crankshaft
turns a flywheel. To obtain continuous rotation of the crankshaft this explosion
has to be repeated. Before this, the burnt gases have to be expelled from the
cylinder. At the same time the fresh charge of fuel and air must be admitted
and the piston must be returns back to its starting position. This sequence of
events is known as working cycle.
 The sequence of events taking place inside the engine is as follows
1. Admission of air or air-fuel mixture inside the engine cylinder (suction)
2. Compression of the air or air fuel mixture inside the engine (compression)
3. Injection of fuel in compressed air for ignition of the fuel or ignition of air-
fuel mixture by an electric spark using a spark plug to produce thermal
power inside the cylinder (power)
4. Removal of all the burnt gases from the cylinder to receive fresh charge
(exhaust)
 Note: Charge means admitting fresh air in to the cylinder in the case of
compression ignition engines (diesel engines) or admitting a mixture of air
and fuel in to the cylinder in the case of spark ignition engines.
 I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
1. Cylinder:
 It is a part of the engine which confines the expanding gases and forms
the combustion space.
 It is the basic part of the engine.
 It provides space in which piston operates to suck the air or air-fuel
mixture.
 The piston compresses the charge and the gas is allowed to expand in the
cylinder, transmitting power for useful work.
 Cylinders are usually made of high grade cast iron.
 I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
2. Cylinder Block:

 It is the solid casting body which includes the cylinder and water jackets
(cooling fins in the air cooled engines).
  I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
3. Cylinder Head:

 It is a detachable portion of an engine

which covers the cylinder and includes the
combustion chamber, spark plugs or
injector and valves.
 I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
4. Cylinder liner or sleeve:

 It is a cylindrical lining either wet or dry

type which is inserted in the cylinder
block in which the piston slides.
 Liners are classified as: (1) Dry liner and
(2) Wet liner.
 Dry liner makes metal to metal contact
with the cylinder block casing. Wet
liners come in contact with the cooling
water, whereas dry liners do not come
in contact with the cooling water.
 I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
5. Piston:
 It is a cylindrical part closed at one end which
maintains a close sliding fit in the engine
cylinder.
 It is connected to the connecting rod by a piston
pin.
 The force of the expanding gases against the
closed end of the piston, forces the piston down
in the cylinder, this causes the connecting rod
to rotate the crankshaft (Fig 3).
 Pistons are usually made of Cast iron. Cast
iron is chosen due to its high compressive
strength, low coefficient of expansion,
resistance to high temperature, ease of casting
and low cost.
 Head (Crown) of piston: It is the top of the
piston.
 Skirt: It is that portion of the piston below the
piston pin which is designed to absorb the side
movements of the piston.
 I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
6. Crankshaft:

 It is the main shaft of an engine which converts

the reciprocating motion of the piston into
rotary motion of the flywheel.
 Usually the crankshaft is made of drop forged
steel or cast steel.
 The space that supports the crankshaft in the
cylinder block is called main journal, whereas the
part to which connecting rod is attached is
known as crank journal.
 I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS
7. Fly Wheel:

 Fly wheel is made of cast iron. Its main

functions are as follows:
1. It stores energy during power stroke and
returns back the same energy during the
idle strokes, providing a uniform rotary
motion by virtue of its inertia.
2. It also carries ring gear that meshes with
the pinion of the starting motor.
3. The rear surface of the flywheel serves as
one of the pressure surfaces for the clutch
plate.
4. Engine timing marks are usually
stamped on the flywheel, which helps in
adjusting the timing of the engine.
5. Sometimes the flywheel serves the
purpose of a pulley for transmitting
power
  I.C. ENGINE COMPONENTS

08-Exhaust Manifold
 It is that part of the engine through
which exhaust gases go out of the
engine cylinder. It is capable of
withstanding high temperature of
burnt gases. It is fitted by the side
of the cylinder head.
 Automotive design

        
Automobile

automobile, byname auto, also called motorcar or

car, a usually four-wheeled vehicle designed
primarily for passenger transportation and
commonly propelled by an
internal-combustion engine using a volatile fuel.

 
 Body

Automotive body designs are frequently categorized according to the

number of doors, the arrangement of seats, and the roof structre

Engine
A wide range of engines has been used
experimentally and in automotive production. The
most successful for automobiles has been the
gasoline-fueled reciprocating-piston
internal-combustion engine, operating on a four-
stroke cycle, while diesel engines are widely used
for trucks and buses.

Fuel

Specially formulated gasoline is essentially the only

fuel used for automobile operation, although
diesel fuels are used for many trucks and buses and
a few automobiles, and compressed liquefied
hydrogen has been used experimentally.
     
Lubrication

All moving parts of an automobile require

lubrication. Without it, friction would increase
power consumption and damage the parts.

Cooling system

gasoline engine cooling system

Almost all automobiles employ liquid cooling systems for their
engines. A typical automotive cooling system comprises (1) a
series of channels cast into the engine block and cylinder head,
surrounding the combustion chambers with circulating water or
other coolant to carry away excessive heat, (2) a radiator,
consisting of many small tubes equipped with a honeycomb of fins
to radiate heat rapidly, which receives and cools hot liquid from the
engine, (3) a centrifugal-type water pump with which to circulate
coolant, (4) a thermostat, which maintains constant temperature by
automatically varying the amount of coolant passing into the
radiator, and (5) a fan, which draws fresh air through the radiator.
       
Electric system

The electrical system comprises a storage battery,

generator, starting (cranking) motor, lighting system,
ignition system, and various accessories and controls.
Originally, the electrical system of the automobile was
limited to the ignition equipment. With the advent of
the electric starter on a 1912 Cadillac model, electric
lights and horns began to replace the kerosene and
acetylene lights and the bulb horns
Brakes
Originally, most systems for stopping vehicles were mechanically actuated
drum brakes with internally expanding shoes; i.e., foot pressure exerted on the
brake pedal was carried directly to semicircular brake shoes by a system of
flexible cables. Mechanical brakes, however, were difficult to keep adjusted
so that equal braking force was applied at each wheel; and, as vehicle weights
and speeds increased, more and more effort on the brake pedal was demanded

        
of the driver.

Antilock braking systems (ABS) became available in the late 1980s and since
then have become standard on a growing number of passenger cars. ABS
installations consist of wheel-mounted sensors that input wheel rotation speed
into a microprocessor.
Tires
The pneumatic rubber tire is the point of contact
between the automobile and the road surface. It
functions to provide traction for acceleration and
braking and limits the transmission of road
vibrations to the automobile body

Security systems
Motor vehicle theft has been a problem since the start of the automobile age. The 1900 Leach
automobile featured a removable steering wheel that the driver could carry away to prevent
unauthorized vehicle use. More recently, sophisticated electronic alarms, some of which
incorporate radio beacons, and more tamper-resistant wiring and electronic locks have been
produced. Through the use of wireless technology, vehicles equipped with Global Positioning
System (GPS) satellite navigation systems may be tracked and recovered when stolen.
Emission controls

By-products of the operation of the gasoline engine include carbon monoxide,

oxides of nitrogen, and hydrocarbons (unburned fuel compounds), each of
which is a pollutant. To control the air pollution resulting from these
emissions, governments establish quality standards and perform inspections to
ensure that standards are met. Standards have become progressively more
stringent, and the equipment necessary to meet them has become more
complex.
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