Experiment No : 3

AIM OF EXPERIMENT : To study Two stroke & Four stroke Diesel Engines.
APPARATUS USED : Model of Two-stroke & Four-stroke Diesel Engines.
THEORY :
Definition of Engine:
An engine is a device which transforms one form of energy to another form. However, while transforming one form
of energy to another form, efficiency of conversion plays an important role. Normally, most of the engine converts
thermal energy into mechanical work and therefore they are called as heat engines.
Definition of Heat Engine :
Heat engine is a device which transform chemical energy of the fuel into thermal energy and utilizes this energy to
perform useful work. Thus thermal energy is converted into mechanical energy in a heat engine.
Heat engines can be broadly classified into categories as follows:
According to type of combustion
(i) Internal combustion engines (IC Engines)
(ii) External combustion engines (EC Engines)

Figure (1) Classification of heat engines

External combustion engines are those engines where combustion takes place outside the engines. For example in a
steam engine or steam turbine, heat (generated due to the combustion of fuel in a separate chamber) is employed to
generate high pressure steam which is used as a working fluid in reciprocating engine or turbine. In internal
combustion engines combustion takes place inside the engine. In case of petrol or diesel engines, heat generated due
to the combustion of fuel acts as working fluid. The figure (1) represents the classification of heat engines. The most
commonly used are internal combustion engine, the gas turbine and the steam turbine. The steam engine is rarely
used now a days. As compared to external combustion engine the IC engines have simple mechanical design.

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BASIC ENGINE COMPONENTS :
Reciprocating Internal combustion engine may look very simple but has very complex design. Many parts of engine
have to operate together for smooth running of engine and to produce output power. According to ignition type, there
two types of IC engines namely spark ignition engines and compression ignition engines. The following description
is with respect to different parts of single cylinder spark ignition engine and also different nomenclature used in IC
engines.

Fig (2) 2 stroke Diesel Engine Fig (3) 4 stroke Diesel Engine

Different parts of Engine:

CYLINDER BLOCK : The cylinder block is the main supporting structure for various components. The cylinder of a
multicylinder engine are cast as a single unit, thus referred as cylinder block. The cylinder head is mounted on
cylinder block. The cylinder head and cylinder block are provided with water jacket in case of water cooling and
cooling fins in case of air cooling system. The bottom portion of cylinder block is called crank case. The crank case
is covered and becomes a sump for lubricating oils. The inner surface of the cylinder block is machined and finished
accurately to cylindrical shape which is called bore or face.
CYLINDER : It is a space in which the piston makes a reciprocating motion. The varying volume creates in the cylinder
during the operation of the engine is filled with working fluid and subjected to thermodynamics processes. The
cylinder is supported in the cylinder block.
PISTON : It is a cylindrical component fitted into the cylinder forming the moving boundary of the combustion system.
It fits perfectly into the cylinder providing a gas tight space with the piston rings and the lubricant. It forms the first
link to transmitting the gas forces to the output shaft.
PISTON RINGS : Piston rings fitted into the slots around the piston, provide a tight seal between the piston and the
cylinder wall thus preventing the leakage of combustion gases.
CRANKSHAFT: It converts the reciprocating motion of the piston into useful rotary motion of the output shaft. In the
crank shaft of a single cylinder engine there are a pair of crank arms and balance weights. The balance weights are
provided for static and dynamic balancing of the rotating system. The crank shaft is enclosed in a crank case.
CONNECTING ROD: It interconnects the piston and the crank shaft and transmits the gas forces from the piston to the
crank shaft. The two ends of the connecting rod are called as small end and big end. Small end is connected to the
piston by gudgeon pin and the big end is connected to the crank shaft by crank pin.
GUDGEON PIN: Also called as wrist pin, it forms the link between small end of connecting rod and piston.

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CAMSHAFT: The camshaft and its associated parts control the opening and closing of two valves. The associated parts
are push rods, rocker arms, valve springs and tappets. This shaft also provides the drive to the ignition system. The
camshaft is driven by the camshaft through timing gears.
CAMS: These are made as integral part of the camshaft and are designed in such a way to open the valves at correct
timing and to keep them open for necessary duration.
FLY WHEEL: The net torque imparted on the crank shaft during one complete cycle of operation of the engine
fluctuates causing a change in the angular velocity of the shaft. In order to achieve a uniform torque an inertia mass
in the form of wheel is attached to output shaft and it is called flywheel.
COMBUSTION CHAMBER : The space enclosed in the upper part of the cylinder, by the cylinder head and piston top
during the combustion process is called combustion chamber. The combustion of fuel and the consequent release of
thermal energy results in building up of pressure in this part of cylinder.
INLET & EXHAUST MANIFOLD : The pipe which connects the intake system to the inlet valve of the engine and through
which air or air-fuel mixture is drawn into the cylinder is called inlet manifold. The pipe which connects the exhaust
system to the exhaust valve of the engine and through which combustion products escape into the atmosphere is
called exhaust manifold.
INLET & EXHAUST VALVES : Valves are commonly mushroom shaped poppet type. They provided either on the
cylinder head or on the side of the cylinder for regulating the charge coming into the cylinder (inlet valve) and for
discharging the combustion products (exhaust valve) from the cylinder.
FUEL INJECTOR or NOZZLE : Fuel injector is used to supply high pressure atomized fuel (pressure approx. 180 - 210
bar) inside the combustion chamber of compression ignition engine. It is generally located at the top of the cylinder
head.

CYCLE OF OPERATION- When series of events are repeated in order, it completes one cycle.
Cycle is generally classified as Four stroke cycle and Two stroke cycle.

a) Four stroke cycle- In Four stroke cycle, four operations are required to complete one cycle. These
four operations are suction, compression, power and exhaust.

b) Two stroke cycle- In a two stroke cycle, the series of events of the working cycle is completed in
two strokes of the piston and one revolution of the crankshaft. The four operations i.e. suction,
compression, power and exhaust are completed during two strokes of the piston.

FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE

Four-stroke cycle Diesel engine or Compression ignition engine or constant pressure cycle engine is
meant for heavy duty applications, like heavy motor vehicles, stationary power plants, ships and big
industrial units, train locomotive , tractor and bus application. In this the air compressed in the engine
cylinder and fuel is injects through injector.

Working of the four stroke Diesel engine-

a) Suction Stroke- The inlet valve opens during this stroke and only air is sucked into the engine
cylinder. The exhaust valve remains closed. When the piston reaches Bottom Dead Centre (BDC),
the suction stroke is completed as shown in Fig. (1) and inlet valve also closes.
b) Compression Stroke- The piston moves from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC) to Top Dead Centre
(TDC) position. Both the valves remain closed. The air drawn during suction stroke is compressed.

c) Expansion or Power or Working Stroke- Just before the piston completes its compression
stroke, the diesel injected gets ignited and the rapid explosion takes place. The expansion
of hot gases pushes the piston down to BDC position. Both the valve remains closed and the useful
work is obtained from the engine.

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d) Exhaust Stroke- The piston moves from BDC to TDC, the exhaust valve opens and the inlet valve
remains closed. The piston pushes the exhaust gases out through the exhaust valve to the
atmosphere till it reaches the TDC position and the cycle is completed.

Fig (4) Process in each stroke of 4 stroke Compression Ignition Engine

TWO STROKE DIESEL (C.I. ENGINE-)

The working principle of a two stroke diesel engine is discussed below:

First stroke: To start with let us assume the piston to be at its B.D.C. position (Fig. a). The arrangement
of the ports is such that the piston performs the two jobs simultaneously.

As the piston starts rising from its B.D.C. position, if closes the transfer port and the exhaust port. The
air which is already there in the cylinder is compressed (Fig. b).

Fig (5) Process in each stroke of 2 stroke Compression Ignition Engine

At the same time with the upward movement of the piston, vacuum is created in the crank case. As
soon as the inlet port is uncovered, the fresh air is sucked in the crank case. The charging is continued
until the crank case and the space in the cylinder beneath the piston is filled (Fig. c) with the air. At the
end of the stroke, the piston reaches the T.D.C. Position.

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Second stroke: Slightly before the completion of the compression stroke, a very fine sprays of diesel
injected into the compressed air. The fuel ignites spontaneously.

Pressure is exerted on the crown of the piston due to the combustion of the air and the piston is pushed
in the downward direction producing some useful power (Fig. c). The downward movement of the
piston will first close the inlet port and then it will compress the air already sucked in the crank case.
Just the end of power stroke, the piston uncovers the exhaust port and the transfer port simultaneously.
The expanded gases start escaping throughthe exhaust port and at the same time transfer port (Fig. d)
and thus the cycle is repeated again.
The fresh air coming into the cylinder also helps in exhausting the burnt gases out of the cylinder
through the exhaust port (Fig. d). This is known as scavenging.
CONCLUSION
Both models of Compression ignition engines i.e. 2 stroke type and 4 stroke type were studied
thoroughly. The difference between both engine types were observed carefully. Though working
principle for power generation is same for both engines, processes as well as arrangements of other
parts separates their operation. The processes happening in these engines were clearly understood.
These engines can be further studied for thermodynamic analysis.

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