Internal Combustion Engine

Dr. Adil Loya

NUST-PNEC
Where to Find me?
Cubical (1) MIS
About Course and My Location?
MIS Cubical Room 1, NUST-PNEC
Email: loya_adil@yahoo.com
Available on Mondays for Students

3 Credit Hrs
MACHINE AND ENGINE
• The word ‘machine’ is derived from the Latin word ‘machina’

• The idea of a simple machine was originated by the Greek

philosopher Archimedes

• The industrial revolution was the beginning of the evolution of

machines, which brought changes in the sectors such as
agriculture, manufacturing, mining, transportation, and
technology,
MACHINE AND ENGINE
• A simple machine is a device that simply transforms the direction
or magnitude of a force.

• There are also complex types of machines, such as the vehicles,

electronic systems, molecular machines, computers, televisions,
and radios.

• A machine is basically a tool that consists of one or more parts,

and uses energy to meet a particular goal
MACHINE AND ENGINE
• These consist of mechanical elements that control the movement
in various ways, such as

gear trains,
transistor switches,
belt or chain drives,
linkages,
cam and follower systems,
brakes and clutches,
structural components such as frame members and fasteners.
MACHINE AND ENGINE
• The term, “Engine” was originally used for any mechanical device
that converts force/power into motion.

• In modern usage, the term engine typically describes the devices

like steam engines and internal combustion engines, which
burn/consumes fuel to perform mechanical work by exerting a
torque or linear force to drive machinery that generates
electricity, pumps water, or compresses gas
MACHINE AND ENGINE
• An engine is a device that converts potential energy into
mechanical work.
• It is a machine designed to convert energy into useful mechanical
motion.
• It is a machine with moving parts, which converts the power into
motion.
• They are used for various applications in the field of automobile
and machineries.
• Engines are said to set the motion in the forms such as wind, fire,
water and are converted to other form in order to gain the
energies. Engines are machines which operate in motion to
convert one form of energy into other.
Learning Objectives
• Engine
• Types of Heat Engines
• ICE Engine and Its Classification
• Parts of IC Engine
• Terms related to IC Engine
• Reciprocating & Rotary Engine
• Natural and Forced Aspired Engine
• Engine Mounting Position
• Main Engine units & Functions
• Comparison between Petrol and Diesel Engine
• Operating Principal of Petrol and Diesel Engine
• Two and Four Stroke
 AIM

To enable the learner, to understand about Petrol/Diesel

Engine regarding their components ,functions,
working principles as well as fuel system of engines.

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Introduction to engines

What is an Engine?
• An Engine is a machine which
converts Chemical Energy into
mechanical energy (work).

• An Engine is a machine which

converts heat energy into work.

• An Engine is a source of Power.

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Two Broadly Classified Categories of Engine
• Internal Combustion Engine
The internal combustion engine is an
engine in which burning of the fuel
accounts in a confined space called a
combustion chamber.
Example:
Piston cylinder engine
Car engine
• External Combustion Engine
An external combustion engine (EC engine)
is a heat engine where an (internal) working
fluid is heated by combustion in an external
source, through the engine wall or a heat
exchanger. The fluid then, by expanding and
acting on the mechanism of the engine,
produces motion and usable work. The fluid
is then cooled, compressed and reused
(closed cycle), or dumped, and cool fluid
pulled in.
Examples:
Locomotive engine
Turbofan engine
Turbojet engine
Introduction to engines

Operation of Engine
Intake

Exhaust Compression

Combustion

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Before moving on Nomenclature
Symbols Abbreviation
Tc Cold Temperature
Th Hot Temperature
IC Internal Combustion
EC External Combustion
SI Spark Ignition
CI Combustion Ignition
TDC Top Dead Center
BDC Bottom Dead Center
Application and Example
Principle

Therefore the efficiency of the system is

given by;

𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑄ℎ − 𝑄𝑐 𝑄𝑐
η𝑡ℎ = = =1−
𝑄ℎ 𝑄ℎ 𝑄ℎ

𝑇𝑐
η𝑡ℎ = 1 − Under reversible conditions
𝑇ℎ
Only for Carnot engine not for our
engine
 #This is not possible as for this huge weight and
reservoirs are required, however, in this example if
we add a shaft and wheel you can convert the
reciprocating to rotary motion

But now we need to bring it back to

normal state where it started from

Therefore we will require some kind With a single piston movement it is

of thermal reservoir for removing not operating in a cycle, however, to
heat by which it will compress produce work connection 1 is met

𝑇ℎ To Bring down piston second

#Part 1 𝑇𝑐 connection is established as well i.e.
using Tc

#Part 2 #Part 1 and Part 2 makes up the cycle

#Now we have reciprocating cycle
Broad Classification of IC Engines

2 Strokes (1 revs of the crank per one cycle)

Number of Strokes

4 Strokes (2 revs of the crank per one cycle)

Spark Ignition Engine (SI)

Spark plug is used; fuel + air is introduced through a device using
Types of Combustion carburetor (working with Otto cycle principle)

Compression Ignition Engine (CI)

Fuel injector is used
Only Air is introduced here no carburetor no spark
plug we use high temperature of the gas it self for
combustion
Compared with that of the Diesel Cycle
Fundamental Different of SI and CI Engines
There are many things in common but there are fundamental difference that cause there
operation to vary considerably Basic Cycle
Based on Otto cycle
Introduction of Fuel
In most SI engine fuel and air are introduced into the combustion chamber as gaseous mixture. i.e.
SI Engine Carburetor is necessary to provide mixture and throttle valves control the quantity of injected fuel
Ignition
Require Spark plug for combustion
Compression Ratio: From 5 to 10.5 therefore walls not thicker than CI engine
Weight: Weight is less than the CI engine.

Basic Cycle
Based on Diesel Cycle
Introduction of Fuel
Fuel is introduced directly into the combustion chamber and air is introduced through air manifolds or
intake manifolds
CI Engine Ignition
High pressure and temperature produced by the compression of air in the cylinder to ignite
combustion, and then we spray fuel at that temperature and pressure to initiate combustion
Compression Ratio : 12 to 20 therefore walls should be thicker to sustain pressure
Weight: Weight is higher than the SI engine.
SI engine mechanics
• Spark plug is on the top of the cylinder

• At the end of the compression we need to initiate the spark plug to

initiate combustion for stroke to initiate.
Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines
Four Stroke and Two Stroke Engines

Top Dead Center/Inner Dead Center

Bottom Dead Center/Outer Dead Center

Piston Ring Connected with Connecting Rod

Pan Oil
Open Cycle and Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
• In Open Cycle, the compressed air is heated in the
combustion chamber. So the products of combustion gets
mixed with the heated air and hence the amount of gas
does not remain same.

• In open cycle, the gases coming out from the gas turbine
is exhausted in the atmosphere

• Here only air can be used as the working fluid

• Its maintenance cost is low
• Less mass of installation per
kW
 Open Cycle and Closed Cycle Gas Turbine
• In closed Cycle, the air is compressed in the compressor and then
heated in a heating chamber. As the air is heated by an external
source, so the amount of the gas remains same.

• In closed cycle gas turbine, the gas that comes out from the gas
turbine passes into the cooling chamber

• The working fluid is circulated continuously.

• No earlier wear of the turbine blades, because the enclosed gas

does not gets contaminated while flowing through the heating
chamber

• The maintenance cost of this type of turbine is high.

• More mass of installation per kW.
ICE Classification
• According to type of fuel
used.
• Petrol engine. What is a stroke??
• Diesel engine. A stroke is when the piston moves from
• Gas engine. TDC to BDC, or vice versa. A
• Bi-fuel engine. combustion revolution or combustion cycle is
(Bi-fuel vehicles are vehicles the complete process of gas and air being
with multifuel engines capable of sucked into the piston, igniting it, and
running on two fuels) expelling the exhaust:
1.Intake: The piston moves down the
• According to number of cylinder allowing a mixture of furl and air
strokes per cycle. into the combustion chamber
• 4 – stroke engines. 2.Compression: The piston moves back up
• 2 – stroke engines. the cylinder; the intake valve is closed to
compress the gasses within
3.Combustion: A spark from the spark plug
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VTU NOTESthe
| gas
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QUESTION PAPERS 4.Exhaust: The piston goes back up the
 Classification
• According to method of ignition.
• Spark ignition.
• Compression ignition.
• According to the cycle of combustion.
• Otto cycle.
• Diesel cycle.
• According to the number of cylinders.
• Single cylinder.
• Multi cylinder.

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QUESTION PAPERS
Classification
• According to the arrangement of cylinders
• Vertical engine.
• Horizontal.
• Inline engine.
• Radial engine.
• V- engine.
• According to method of cooling
• Air cooled engine.
• Water cooled engine.

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QUESTION PAPERS
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QUESTION PAPERS
In line Four Engine

2-Stroke Vs. 4-Stroke Engines: What's The Difference?

(berrymanproducts.com)
Four stroke in engine block

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QUESTION PAPERS
Two Stroke Engine
In a 2-stroke engine, the entire
combustion cycle is completed with just
one piston stroke.
A compression stroke followed by the
explosion of the compressed fuel.
During the return stroke, the exhaust is
let out and a fresh fuel mixture enters
the cylinder.
The spark plugs fire once every single
revolution, and power is produced once
every 2-strokes of the piston.
Two-stroke engines also require the oil
to be pre-mixed in with the fuel.
 Parts of I.C Engine
Cylinder
Piston
Piston rings
Connecting rod
Crank and crankshaft
Valves
Flywheel
crankcase

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QUESTION PAPERS
Engine

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QUESTION PAPERS
 1. Cylinder
› Part of the engine
where fuel is burnt
and power is
developed.
› Inside diameter is
called as bore.
› Sleeve is fitted
tightly in the
cylinder to prevent
wearing of block.

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QUESTION PAPERS
 2. Piston
› Close fitting hollow
– cylinder plunger
moving to and fro
in the cylinder.
› Function – power
developed by the
combustion of fuel
is transmitted by
piston to the crank-
shaft through the
connecting rod.

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QUESTION PAPERS
 3. Piston rings
Metallic rings inserted
into groves provided at
top end of the piston.
Function – it maintains
a gas-tight joint
between the piston and
the cylinder.

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QUESTION PAPERS
4. Connecting rod
›Link that connects
the piston and
crankshaft by means
of pin joint.
›Function – it
converts the
rectilinear motion of
the piston into rotary
motion of
crankshaft.

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QUESTION PAPERS
5. Crank and crankshaft
Crank is a lever that is connects
crankshaft and piston rod.
6. Valves
These are devices which control
the flow of intake and exhaust
gases.

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QUESTION PAPERS
 7. Fly wheel
Mounted on crankshaft
to maintain uniform
rotation of crankshaft.
8. Crankcase
Enclosure for
crankshaft and sump
for lubricating oil.

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QUESTION PAPERS
 Unit 1.1a

Introduction to engines
Types of Reciprocating Engines
Reciprocating Engines

4 Stroke 2 Stroke

Petrol Diesel LPG/CNG

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Terms relating to I.C. Engines
1. Bore – The inside diameter of the cylinder is called bore.
2. Stroke – As the piston reciprocates inside the engine cylinder, it
has got limiting upper and lower positions beyond which it cannot
move and reversal of motion takes place at these limiting positions.
The linear distance along the cylinder axis between two limiting
positions, is called stroke.
3. Top Dead Centre (T.D.C.) – The top most position towards cover
end side of the cylinder is called “top dead centre”. The position of
the piston when it forms the smallest volume in the cylinder. In case
of horizontal engines, this is known as inner dead centre.
4. Bottom Dead Centre – The lowest position of the piston towards
the crank end side of the cylinder is called “bottom dead centre”. the
position of the piston when it forms the largest volume in the
cylinder. In case of horizontal engines it is called outer dead centre.
Terms relating to I.C. Engines
5. Clearance volume – The volume contained in the cylinder
above the top of the piston, when the piston is at top dead
centre, is called the clearance volume.
Or
Clearance Volume (deadspace): The amount of space left when the
piston is at the top of its stroke
(top dead centre TDC)
Terms relating to I.C. Engines
6. Swept volume – The volume swept through by the piston in moving between top
dead centre and bottom dead centre, is called swept volume or piston
displacement. Thus, when piston is at
bottom dead centre,
Total volume = swept volume + clearance volume.
Or
Swept volume: The amount of space that the piston
(or rotor) actually displaces in one stroke. Eg 500cc

Swept Volume (Vs)

Volume of cylinder displaced or swept by a single stroke of the piston.

Vs
It is expressed in cubic centimeters (cm3)
Vs = (πd2 / 4) × Ls
Vs = cm3
Terms relating to I.C. Engines
7. Compression Ratio – The ratio of the maximum volume formed in the cylinder to the
minimum (clearance) volume is called the compression ratio r of the engine:.
Compression Ratio (Cr): The ratio of total cylinder volume to clearance volume. E.g.
A piston/cylinder of 500cc swept volume (Vs) with a clearance volume of 50cc
(Vc) total volume 550cc
Compression Ratio = Vs+Vc = 550 ; Therefore, Cr is 11:1
Vc 50
Typically 10:1 for petrol engines and 20:1 for diesels

Vs
 Terms relating to I.C. Engines
8. Mean Effective Pressure. - It is a fictitious pressure that, if it
acted
on the piston during the entire power stroke, would produce
the same amount of net work as that produced during the
actual cycle

The mean effective pressure can be used as a parameter to

compare the performances of reciprocating engines of equal
size.

The engine with a larger value of MEP delivers more net work
per cycle and thus performs better.
 Unit 1.2a

Terms relating to I.C. Engines

Engine Terminologies
Capacity
Capacity = Bore Area × Stroke of Piston × number
of cylinders
Capacity = (πd2 / 4) × Ls × n

Vs
Clearance Volume (Vc)
Remaining volume above the piston when it
reaches TDC
Vc = (πd2 / 4) × Lc
Vc = cm3
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Terms relating to I.C. Engines
Volumetric efficiency % :
• A measure of how well filled the cylinder is with
combustion air.

= Mass of Air in cylinder *100

Air density* (Vd+Vs)

= Actual mass of air you have in cylinder*100

Mass of air if it filled fully at 1 Bar
Fuels & Combustion
• Petrol, Diesel, LPG, Coal, Food etc all contain Carbon and Hydrogen
which can be burnt with Oxygen in the air to get heat
• Air is about 21% Oxygen and 78% Nitrogen by mass, the remaining 1%
being trace elements like Argon, CO2 and water vapour
The basic reactions are:

Carbon + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide

C+O2 → CO2

Hydrogen + Oxygen → Water

H2+½O2 → H2O

Both of these reactions produce large amounts of

heat.
•As shown by these basic equations, any given
amount of fuel requires a precise amount of
oxygen to burn exactly.
•For petrol and air this amount works out as
roughly 14.7 parts of air to one part of petrol by
mass. E.g. 1g of petrol needs 14.7g of air.
•An air/fuel (A/F) ratio of 14.7:1 is called the
stoichiometric ratio for petrol.
• Petrol will burn with ratios of between about 10:1
(excess fuel & called a “rich” mixture) and 20:1
(excess air & called a “weak” or “lean” mixture).
• A lean mixture produces a lower peak burn
temperature because all the excess air soaks up
the heat.
• A very lean flame is self extinguishing as not
enough heat is produced to keep it alight.
 Fire Triangle
• Fuel, Oxygen and Heat all need to be present in
sufficient quantities for a fire to burn.
• A rich mixture burns faster than a weak one but
unburnt hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide are
produced. Also this wastes fuel as not all of it is
burnt due to the shortage of oxygen.
• A lean mixture burns, slower, cooler and more
completely.
• This explains why typically when tuning for power
we use rich mixtures but for clean and efficient
engines we run lean.
Lambda () & Equivalence Ratio

 is a convenient way of expressing the

A/F ratio and is defined as:

Actual A/F Ratio

λ=
Stoichiome tric A/F Ratio
• So for example an engine running with a rich
mixture of A/F ratio 11.5:1 would have a  value
of 11.5/14.7 = 0.782

 < 1 = rich mixture

 > 1 = lean mixture
 = 1 is stoichiometric mixture
 Stoichiome tric A/F Ratio
Equivalence Ratio  =
Actual A/F Ratio
• As shown above, the equivalence ratio  is the
inverse of  so  = 1/
 < 1 = lean mixture
 > 1 = rich mixture
 = 1 is stoichiometric mixture
• In these notes we will stick to  but  is sometimes
used in technical papers and commercial
instrumentation
Typical  Values:
• For maximum power typical  = 0.88
• For maximum efficiency typical  = 1.1
• For maximum catalytic conversion efficiency  = 1
 Calculating the Capacity of Engine
Engine Terminologies
Problem
If the bore diameter of Cylinder is 8 cm and stroke of piston is 8.5
cm find the capacity of engine if engine has 4 cylinders?
Bore Diameter = d = 8 cm
Stroke length = L = 8.5 cm
Bore Area = πd2 / 4
= 3.14 × 82 / 4
= 3.14 × 64 / 4
= 200.96 / 4
= 50.24 cm2
Capacity = Bore area × length of stroke × Number of cylinders
= 50.24 × 8.5 × 4
= 1708 cc 58
Introduction to engines
Reciprocating Engine
Petrol Engine (4 Stroke)
1. Air and Fuel are mixed together and
sucked-in during intake stroke.
2. Piston compresses the mixture.
3. High tension electric spark through
spark plug.
4. Burnt gases escape out

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Introduction to engines
Reciprocating Engine
Diesel Engine (4 Stroke)
1. Only air entered in the cylinder during
suction stroke.
2. Piston compresses the air at high
pressure.
3. Diesel is injected in to the compressed
and hot air.
4. Burnet gases escape out

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