CH 2 Thermodynamic analysis of I.

C engines

. ‫ الوقود ) داخل السلندر‬+ ‫ يحدث اشعال للخليط ( الهواء‬

. ‫ تحويل الطاقة الكيميائية الي طاقة حرارية‬

Input energy Engine Output energy

100 % 100 %

Losses Misconception

. ‫ يتحول جزء من الطاقة الحرارية الي شغل ميكانيكي و الباقي يفقد في العادم‬

Energy lost due to exhaust – coolant – radiation

Fuel
energy
Qf Energy lost due to friction

100 % I.P
B.P
 Brake Power ( B.P ) :
- Power at output shaft .
- Difference between indicated power and friction power .
- B.P = I.P – F.P
Indicated Power ( I.P ) :
- Power produced inside IC engine .

Friction Power ( F.P ) :

- Power lost in friction .

The following figure will

represent varies efficiencies 1- Indicated thermal efficiency
Q : Define the engine efficiencies 2 – Brake or Actual or Overall thermal efficiency
? 3 – Mechanical efficiency
4 – Volumetric efficiency
5 – Relative efficiency
 Air to fuel ratio ( AF ) : ratio between ( mass of air )
to ( mass of fuel ) .
 Excess air ratio (ϕ ) : ratio between(actual AF ratio )
to ( stoichiometric air fuel ratio ) .

Specific fuel consumption

 Brake specific fuel consumption ( bsfc ) or (ṁb ) .

 Indicated specific fuel consumption ( isfc ) or (ṁi ) .
 Stoichiometric air fuel ratio
 Air to fuel ratio in the mixture which contains just enough oxygen to burn the
fuel completely .
 Ideal or theoretical air fuel ratio = 14.7
Rich mixture : having less air than required for complete combustion .
Lean mixture : having more air than required for complete combustion .

Turbo
 CH 2 : Problems

 1) The bore and stroke of a 4-cylinder petrol fiat car engine are 6.85 cm and 7.5
cm respectively, the compression ratio is 8.2.
Find the suction capacity of the engine in 𝑚3 and clearance volume.
 2) The output of an engine is 10 Kw and its mechanical efficiency is 80%. Find
its IP and FP.
 3) A petrol engine has a cylinder diameter of 62mm , stroke 95 mm and
compression ratio 6.4 . calculate the clearance volume .
 4) An engine of 100 Kw capacity requires 15 Kw to start the engine. Find its
mechanical efficiency, also find the mechanical efficiency at 50% and 25%
of full load assuming that the mechanical losses remain same at all loads.
 5) A single cylinder S.I. engine uses oil of cv = 24500 KJ/Kg. Its η𝑡𝑏 = 0.3 and
η𝑚 = 0.8. Find specific fuel consumption on IP and BP basis.
 6) A 4-stroke S.I. engine develops 450 BP with mechanical efficiency of 85 %.
The measured fuel and air consumption are 165 Kg/hr and 2492 Kg/hr
respectively. Take cv of fuel = 42500 KJ/Kg Calculate:
a) IP and FP
b) η𝑡𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 η𝑡𝑏
c) 𝐴: 𝐹 ratio
 7) A 4-stroke S.I. engine develops 37.5 Kw at 85% mechanical efficiency. The
specific fuel consumption 𝑚𝑏𝑜 = 0.385 Kg/Kw.hr. The A: F ratio = 15:1.
Taking cv of fuel = 42.5 MJ/Kg.
Find:
a) IP and FP
b) η𝑡𝑖 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜂𝑡𝑏
c) Fuel consumption and Air consumption /hr
 8) A C.I. engine develops 10 Kw at 30 % indicated efficiency and its
mechanical efficiency is 85 %.
Take 𝜌𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 = 0.85 and cv of fuel = 42500 KJ/Kg.
Determine:
a) Fuel consumption in kg/hr and liters/hr.
b) Indicated and Brake specific fuel consumption.
 9) A 2-stroke C.I. engine of 5 Mw capacity requires 500 Kw to start the engine.
The fuel consumption at full load = 2000 Kg/hr and A:F = 25:1.
Find:
a) IP and η𝑚
b) Air consumption per hour
c) η𝑡𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 η𝑡𝑖
Take cv of fuel = 42000 KJ/Kg
 10) Determine η𝑡𝑏 𝑎𝑛𝑑 η𝑡𝑖 of a 4-stroke C.I. engine whose power developing
capacity is 50 Kw. The fuel consumption is 15 liters/hr. Mechanical
efficiency of engine = 85%. Take specific gravity of oil = 0.85 and its cv =42
MJ/Kg.
 11) A 4-stroke petrol engine delivers 40Kw at 80 % mechanical
efficiency. The specific fuel consumption of the engine(𝑚𝑏) is 0.35 Kg/Kw.hr.
The cv of fuel used is 42500 KJ/Kg and A:F ratio of the mixture used is
16:1. Find:
a) IP & FP
b) Brake thermal efficiency
c) Fuel and air consumption per hour
 12) The A:F ratio used in S.I. engine of 80 Kw capacity is 15:1. Find the
amount of air consumed by the engine at full load when η𝑡𝑏 = 25 %. Also
find out 𝑚3 of air and 𝑚3 of fuel required per hour if the 𝜌𝑎 = 1.2 Kg/𝑚3
and 𝜌𝑓 = 3.5 Kg/𝑚3. Take cv of fuel = 42500 KJ/Kg.
 13 ) A car driven by a petrol engine travels at 50 km/h when developing 17.15
kw . If the thermal efficiency is 25 % and the c.v. of the petrol is 43 MJ/kg ,
determine the specific fuel consumption of the engine in kg/kwh, and the cost
of the fuel per kilometer .Take the cost of petrol as 6p per liter . and specific
gravity of petrol 0.72 .