Chapter 3

3.2.ENGINE PERFORMANCE AND PARAMETER

Energy balance of a reciprocating engine

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• Defn.:- The performance of an engine is an
indication of degree of success for which it is
designed.

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INDICATED WORK PER CYCLE

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It is the useful power output from the engine available at the crankshaft.

b.P = 2πNT/60000 in KW

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IMEP = Indicated mean effective pressure is
calculated from the P-V diagram which is
obtained experimentally with an engine
Indicator.
• It is found by recording the pressure
against volume inside the cylinder. Such
diagrams are called indicator diagrams and
they are taken with engine indicators.

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• The diagram shows a typical indicator diagram
for an internal combustion engine.

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• The area enclosed by the indicator
diagram represents the work done
per cycle per cylinder Ad mm2. The
average height of the graph is H mm.
The length of the diagram is Y mm.
The hatched area is equal to Ad and
so
Ad = YH
H =Ad/Y
• In order to convert H into pressure
units, the pressure scale (or spring
rate) of the indicator measuring
system must be known. Let this be
Sp kPa/mm. The IMEP is then found
from
IMEP = Sp H, where is H in mm
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Pb = bP/(ALN)

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 VOLUMETRIC EFFICIENCY
The intake system - {the air filter,
carburetor, and throttle plate (in a spark
ignition engine}, intake manifold, intake
port, intake valve], restricts the amount
of air which an engine of given
displacement can induct.

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The parameter used to measure the effectiveness
of an engine's induction process is the volumetric
efficiency.
Volumetric efficiency is only used with four-
stroke cycle engines which have a distinct
induction process.
It is defined as the volume flow rate of air into
the intake system divided by the rate at which
volume is displaced by the piston:

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 Total fuel consumption (TFC)

It is the amount of fuel consumed by the engine

per unit time. Generally it is expressed in Kg/h.

in Kg/h
Where x = fuel consumed in cc
t = time in second
sg = specific gravity of the fuel

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Dynamometer
• Any apparatus that permits the measurement
of torque and power of the engine is called a
"dynamometer".
Types
• Absorption (the whole engine power is
absorbed) and
• Transmission (Engine power is transmitted)

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• Absorption dynamometers measure and absorb
the power output of the engine to which they
are coupled. The power absorbed is usually
dissipated as heat by some means. Example of
such dynamometers is prony brake, rope brake,
hydraulic dynamometer, etc.
• In transmission dynamometers, the power is
transmitted to the load coupled to the engine
after it is indicated on some type of scale. These
are also called torque-meters.

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Fuel Consumption Measurement
Fuel consumption is measured in two ways:
(a) By determining the volume flow in a given time
interval and multiplying it by the specific gravity
of the fuel which should be measured
occasionally to get an accurate value (Volumetric
type).
(b) Another method is to measure the time
required for consumption of a given mass of fuel
(Gravimetric type).

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Fuel Air Cycle

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Comparison of Air Standard and Actual Cycles
• The actual cycles for internal combustion
engines differ from air standard cycles in many
respects. These differences are manly due to:-

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• .
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Comparison b/n Air-Standard, Fuel-Air & Actual cycles

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Heat balance sheet
• A heat balance sheet is an account of heat
supplied and heat utilized in various ways in the
system.
• The heat is supplied to the engine in the form of
fuel.
• Part of it is converted in to useful work, while the
rest is lost to the cooling water and in the
exhaust gases. Some of the heat, yet, is lost due
to radiation.

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1. Heat supplied in fuel (Hf) (fuel power)

Mf = mass flow rate of fuel in Kg/s

CV = calorific value of fuel in KJ/Kg

2. Heat lost to cooling water (HC)

(To – Ti )= (outlet temp – Inlet temp)

Cpw = specific heat capacity of water at constant pressure = 4.2 KJ/KgK

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3. Heat lost in the exhaust gases (HE)

(To – Ti )= (Exhaust temp – Inlet air temp)

Cpe = specific heat capacity of exhaust gases at constant
pressure in KJ/KgK

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4. Useful power output (BP)

bP = ( 2πN Tb) / 60

We can write:

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HEAT BALANCE SHEET

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Sankey diagram
• The Sankey diagram shows the total heat,
power and efficiency balance of an engine
starting from the energy content of the fuel
supplied to that part of it remains at the clutch
or road wheels on a power flow diagram.

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Example
• A passenger vehicle is propelled by a four-stroke gasoline
engine having a brake power output of 25 kW at maximum
power and consumes 8.34 kg of unleaded super-fuel per hour.
The calorific value of the super-fuel is 43200 kJ/kg. Assuming
an indicated power of 28kW ,
i) calculate,
a) The amount of heat supplied to the engine per second.
b) The indicated thermal efficiency.
c) The mechanical efficiency.
d) The brake thermal efficiency.
e) The friction power.
f) Prepare the power flow diagram.
g) Prepare the heat balance sheet.
ii) Prepare the Sankey diagram. 43
 IMPROVING ENGINE PERFORMANCE

There are basically two methods to improve engine

performance.
1. By increasing the input energy
The energy input can be increased by increasing the fuel
intake per unit time. This may be done by increasing the
engine speed to the limit where decrease in the volumetric
efficiency is minimum.
Super or turbo charging is another method of increasing
the
intake of fuel-air mixture to increase power output.
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2. By increasing the engine efficiency
Increased efficiency is obtained by increasing the
compression ratio. But beyond a limit it will
increase knocking.
Reducing various losses also will increase engine
performance by increasing the efficiency.

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