Experiment No.

:_______
Name: ___________________________ Roll No: _______ Class: T.Y

Branch:Mechanical Engg. Batch: ________

Title of Experiment: Trial on Diesel Engine to determine variable load performance and energy balance
 TRIAL ON DIESEL ENGINE TO DETERMINE VARIABLE

LOAD PERFORMANCE AND ENERGY BALANCE

AIM:- To conduct a performance trial on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, water cooled diesel engine
to determine:
1. Brake Power (BP)
2. Indicated Power (IP)
3. Frictional Power (FP)
4. Total Fuel Consumption(TFC) (mf )
5. Brake Specific Fuel Consumption(BSFC)
6. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ȵbth )
7. Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP)
8. Air Consumption (ma )
9. Air-Fuel (A/F)
10. Mechanical Efficiency (ȵmech )
11. Volumetric Efficiency (ȵvol )
12. To draw Heat Balance Sheet (Energy Balance Sheet)

APPARATUS:-
1. Diesel generating set i.e. Diesel engine with fuel measurement system coupled to A.C. generator.
2. Stop watch
3. Tachometer
4. Electrical load bank, etc.
5. Thermometer

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP:-

The setup consists of a single cylinder four stroke water cooled diesel engine with fuel measurement
system coupled to AC generator. The fuel is supplied to the engine through a 3 way cock and fuel
measurement system so that time required for 50cc fuel consumption can be measured. Air inlet to the
engine is connected through an orifice plate. Load on the engine is varied with the help of load bank. The
engine cylinder is water cooled and water passes through the jacket.
PROCEDURE:-
1) Start the engine without applying any load. Here the engine shaft is rotated by hand lever by opening
de-compression valve. When the sufficient cranking speed is achieved, the de-compression valve is closed
and engine gets started. The engine is allowed to reach its steady state condition.
2) Note down various readings such as current, voltage, time required for 50cc fuel consumption, speed,
manometer reading, temperature readings at inlet and outlet to the engine jacket and water flow rates
through engine jacket and exhaust gas calorimeter
3) Load the engine with the help of load bank and note down all the readings as mentioned above.
4) Vary the load on the engine and repeat the entire procedure.

ENGINE SPECIFICATIONS:-

i) Maximum output = 3.68kW (5 Hp)

ii) Maximum speed of engine= 1500 rpm
iii) Maximum torque = 25 to 40 Nm at 1500 r.p.m
iv) Compression ratio = 16:1
v) Number of cylinders = 1
vi) Bore X Stroke = 80 X 110mm
vii) Lubrication system = Splash lubrication
viii) Fuel injection pump = Jerk type
ix) Dynamometer = Rope brake type

OBSERVATIONS:-

i) Atmospheric pressure = 716 mm of Hg column

ii) Ambient temperature = ………..⁰C
iii) Calorific value of fuel = 41000 KJ/kg
iv) Density of fuel = 0.85 gm /cc
v) Orifice diameter = 20 mm
vi) Co-efficient of discharge of orifice = 0.64
vii) Generator efficiency = 90%
OBSERVATION TABLE:-
Sr. Curr Volta Speed Time for Manomet Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperatur
No ent ge (N)rp 50cc fuel er reading of water at of water at of water at e of water
. (I) (V) m consumpti (h) cm inlet to engine outlet from inlet to at outlet
amp volts on (t) sec jacket engine jacket exhaust gas from
eres (Twij) ºC (Twoj) ºC calirometer exhaust gas
(Twic) ºC calirometer
(Twoc) ºC

Temperature of Temperature of exhaust Mass flow rate of Mass flow rate of

exhaust gas at inlet to gas at outlet from water through engine water through
exhaust gas exhaust gas calirometer jacket exhaust gas
calirometer (Tgoc) ºC (mwj) kg/sec calorimeter
(Tgic) ºC (mwc) kg/sec
 Calculations
1) Brake power (B.P.) : The power developed by engine at the output shaft.
Measurement of brake power involves the determination of torque and angular speed of the engine output
shaft.
Brake power= T × ω

where,
N= No. of revolutions of the crankshaft per minute(r.p.m.)
T= Braking torque in Newton-meters
=W × g × R
W = Load in kg
R= Brake drum radius in meters in Rope Brake Dynamometer and Torque arm radius in Hydraulic
Dynamometer and Eddy Current Dynamometer:
In Electrical Dynamometer (A.C. Generator) Brake Power is calculated by using the following equation.

where,
V= Voltage in Volts
I= Current in Amperes
ηG = Generator efficiency

(B.P.)1 (B.P.)2 (B.P.)3 (B.P.)4 (B.P.)5

VxI = VxI = VxI = VxI = VxI =

1000xηG 1000xηG 1000xηG 1000xηG 1000xηG

=…………kW =…………kW =…………kW =…………kW =…………kW

2) Total Fuel Consumption (T.F.C.) : Is the quantity of fuel consumed by the engine per unit time
while a certain power is developed by the engine.
Two basic types of fuel measurement methods are used.
(1) Gravimetric method - In Gravimetric method the weight of the fuel consumed is directly measured.
(2) Volumetric method - In Volumetric method the fuel consumption is measured by determining the
volume flow in a given time interval.
To calculate fuel consumption in kg/hr by volumetric method.
Let us consider the time required for 50 cc fuel consumption is t seconds.

(T.F.C)1 (T.F.C)2 (T.F.C)3 (T.F.C)4 (T.F.C)5

50cc x density of fuel 50cc x density of fuel 50cc x density of fuel 50cc x density of fuel 50cc x density of fuel
Time required for Time required for 50cc Time required for 50cc Time required for Time required for
50cc 50cc 50cc

= ………gm/sec = ………gm/sec = ………gm/sec = ………gm/sec = ………gm/sec

= ……….Kg/sec = ……….Kg/sec = ……….Kg/sec = ……….Kg/sec = ……….Kg/sec

= ……….Kg/hr = ……….Kg/hr = ……….Kg/hr = ……….Kg/hr = ……….Kg/hr

3) Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (B.S.F.C) : Specific fuel consumption is defined as the amount of
fuel consumed per hour per unit of power developed. Is a measure of the fuel efficiency of any prime
mover that burns fuel and produces rotational, or shaft power.
 (B.S.F.C)1 (B.S.F.C)2 (B.S.F.C)3 (B.S.F.C)4 (B.S.F.C)5

(T.F.C.)1 (Kg/hr) (T.F.C.)2 (Kg/hr) (T.F.C.)3 (Kg/hr) (T.F.C.)4 (Kg/hr) (T.F.C.)5 (Kg/hr)
(B.P.)1 (kW) (B.P.)2 (kW) (B.P.)3 (kW) (B.P.)4 (kW) (B.P.)5 (kW)

= ……Kg/KW- hr = ……Kg/KW- hr = ………Kg/KW- hr = ……Kg/KW- hr = ……Kg/KW- hr

4) Indicated power (IP): The total power developed by combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is
called as indicated power. Indicated power of an engine tells about the health of the engine and also gives
an indication regarding the conversion of chemical energy in the fuel into heat energy.
Indicated power is an important variable because it is the potential output of the cycle.
There are two methods of finding indicated power of an engine.
(1) Using the indicator diagram
(2) By measuring brake power and friction power separately and adding the two
Indicated power can also be calculated from the following equation.
Indicated Power = Indicated mean effective pressure (Pm)× Stroke length(l) ×Cross Sectional Area
of Cylinder (A)×No. of Working Strokes Per Second (n)×No. of Cylinders (k)
Hence, I.P. = Pm (N/m2) × l(m) × A(m2 ) × n × k

5.Friction Power (FP) : The difference between indicated power and brake power of an engine is known
as friction power.
Frictional power (FP) by using the formula: F.P = I.P – B.P
There are different methods of measurement of friction power (F.P) as follows:
Measuring I.P and B.P
Morse test
Willans line method
Motoring test.
Measurement of friction power by Willans line method:
In Willan’s line method, gross fuel consumption vs. BP at a constant speed is plotted and the graph is
extrapolated back to zero fuel consumption as illustrated in Figure. Willian's line method is applicable
only to Diesel (C.I) engines. The point where this graph cuts the BP axis in an indication of the friction
power of the engine at that speed. This negative work represents the combined loss due to mechanical
friction, pumping and blow by.

(I.P.)1 (I.P.)2 (I.P.)3 (I.P.)4 (I.P.)5

= (B.P.)1+(F.P.)(F.P. from = (B.P.)2+(F.P.)(F.P. from = (B.P.)3+(F.P.)(F.P. from = (B.P.)4+(F.P.)(F.P. from = (B.P.)5+(F.P.)(F.P. from
graph) graph) graph) graph) graph)

= ……… kW = ……… kW = ……… kW = ……… kW = ……… kW

4) Brake thermal efficiency (BTE):

Thermal Efficiency: It is defined as the ratio of power output to that of the chemical energy input in the
form of fuel supply (i.e. heat supplied).
From the definition it is clear that thermal efficiency of the engine indicates that how much energy
released by fuel is converted into useful power. It is used to evaluate how well an engine converts the heat
from a fuel to mechanical energy.
It may be based on brake power output or indicated power output. If it is based on brake power output it is
called as brake thermal efficiency and If it is based on indicated power output it is called as indicated
thermal efficiency.
 η (BTE)1 η (BTE)2 η (BTE)3 η (BTE)4

(B.P.)1 (kW) X 100

(B.P.)2 (kW) X 100 (B.P.)3 (kW) X 100 (B.P.)4 (kW) X 100
(TFC)1 (Kg/sec) X C.V
(TFC)2 (Kg/sec) X C.V (TFC)3 (Kg/sec) X C.V (TFC)4 (Kg/sec) X C.V
of fuel
(KJ/kg) of fuel of fuel of fuel
(KJ/kg) (KJ/kg) (KJ/kg)

=………% =………%
=………% =………%

η (BTE)5

(B.P.)5 (kW) X 100

(TFC)5 (Kg/sec) X C.V
of fuel
(KJ/kg)

=………%
5) Mechanical efficiency: It is the ratio of power obtained at the shaft (BP) to the indicated power
(IP).

ηmech1 ηmech2 ηmech3 ηmech4 ηmech5

= (B.P)1 X 100 = (B.P)2 X 100 = (B.P)3 X 100 = (B.P)4 X 100 = (B.P)5 X 100
(I.P)1 (I.P)2 (I.P)3 (I.P)4 (I.P)5

=………% =………% =………% =………% =………%

6) Mean effective pressure (Pm): Mean effective pressure is defined as a hypothetical pressure, which is
thought to be acting on the piston throughout the power stroke. It may be based on indicated power output
or brake power output. If it is based on indicated power output it is called as indicated mean effective
pressure and If it is based on brake power output it is called as brake mean effective pressure.
Indicated Power = Indicated mean effective pressure(Pm)× Stroke length(l) ×Cross Sectional Area of
Cylinder (a)×No. of Working Strokes Per Second (n)×No. of Cylinders(k)
I.P.(watts) = Pm(N/m2 ) × l(m) × a(m2 ) × n × k

Brake Power = Brake mean effective pressure(Pm)× Stroke length(l) ×Cross Sectional Area of Cylinder
(a)× No. of Working Strokes Per Second (n)× No. of Cylinders(k)
B.P. (watts) = Pm (N/m2) × l(m) × a(m2 ) × n × k

Where,
Pm = Mean effective pressure
l = Length of the stroke in m
a = Area of the piston in m2
N = Rotational speed of engine RPM
k= Number of cylinders
n= N/60 (for two stroke engine)
n= N/2x60 (for four stroke engine)

Mean effective pressure (Pm) = ________ kN/m2

7) Air Consumption (ma ): To find Mass of Air Consumed(ma ) – Air Box Method
Air box method: In IC engines, as the air flow is pulsating, for satisfactory measurement of air
consumption an air box of suitable volume is fitted with orifice. The differential pressure across the orifice
is measured by manometer.

Step 1: a) Calculate density of air (ρa) by considering patm= ______mm of Hg.

Ideal gas equation PV = mRT --- (1) (for air, R= 287 J/kg K and T= 300 K)

Where, ρ = density of mercury= 13600 kg/m3

g = acceleration due to gravity 9.81 m/s2
h=column of mercury in a barometer, m

ρa = _________kg/m3

b) Calculate density of air (ρa) by considering patm= 1x 105 N/m2

PV = m RT (for air, R= 287 J/kg K and T= 300 K)

m/V= P/RT
ρa = P/RT
ρa = _________kg/m3
Where, P = atmospheric pressure in kN/m2
 V = volume of air in m3
m = mass of air in kg
T = temperature in Kelvin
R = Characteristics gas constant
Step 2: To find area of orifice

A = ________m2
Step-3: To find air flow rate through orifice in m3/sec
Air flow rate through orifice, Qa = Cd × A × Velocity of air
= Cd × A × √2gha
where , ha = head of air in m.
Head of air (ha) can be calculated as follows.
Head of air (ha) × Density of air (ρa=1.293 kg/m3) = Head of water (hw) × Density of water (ρw= 1000
kg/m3)

Qa = Cd × A × √2gha

Qa = _________ m3/sec

Step 4: To find air flow rate through orifice in kg/sec

Mass of air (ma) = Qa × ρa

= ------- kg/sec

Air-Fuel Ratio: It is the ratio of the mass of air to the mass of fuel in the air-fuel mixture.

Air-fuel ratio = Mass of air consumed in unit time / Mass of fuel consumed in unit time

Air-fuel ratio = ________/________ =

8) Volumetric efficiency: Volumetric efficiency of an engine is an indication of the measure of the degree

to which the engine fills its swept volume. It is a very important parameter, since it indicates the breathing

capacity of the engine.

Volumetric efficiency (ηV) =

Heat Balance Sheet:-

1) Total heat supplied to engine (QS) = (T.F.C)5 (kg/sec) X Calorific value of fuel (kJ/kg)

= ……….kW
2) Heat equivalent of Brake Power (QBP) = (B.P.)5
= ………. kW
% Heat equivalent of B.P. = (BP)5 X 100
(QS)

=________ %
3) Heat carried away by cooling water (QW):
Heat carried away by cooling water (QW) = mw X Cp (Twoj - Twij)

= ………kW

% of heat carried away by cooling water = QW X100

QS

=……….%
Twij = Temp of water at inlet of jacket in °c.
Twoj = Temp of water at outlet of jacket in °c.
Cp = 4.18 J/g K

4) Heat carried by exhaust gases( QG) = Mg x Cpg x (Tg - Tatm)

Mwc x Cpw x (Twoc-Twic) = Mg x Cpg x (Tgic-Tgoc)

Tatm = Ambient temperature in °c.
Tg = Temperature of exhaust gas in °c.
Twic = Temp of water at inlet to exhaust gas calorimeter in °c.
Twoc= Temp of water at outlet to exhaust gas calorimeter in °c.
Tgic = Temp of gas at inlet to exhaust gas calorimeter in °c.
Tgoc = Temp of gas at outlet to exhaust gas calorimeter in °c.
Mwc=Mass flow rate of water through exhaust gas calorimeter in °c.
Cpw = 4.18 J/g K

Mg x Cpg = Mwc x Cpw x (Twoc-Twic)

(Tgic-Tgoc)

Heat carried by exhaust gases (QG) = Mg x Cpg x (Tg - Tatm)

= ……….kW

% of heat carried away by exhaust gases= QG x 100

QS

= ……….%

5)Unaccounted heat losses (Qu)

= Heat supplied – (Heat equivalent of BP + Heat carried away by water + Heat carried away by exhaust
gases)

Unaccounted heat= (QS) – (QBP + QW + QG)

= …………kW

Heat balance Sheet

Particulars Heat (%) Particulars Heat (%)

(kJ/sec) (kJ/sec)
Heat equivalent to B.P. (QBP)

Heat carried by cooling water

(QW)

Heat supplied ( QS) Heat carried by exhaust gases( QG)

Unaccounted heat( QS) – (QBP +

QW + QG )

Total
Result table:

Sr. Load BP TFC BSFC BTE ha va Qa ma A/F ηV FP IP ηM

No. (Amp) (KW) (kg/sec) (Kg/KW- (%) (m) (m3/sec (kg/se ratio (%) (KW) (K
hr) ) c) W)
(%)

Graphs:

1) Load(Amp) Vs Fuel consumption (kg/sec) --- Willian line

2) Load(Amp) Vs BFSC (Kg/KW- hr)
3) Load(Amp) Vs BTE (%)
4) Load(Amp) Vs BP
5) Load(Amp) Vs IP
6) Load(Amp) Vs Volumetric Efficiency
7) Load(Amp) Vs Mechanical Efficiency
8) Load(Amp) Vs BMEP
9) Load(Amp) Vs IMEP
10) Load(Amp) Vs A/F ratio

Conclusion: