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Q1:

1-What is the different between Heat engine and Heat pump?-Write an

equation for each one.

2- What is the different between actual and theoretical relation

between piston and valves( valve timing ) explain with help of diag ram?.

i- Theoretical Valve Timing Diagram of Four stroke engines:

The exact moment at which the inlet and outlet valve opens and closes with
reference to the position of piston and crank shown diagrammatically is
known as Valve Timing Diagram. The timing is expressed in terms of
degrees of crank rotation
ii-Ac tual Valve Timing Diagram of Four stroke engines:

The inlet valve is made to open 10degree to 30degree before the piston
reaches the Top Dead Center (TDC) during Suction Stroke and is allowed to
close only after 30degree to 40degree after the piston reaches and leaves the
BDC in the beginning of compression stroke.
3- What are the main consideration factors for the air- fuel cycles.
. Cylinder contains constant amount of air and it is treated as ideal gas.
. The specific heats and other physical and chemical properties remain
unchanged during the cycle.
. Instead of heat generation by combustion, heat is transformed from
external heat source.
. The process of heat removal in the exhaust gases is represented by heat
transfer from the cycle to external heat sink.
. There is neither friction nor turbulence; all processes are assumed to be
reversible.
. No heat loss from the working fluid to the surroundings.
. Cycles can be presented on any diagram of properties

Q2:The p-v Diagram of the dual cycle is presented below:

Q3: Answer
Q4:A: I C engine combustion stages: STAGES OF COMBUSTION IN CI ENGINE

The combustion in CI engine is considered to be taking place in four

phases:
• Ignition Delay period / Pre-flame combustion
• Uncontrolled combustion
• Controlled combustion
• After burning
Q4:B: B: Give a suitable reason for the following statements:

1-To provide turbulent flow.

2-To provide high mixture metering.

3- To prevent fuel leak through the manifold.

4- Constant injection pressure is important to great the optimum fuel

spray droplet at the combustion chamber.

5- due to more restricts parts along the carburetors which disrupt the
flow.
 Q5: A 1500 cm3 ,four stroke cycle, four cylinder CI engines operating
at 3000 rpm and produces 48 kW. Volumeterc efficiency is 0.92, air fuel
ratio is 21:1 and mechanical efficiency is 0.85. Calculate:

i-Rate of air flow into engine.[ kg/s]

ii-Brake specific fuel consumption.[ g/kW .h]

iii-Mass rate of exhuste gases flow.[ kg/h]

iv-Friction power.[ kW].

IVolumetric efficiency= Actual Rate of air flow into engine/theoretical

Rate of air flow into engine.

theoretical Rate of air flow into engine=Vsx air density x N=

(1500/4)10- 6x(1.12)x(3000/60)=0.024 kg/sec

0.024/.92=0.028 kg/s]

ii-A/F ratio =21=ma/mf

mf=0.028/21=0.0072 kg/sec

Bsfc=mf/Bp

Bsfc=0.0012/48=2x10- 5 x3600/1000=1.14 x10- 4 g/kW .h

iii-mass exhaust =mf+ ma=0.0072+ 0.024=0.025x3600 = 38 kg/h

iv= mechanical efficiency= Brake power/ Indicated power

48/0.85=57.14 kW

Fp=Ip-Bp=57.14-48=9.14kW
Q6- The heat supplied to the engine is only in the form of fuel - heat and is
equal to .

QA = mf x C.V
Where,
mf = mass of fuel used in kg/min
C.V = Calorific value of fuel in KJ /kg

The various way in which the heat is utilized are

1. Heat equivalent to brake power of the engine. Qbp

2. Heat carried away by the cooling water. Qw

3. Heat carried away by the exhaust gases.Qe
4. Unaccounted heat losses. Q other
Heat equivalent to B.P:
The brake power in KW is converted into KJ/min
Qpb = B.P x 60 = _________ KJ/min

Heat carried away by the cooling water : (Qw)

Qw = Mw x CPw (Two - Twi ) in KJ/min

Where,
Mw = mass of cooling water circulated in kg/min
CPw = Specific heat of cooling water
= 4.186 KJ/kgK
Twi = Temperature of cooling water at inlet in °C
Two = Temperature of cooling water at outlet of the engine in °C

Heat carried away by the exhaust gases : (Q)

Heat carried away by the exhaust gases : (Q)

Qg = mg CPg (T g - TR)

mg= mass of the exhaust gases in kg/min

Cpe= Specific heat of exhaust gases = 1.005 KJ/kgK

Tg = Temperature of exhaust gases in °C
TR= Room temperature in °C

Unaccounted heat losses =Q others

Qun = Qs - (Q.B.P + Qw + Qg ) in KJ / min

Dr Saadoon Fahad