Methods of Improving Engine

Performance and Efficiency

 Engine Performance
 Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the
engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical
energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work.
 The performance of an engine is evaluated on the basis of the
following;
a) Specific Fuel Consumption.
b) Brake Mean Effective Pressure.
c) Specific Power Output.
d) Specific Weight.
e) Exhaust Smoke and Other Emissions.
 Engine Performance
Engine performance is more precisely defined by:

1. Maximum power (or Maximum torque) available at each speed within

the useful engine operating range
2. The range of speed and power over which engine operation is
satisfactory

3
 Improvement of Performance
 Reduce resistance during intake and exhaust stages: multiple
valve configuration
 Cool the air before allowing it to enter the cylinder
 Fuel Injection: do away with the carburetor
 Increase the compression ratio
 Increase the engine displacement: more power
 Compress more air into the cylinder during intake: using
supercharger and turbocharger
 Improvement of Performance
 Reduce resistance during suction
i. Air Filter
ii. Carburetor
iii. Intake Manifold
iv. Inlet Valve
v. Valve Lift
 Reduce resistance during exhaust
i. Manifold
 Improvement of Performance
 Reduce resistance during
exhaust
i. Manifold System
 Improvement of Performance
 Proper Valve Timing
i. Longer Opening and Closing Timing
 Improvement of Performance
 Cool the air before allowing it to enter the cylinder
 Improvement of Performance
 Increase the compression ratio
 Increase the engine displacement: more power
 Engine Energy Balance

EFFICIENCY IMPROVEMENTS
 Advanced Combustion Improvements with CEGR and FIE
 Increased Coolant Heat Rejection with CEGR
 Increased back pressure to drive EGR
 Technology for Efficiency Improvement
Advanced Combustion Improvements Gas Exchange
 Early PCCI(pre-mixture controlled compression Ignition)  Electrically assisted turbo
 Lifted Flame  EGR pump
 Stoichiometric  Variable valve actuation
 Mixed Mode Friction Reduction
 FIE (Inj. Pressure, Multiple Injection)  Piston and rings
 CEGR Cooling Systems  Bearings
 Air Handling (Electrically assisted turbo)  Surface treatment
 Increased Peak Cylinder Pressure
 Closed Loop Combustion Control
 Technology for Efficiency Improvement
Exhaust Energy Recovery Waste Energy Recovery
 Efficient PM After  Organic Rankine Cycle
treatment  Turbo compounding
 Lower soot loading  Brayton Cycle
 Low pressure drop Electrified Vehicle Accessories
 Regen controls/strategy  HVAC
 Exhaust Port Heat Transfer  Water pump
(liners)  Oil Pump • APU
ENGINE GEOMETRY
Mean and Instantaneous Piston Speeds
 Indicated Work

 Given the cylinder pressure

data over the operating cycle of
the engine one can calculate the
work done by the gas on the
piston.
 The indicated work per cycle
is:
 Indicated Power
 Indicated power Pi at a specific revolution speed n (rpm) is:

where N= crankshaft speed in rev/s;

nR =number of crank revolutions per cycle = 2 for 4-stroke & 1
for 2-stroke
 Power can be increased by increasing:
 the engine size, Vd
 compression ratio, rc
 engine speed, N
 Mechanical Efficiency
 Some of the power generated in  Mechanical efficiency depends
the cylinder is used to overcome
on throttle position, engine
engine friction. The friction
power is used to describe these design, and engine speed.
losses:  Typical values for car engines
at WOT are 90% @2000 RPM
 Friction power can be measured by and 75% @ max speed.
motoring the engine.
 The mechanical efficiency is
defined as:
Power and Torque versus Engine Speed
 Indicated Mean Effective Pressure (IMEP)

 IMEP or Pime is a fictitious constant pressure that would produce the same
work per cycle if it acted on the piston during the power stroke.
 Indicated mean effective pressure is defined as:

 imep does not depend on engine speed, just like torque.

 imep is a better parameter than torque to compare engines for
design and output because it is independent of engine speed, N, and
engine size, Vd.
 Brake mean effective pressure (bmep) or (Pbme)
 Brake mean effective pressure (bmep) is defined as:

 If mechanical efficiency is known, the brake power (that is output

mechanical power) and brake mean effective pressure are obtained as:

Engine output (brake) torque is:

 Maximum BMEP

𝑃 𝑏 2 𝜋 . 𝑇 .𝑛 𝑅
𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑝 ( 𝑃 𝑏𝑚𝑒 ) = =
𝑉𝑑 𝑉𝑑
 Specific Fuel Consumption
 For transportation vehicles fuel economy is generally given as mpg,
or liters/100 km.
 In engine testing the fuel consumption is measured in terms of the
fuel mass flow rate ṁ.
 The specific fuel consumption, sfc, is a measure of how efficiently
the fuel supplied to the engine is used to produce power,
 The brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) is defined as the ratio
of fuel mass rate m_ f to the brake power:

 Clearly a low value for sfc is desirable since at a given power level
less fuel will be consumed
 Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Size
 BSFC decreases with engine
size due to reduced heat
losses from gas to cylinder
wall.
 Note: cylinder surface to
volume ratio increases with
bore diameter.
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption vs Speed
 There is a minimum in the bsfc versus engine speed curve
 At high speeds the bsfc increases due to increased friction
 At lower speeds the bsfc increases due to increased time for heat
losses from the gas to the cylinder and piston wall
 Bsfc reduce with increase in compression ratio due to higher thermal
efficiency
 Performance Maps
 Performance map is used to display
the bsfc over the engines full load
and speed range.
 Using a dynamometer to measure
the torque and fuel mass flow rate
you can calculate:

Constant bsfc contours from a

two-liter four cylinder SI engine
 Combustion Efficiency
 The time for combustion in the cylinder is very short so not all the
fuel may be consumed or local temperatures may not support
combustion
 A small fraction of the fuel may not react and exits with the exhaust
gas
 The combustion efficiency is defined as actual heat input divided by
theoretical heat input:
Thermal Efficiency
Arbitrary Efficiency
 Example
Air at sea level and 30oC enters a 2.0 litre, four-
cylinder, four-stroke SI (Otto) engine with a
compression ratio of 8. The temperature of the fuel-
air mixture entering the cylinder is 50 oC. Use the
information given in the Table and determine: 1 Air-fuel mass ratio 15
a) the bore, stroke and clearance volume of each 2 Combustion efficiency 95%
cylinder; 3 Mechanical efficiency 85%
b) the masses of mixture, air, fuel and exhaust in 4 Stroke/bore ratio 1.1
one cycle per cylinder; 5 Fuel heating value 44MJ/kg
c) the indicated and brake effective pressures; 6 Exhaust residual in a cycle 5%
d) the engine indicated power, brake power and 7 Net indicated work 801.12J
torque at 3000 rpm;
e) the brake-specific fuel consumption and
volumetric efficiency of the engine.
 Solution:
a) For a single cylinder the displacement is:

The bore and stroke are:

The compression ratio can be written as:

from which Vc is obtained:

 Conclusions

 Engine Performance and efficiency improvements are a significant

lever for controlling petroleum consumption
 Efficiency levels beyond 55% are feasible
 System integration is critical to control cost and provide additional
system improvements
i. Waste energy recovery
ii. Electrification