MOTORS AND ENGINES

(Review)

 Electro-mechanical devices used to convert one form of energy to another form.

 Motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy. Electrical energy is

manifested by voltage and current as:

P = VICosθ where P = power

V = voltage
I = current
Cosθ = phase factor

 Engines convert the heat energy of fuel into mechanical energy by burning it and
allowing the burning gas to expand to produce mechanical power.

 Mechanical power is manifested by the rotation and torque of the output shaft as:

P = 2ΠTN/C where P = power

N = rpm
T = torque
C = constant

 Electric motors are more efficient in converting input energy into mechanical
energy compared to gasoline and diesel engines.

Table 1. Energy conversion efficiencies of major farm power units.

POWER UNIT ENERGY CONVERSION EFFICIENCY

%
Electric motor 50 - 90
Gasoline engine 25 - 30
Diesel engine 30 – 36

 Despite the low conversion efficiency, engines are still considered one of the few
inventions that have great influence on human lives.
 Electric motors are used as prime movers for stationary and indoor equipment such
as dryers, rice mills, conveyors and size reduction equipment.

 Engines are used as prime movers for mobile and outdoor machinery such as
tractors, water pumps, sprayers, harvesters, threshers and shellers.

 Engines are also used in fishing boats to increase the mobility of fishermen and the
scope of their fishing grounds.

 In general, engines are used in applications where electric motors cannot be used.
 Electric Motors

 Classification of electric motors based on electrical service required:

1. Single-phase alternating current (< 5 hp)

2. Three-phase alternating current (> 5 hp)

 Motor Ratings and Selection:

1. Torque requirement:

Select a motor whose torque output is always greater than the torque required
by the load.

Figure 1. Speed-vs-torque curve for general-purpose motor

2. Starting current requirement:

Determines the size and capacities of the electrical installations needed to operate
the motor (transformer capacity, wire size, breaker capacity, switch rating)

Table 2. Motor code

CODE LETTER LOCKED ROTOR, KVA/HP
F 5.0 - 5.6
G 5.1 - 6.3
H 6.3 - 7.1
J 7.1 - 8.0
K 8.0 - 9.0
L 9.0 - 10.0

For example, calculate the maximum locked-rotor current (starting current) for a
½-hp, 220-volt motor with an H motor code.

7,100 VA/Hp X 0.5 Hp

Max. starting current = A = ------------------------------ = 16.14 amp.
220 V

3. Temperature rating:
 Motors are built with four insulation classes that can withstand only certain
amounts of operating temperature.

Table 3. Insulation class of motors

INSULATION CLASS MAX. HOT SPOT CONT. TEMPT.
ºC ºF
A 105 221
B 130 266
F 155 311
H 180 356

For convenience, nameplate data often gives the maximum ambient temperature
that will keep the motor temperature within limits. Normal maximum ambient
temperature for motor operation is 40 ºC

4. Duty rating:

Motors are classified according to:

a. Continuous duty rating – motor is operated for more than 60 minutes

without rest.

b. Intermittent duty rating – is operated only for a few minutes at a time

with a rest or cooling period between operations.

5. Enclosure:

Motors are classified according to the type of enclosure used to protect the motor
from the environment:

a. Open-type – allows easy movement of air through the inside of the

motor by providing slots or holes in the end shields or frame where
the air can pass through.

b. Closed-type – does not allow entry of air inside the motor. Fan blows
air on the outside surface of the frame to dissipate heat. Fins are
constructed on the frame to increase the surface area for heat
dissipation.

6. Service factor – indicates the maximum load that can be safely carried by the
motor under continuous operation.

Fractional horsepower motor: S.F. = 1.25 to 1.4

Integral horsepower motor: S.F = 1.15

The service factor is multiplied by the horsepower rating to give the maximum
load the motor can sustain.
 Motor nameplate:

Motor nameplate carries a good deal of essential information about the motor. Refer
to it when you specify, buy, install, replace, operate and repair motors.

Figure 2. Typical electric motor nameplate

Engines

 Classification of engines:

1. Based on the number of strokes to complete the cycle:

 TDC (top dead center) – highest position attained by the piston when
it goes up.
 BDC (bottom dead center) – lowest position attained by the piston
when it goes down.
 Stroke – movement of the piston from TDC to BDC or vice versa.

a. Four-stroke-cycle engine – engine requiring four strokes of the

piston to complete the cycle.

b. Two-stroke-cycle engine – engine requiring only two strokes of the

piston to complete the cycle.

1) Downward stroke – At the beginning of the stroke, power

event is being accomplished. Towards the end of the stroke, the piston uncovers a port at
the side of the cylinder to start the exhaust event. Still further down, the piston uncovers
the inlet port, to start the intake event.

2) Upward stroke – as the piston goes up, both the inlet and
exhaust ports will be covered to start the compression event.

2. Based on the manner of igniting the fuel:

a. Spark-ignition engine – engine uses a spark produced in the spark

plug to ignite the compressed air-fuel mixture.

 Occurrence of spark is timed before or at TDC

  Fuel used is gasoline and metering is accomplished by a
carburetor.

b. Compression-ignition engine –engine uses heat of compressed air to

ignite the fuel.

 During intake, only air is taken in.

 Air is compressed to a very high degree
 Before end of compression, fuel is injected
 Fuel used is diesel and metering is done by the fuel injection
system.

 Based on the classification, four different types of engines may be identified:

1. Four-stroke-cycle-spark-ignition engine (Fig. 3)

2. Four-stroke-cycle-compression-ignition engine (Fig. 4)

3. Two-stroke-cycle-spark-ignition engine (Fig. 5)

4. Two-stroke-cycle-compression-ignition engine (Fig. 6)

 Engine specifications:

1. Engine type (number of strokes, manner of ignition, cylinder number and

arrangement).
2. Engine dimensions (bore, stroke, displacement, weight, length, width, and
height)
3. Output (maximum power, rated power, compression ratio, maximum torque
and rpm)
4. Capacities (fuel, lubricating oil and cooling water)
5. Auxiliary systems (valve, ignition, fuel, air cleaning, cooling, lubrication,
starting and governing)

Example of engine specifications

CHARACTERISTIC SPECIFICATION
Engine type : 4-stroke spark-ignition vertical single cylinder
Maximum output : 6.8 hp at 4,000 rpm
Rated output : 5.0 hp at 3,600 rpm
Bore x stroke, displacement : 72 x 59 mm, 240 cc
Compression ratio : 6:1
Maximum torque : 1.25 kg-m at 3,000 rpm
Ignition system : flywheel magneto
Starting system : recoil starter
Air cleaner : semi-dry type (polyurethane)
Lubrication system : splash type
Lubrication capacity : 0.82 li
Fuel tank capacity : 6.9 li
Dry weight : 28 kg
Dimensions : 410 mm x 370 mm x 490 mm
 Basic engine terminology:

1. Bore (D) – diameter of the cylinder, inches or millimeters.

2. Stroke (L) – length of travel of the piston from TDC to BDC, inches or
millimeters

3. Piston displacement (PD) – volume displaced by the piston as it moves

from BDC to TDC, cubic inches, cubic millimeters or cubic centimeters.
For a multi-cylinder engine, PD is multiplied by the number of cylinders.

4. Clearance volume (CV) – volume of the cylinder when the piston is at

TDC.

5. Total Volume (TV) – volume of the cylinder when the piston is at BDC. It
is equal to PD + CV.

6. Compression ratio (CR) – ratio of total volume over clearance volume.

 Sample problem 1:

Determine the compression ratio of the engine with the following specifications:
Total volume = 70 cc, Bore = 4 cm and Stroke = 5 cm.

Given: TV = 70 cc, D = 4 cm, L = 5 cm

Required: Find CR

Solution:

D 2 L  4cm  5cm
2
PD    62.83cc
4 4

CV  TV  PD  70cc  62.83cc  7.17cc

TV 70cc 9.76
CR     9.76 : 1
CV 7.17cc 1

 Sample problem 2:

Determine the bore of the engine if its clearance volume is 7.18 cc, compression
ratio is 8:1 and stroke is 4 cm.

Given: CV = 7.18 cc, CR = 8:1. L = 4 cm

Required: Bore = D
Solution:

TV
CR  TV  CRXCV  8 X 7.18  57.44cc
CV

TV  PD  CV PD  TV  CV  57.44cc  7.18cc  50.26cc

D 2 L 4PD 4 X 50.26cc
PD  D = = 16 = 4cm
4 L 3.14 X 4cm
Figure 3. Operation of 4-stroke spark ignition engine

Figure 4. Operation of 4-stroke compression ignition engine

 Figure 5. Operation of 2-stroke spark ignition engine

Figure 6. Operation of 2-stroke compression ignition engine

 Reading Assignment:

1. PAES 116:2001 Agricultural Machinery – Small Engine – Specifications

2. PAES 129:2002 Agricultural Machinery – Electric Motor – Specifications