IME MODULE 3

1. Analyze the working of the 4 stroke Petrol engine with sketches. Plot
the PV diagram.
The following are the working strokes
(A) Suction (B) Compression (C) Power (D) Exhaust

SUCTION STROKE:
1. During suction stroke the inlet valve opens with exhaust valve closed causing the suction of
petrol and air mixture in to the cylinder.
2. The piston travels from (Top Dead Center) TDC to (Bottom Dead Center) BDC & the
0
crankshaft revolves by 0-180 ,.
3. At the end of suction stroke the inlet valve closes and cylinder is completely filled with petrol
and air mixture. The line AB in the PV diagram represents suction stroke (volume of mixture
filled in the cylinder).
COMPRESSION STROKE:
1. During the compression stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are closed and the
piston
travels from the BDC to TDC & the crankshaft revolves further by half rotation, causing the
compression of air and fuel mixture.
2. This stroke is represented by a line BC on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram.
3. At the end of this stroke a spark is produced by a sparkplug, resulting in the combustion
of the fuel and air & is represented by a line CD on P-V diagram.
POWER STROKE:
1. In this stroke the piston travels from TDC to BDC with both the valves remain closed & the
crankshaft revolves half rotation.
2. The piston is forced due to the expansion of the burnt gases .This linear motion of
the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft through the connecting rod to produce
Mechanical power. This stroke is called as power stroke as the Mechanical power is
produced during this stroke.
3. It is represented by the curve DE on a P-V diagram.
4. As the piston moves further, the pressure of the hot gases gradually decreases at
constant volume as represented by the line EB in PV diagram.
EXHAUST STROKE:
1. During Exhaust stroke the exhaust valve opens with inlet valve closed and the piston
travels from BDC to TDC, causing the exhaust of burnt gases from the cylinder & the
crankshaft revolves half rotation.
2. This stroke is represented by a line BA on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram.

2. Analyze the working of the 4 stroke diesel engine with sketches. Plot the PV diagram.
 The following are the working strokes
(A) Suction (B) Compression (3) Power stroke (4) Exhaust
SUCTION STROKE:
1. During suction stroke the inlet valve opens with outlet valve closed & the piston travels from
(Top Dead Center) TDC to (Bottom Dead Center) BDC & the crankshaft revolves by half
rotation, causing the suction of pure air.
2. The energy required to perform this stroke is supplied by ‘cranking’ only during the first cycle
at the time of starting, while running, the flywheel supplies the mechanical energy.
3. This stroke is represented by a line AB on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram.
COMPRESSION STROKE:
1. During the compression stroke both inlet and exhaust valves are closed and the piston
travels
from the BDC to TDC & the crankshaft revolves further by half rotation, causing the
compression of air.
2. This stroke is represented by a line BC on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram.
3. At the end of this stroke a metered quantity of fuel is injected through the fuel injector,
the high temperature of the air ignites the fuel as soon as it is injected. This is called Auto-
ignition or Self-ignition.
POWE STROKE/EXPANSION STROKE/WORKING STROKE:
1. In this stroke the piston travels from TDC to BDC with both the valves remain closed & the
crankshaft revolves half rotation.
2. The burnt gases released by the combustion of the fuel that is continuously injected into
the cylinder, force the piston to perform earlier part of this stroke at constant pressure till the
injection of the fuel is completed. This constant pressure expansion with simultaneous
combustion is represented by the line CD on PV diagram.
3. The piston is forced further during the remaining part of this stroke due to the expansion of
the burnt gases .This linear motion of the piston is transmitted to the crankshaft through the
connecting rod to produce Mechanical power. This stroke is called as power stroke as the
Mechanical power is produced during this stroke.
4. It is represented by the curve DE on a P-V diagram.
5. As the piston moves further, the pressure of the hot gases gradually decreases at
constant volume as represented by the line EB in PV diagram.
EXHAUST STROKE:
1. During Exhaust stroke the exhaust valve opens with inlet valve closed and the piston
travels from BDC to TDC, causing the exhaust of burnt gases from the cylinder & the
crankshaft revolves half rotation.
2. This stroke is represented by a line BA on the (Pressure -Volume) P-V diagram

3. List the differences between 4/2 stroke Petrol and diesel engine

4. Describe Electric vehicles. Explain the components and working of electric vehicles,List
the advantages and limitations of electric vehicles

An electric vehicle, also called an electric drive vehicle, uses one or more electric motors or traction
motors for propulsion. An electric vehicle may be powered through a collector system by electricity
from off-vehicle sources, or may be self-contained with a battery, solar panels or a generator to
convert fuel to electricity
Components of Electric vehicle.
The main components of Electric vehicle are
1. Traction Battery pack
2. DC-DC convertor
3. Power inverter
4. Electric Motor
5. Regenerative braking system
6. Transmission system
7. Auxiliary batteries
1. Battery pack: Battery is a device, in which electric charges are stored; the electric charge stored
can be utilized when ever needed to operate an electrical appliance.
2. DC-DC Converter: DC-to-DC converters are devices that temporarily store electrical energy for
the purpose of converting DC (Direct current) from one voltage level to another. In
automotive applications, they are an essential intermediary between systems of different
voltage levels throughout the vehicle
3. Power inverter: A power inverter changes DC power from a battery into conventional AC
power that you can use to operate all kinds of devices that are designed to work on AC
(Alternating Current). The Electric vehicles using AC Motors as a drive to run the vehicle need
this device.
4. Electric Motor: DC motors are typically more efficient and make better use of their input
energy. However DC motors runs at relatively at a constant speed and produce a constant
torque. therefore they may not suitable to drive the vehicle in varying torque conditions AC
motors are generally considered to be more powerful than DC motors because they can
generate higher torque by using a more powerful current.
5. Transmission system: Electric cars don't require multi-speed transmissions. While internal
combustion engines require multiple gears with different ratios to take care of variable
torque. Some Electric motors have the capability to take care of variable Torque and Speed
for a given power out from the motor. It has a differential which transmits power from the
engine to the axle that moves the wheels and allow the wheels to move at different speeds
from each other.
6. Auxiliary batteries: The auxiliary battery is a backup for the main battery. It is used to charge
auxiliary equipments in the electric vehicle which needs power to run but at low voltage.
Advantages
1. Eco-friendly: Because electric vehicles do not utilize fuel for combustion, there are no
emissions or gas exhaust.
2. Less noise and smoother motion: Driving an electric car is significantly smoother. Because they
lack fast-moving elements, they are quieter and produce less noise.
3. Cost-effective: Electricity is far less expensive than fuels such as gasoline and diesel,. When
solar electricity is utilized at home, battery recharging is cost-effective.
4. Low maintenance: Because electric cars have fewer moving components, wear and tear is
reduced when compared to traditional auto parts. Repairs are also simpler and less expensive
than combustion engines.
Disadvantages
1. High initial cost: Electric vehicles continue to be quite expensive, because of Batteries
2. Charging station limitations: People who need to travel long distances are concerned about
finding adequate charging stations in the middle of their journey, which are not always
accessible.
3. Recharging takes time: Unlike conventional automobiles, which require only a few minutes to
replenish their gas tanks, charging an electric vehicle takes many hours.
4. Less driving range: When compared to conventional automobiles, electric vehicles have a
shorter driving range. Electric cars can be convenient for short-distance travel but are in
convenient for long-distance travel.
5. Describe Hybrid vehicles. Explain the components of Hybrid vehicles, differentiate between
hybrid and electric cars
Ans; Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are powered by an Internal Combustion Engine in
combination with one or more Electric Motors that use energy stored in Batteries. HEVs
combine the benefits of high fuel economy and low emissions with the power and range of
conventional vehicles.
Components Of A Hybrid Electric Vehicle
1. Internal combustion Engine: it is the main component responsible for propelling the vehicle.
An HEV cannot run alone on an electric power train without an engine.
2. Electric motor: The secondary power source of an HEV is the electric motor. It assists the
engine during initial acceleration to improve performance and fuel economy. It runs on
electrical energy stored in the battery pack.
3. Battery pack: A battery pack powers the electric motor. Basically, it acts as a fuel tank for the
battery, wherein it stores the electrical energy via regenerative braking and the generator
driven by the IC engine.
4. Generator: It is an essential component found in the series hybrid vehicle. a generator
converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
5. Transmission: Typically, hybrid vehicles use conventional transmissions similar to petrol or
diesel cars. It transmits the power produced by the IC engine to the drive shaft.