INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

OUTLINE - 1st chapter I.C. Engines - Fundamentals

Introduction & Development of I.C. Engines
Components of IC Engine
I. C. Engine terminology
Broad classification of I.C. engines
Classification based on cylinder arrangement
Working of Four stroke petrol Engine
Indicator diagrams (Theoretical and Actual ) for 4 stroke SI engine
Working of Four stroke diesel Engine
Indicator diagrams (Theoretical and Actual )for 4 stroke diesel engine
Working of Two stroke cycle engines
Indicator diagram for two stroke engine
Valve Timing diagrams for 4 stroke SI and CI engines
Port timing diagram for two stroke engines
Difference between petrol engine and diesel engine ,
Difference between two stroke and four stroke cycle engines
Applications of different IC engines
 INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT
 Most development came after 2nd half of 19th century.
 JJE Lenoir developed fairly practical engine at about 1860.
 SI engine operations -first stated by Beau De Rochas – Frenchman in
1862
 In 1867 – Otto & Langen engine - propelled by atmospheric pressure
acting against vaccum - not popular
 In 1876 -- 4 stroke engine ---Otto cycle - a German engineer A.
Nikolous Otto actually utilized in engine.
 In 1880’s two stroke engines are popular
 In 1892 - 4 stroke engine -- Diesel cycle - German engineer Rudolf
Diesel
 HEAT ENGINES - Broad classification
 I.C. Engine comes under the category of Heat Engines.
 Heat Engine ---It is a device which converts chemical energy of fuel into heat energy
and this heat energy further convert into mechanical work”.
 Based on where the combustion of fuel take place- Whether outside the working cylinder
or inside the working cylinder
(A) External combustion engines (E.C.ENGINES), ---
(a) Reciprocating type -----(i) Steam engine (ii) Stirling engine
(b) Rotary type ---- (i) Steam turbine (ii) Closed cycle gas turbine

(B) Internal combustion engines (I.C.ENGINES)

(a) Reciprocating type ----- (i) Petrol engines (ii) Diesel engines
(b) Rotary type ---- (i) Wankel turbine (ii) Open cycle gas turbine
 I.C.ENGINES E.C.ENGINES
Fuel combustion take place inside the Fuel combustion take place outside the
cylinder. cylinder.

Compact in size and more efficient. Larger in size and less efficient.

Low initial cost. More initial cost.

Working fluid is mixture of air and fuel Working fluid is steam

Easier and quick starting of these Starting is difficult and more time is
engines. required.

Costly fuels are required like petrol, Cheaper fuel like coal.
diesel etc.

Suitable for mobile applications Less suitable for mobile applications.

 IC Engine components

 Cylinder block  Crank arm

 Cylinder  Crank shaft
 Cylinder head  flywheel
 Combustion chamber  Cam shaft
 Inlet and exhaust ports,  Timing gears
valves
 Cam
 Inlet and exhaust  Tappet
manifolds
 Push rod
 Piston and piston pin
 Rocker arm
 Piston rings
 Valve spring
 Connecting rod
 Crank case
 Crank pin
 IC Engine Terminology
The following terms/Nomenclature associated with an engine are explained for the better
understanding of the working principle of the IC engines.
1. Bore: The nominal inside diameter of the engine cylinder is
called bore. It is represented by ‘D’
2. Top Dead Centre (TDC): The extreme position of the piston
at the top of the cylinder of the vertical engine is called top
dead centre (TDC), Incase of horizontal engines, it is known
as inner dead centre (IDC).
3. Bottom Dead Centre (BDC): The extreme position of the
piston at the bottom of the cylinder of the vertical engine
called bottom dead centre (BDC). In case of horizontal
engines, it is known as outer dead center (ODC)
4. Stroke: The distance travelled by the piston from TDC to BDC is
called stroke. In other words, the maximum distance travelled by
the piston in the cylinder in one direction is known as stroke. It is
equal to twice the radius of the crank. It is represent by ‘L’
4. Clearance Volume (Vc): The volume contained in the cylinder
above the top of the piston, when the piston is at top dead centre is
called the clearance volume. It is represented by ‘Vc’
5. Swept Volume (Vs): The volume swept by the piston during one
stroke is called the swept volume or piston displacement. Swept
volume is the volume covered by the piston while moving from
TDC to BDC. It is represented by ‘Vs’
Swept volume = Vs = A x L = (π/4) D2L m3
where A = Cross sectional area of the piston or cylinder in Sq.m,
L = Stroke in m, and D = Cylinder bore i.e., inner diameter of the
cylinder in m.
6. Compression Ratio (rc): Compression ratio is a ratio of the
volume when the piston is at bottom dead centre to the
volume when the piston is at top dead centre.
Total cylinder volume (V) = Clearance volume (Vc) + Swept Volume (Vs)

Compression ratio (rc) = Total volume of the cylinder/Clearance volume = V/ Vc

* The compression ratio varies from 5 : 1 to 10 : I for petrol engines and

from 11:1 to 22 : I for diesel engines.
8. Piston Speed: It is the average speed of piston. It is equal to 2LN,
where N is the speed of crank shaft in rev./second L is stroke in m
Piston speed = 2LN/60 m/s
9. Engine capacity: It is the total swept volume of all cylinders in the engine.
=n. Vs m3 or CC (cm3 )
where n is the number of cylinders and Vs is the swept volume of each
cylinder
 Classification of IC engines
1. According to type of fuel used
 Petrol engine ( Engines using volatile liquid fuels)
 Diesel engine (Engines using viscous liquid fuels )
 Gas engines (Engines using gaseous fuels --CNG, LPG, Bio gas, Blast furnace
gas
 Bi-fuel engine (two fuel engines) - Both liquid and gaseous fuel
2. Nature of thermodynamic cycle
 Otto cycle engine (Constant volume combustion engines)
 Diesel cycle engine ( Constant pressure combustion engines)
 Duel or mixed cycle engine
3. Number of stroke per cycle
 Four stroke engine
 Two stroke engine
4. According to method of ignition
 Spark ignition engine (S.I. Engine)
 Compression ignition engine (C.I. Engine)
5. According to method cooling
 Air cooling engines(small vehicles like bikes, scooters, mopeds)
 Water cooling ( heavy vehicles like cars, buses, lorries, trucks etc.,)
 Liquid cooling ( marine vehicles which uses water and some antifreeze solutions)
6. According speed of the engine
 Low N < 500 rpm
 Medium N up to 1000 rpm
 High > 1000 rpm
7. According to Number of cylinders
 Single cylinder engines
 Multi cylinder engines
8. According to method of lubrication
 Wet Sump Lubrication System
 Dry Sump Lubrication System
 Pressure Lubrication system
9. According to Location of Valves
 Over Head Valve Engine --- I type
 Side Valve Engine _ L type
 Both side Valve Engine ---- T type
 Head and Side valve Engine --- F type
10. According to the type of valves
 Poppet valve engine
 Sleeve valve engines
 Rotary valve engine
11. According to the inclination of valves
 Vertical valve engines
 Inclined valve engines
12. According to the placement & arrangement of cylinders
 Inline type ;
 V type ;
 X type;
 H type;
 Opposed cylinder type;
 Opposed piston type
 Radial type; Delta type
13. According to the field of application
 Stationary engines -- used in pumping sets, generator sets
 Mobile engines - in automobiles
14. According to the type of motion
 Reciprocating
 Rotary
15. According to fuel injection system
 Carburettor engines (SI Engines)
 Air injection system engines (Earlier days CI engines)
 Air less or Solid injection system engines ( Present CI engines)
16. According to method of control under variable load
 Quality control engines (CI engines)
 Quantity control engines (SI engines)
 Combined control engines (modern engines)
CLASSIFICAITON BASED ON CYLINDER ARRANGEMENT
 (a) Inline engines
 (b) V-engines
 (c ) Radial engines
 (d) Opposed piston engines
 (e) Opposed cylinder engines

( a) (b) (d)
(C)
 Classification based on Valve Location
Engines are classified by the location of the valves:
L-head engine also called a flat head engine
F-head engine ---Compromise between I & L head engines
I-head engine ---Both overhead valve (OHV) engines and
overhead cam (OHC) engines are I-head engines
 ‘I’ and ‘L’ Head

Both the intake and exhaust valves are in

Both valves are in the cylinder head
the block Flat head-Model T
F Head (1971 Jeep)
 Camshaft Location
There are two basic locations for the engine camshaft:
Cam shaft located in the block ----cam-in-block engine (OHV) engine
Camshaft located in the cylinder head---- overhead cam (OHC) engine
Cam in Block (OHV) engines
Uses push rods to transfer motion to the rocker arms and valves
Also called an overhead valve (OHV) engines
Cam in Head (OHC) engines
Notice that the pushrod and rocker arm have been eliminated in this OHC engine. Less moving parts in the
transmission of camshaft motion to open the valve. This not only reduces friction points and weight but also less
points for wear and component breakage.
OHC engines may use one or two camshafts per cylinder head
Single overhead cam (SOHC) engine- uses only one camshaft per cylinder head
 Dual overhead cam (DOHC) engine- uses two camshafts per cylinder head
one cam operates the intake valves, while the other cam operates the exhaust
valves
Diagram of OHV
Note the adjustment
screw on the end of the
rocker arm. Not all
rocker arms have this
adjustment. Check the
shop manual for
adjustment procedures.
Four Stroke Petrol Engine -- 1. Suction or intake stroke, 2. Compression
stroke, 3. Expansion or power stroke, and 4. Exhaust stroke
Theoretical and Actual Indicator diagrams for 4 stroke petrol
engines
VTDs for 4 stroke Petrol engine
Four Stroke Diesel Engine -- 1. Suction or intake stroke, 2. Compression stroke,
3. Expansion or power stroke, and 4. Exhaust stroke
Theoretical and Actual Indicator diagrams for 4
stroke Diesel engines
VALVE TIMING DIAGRAMS FOR 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINES
 TWO STROKE PETROL ENGINE
Three ports-- 1. Inlet port 2. Exhaust
port 3. Transfer port
--1881 first two stroke diesel engine was
patented by Scottish engineer Dugald
Clark
-- 1879first crankcase scavenged engine
was developed by Englishman Joseph
Day.
-- 1880 German inventor Karl Benz has
developed first two stroke gas engine.
-1908 first truly practical two-stroke engine
is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas
Scott -stared producing twin cylinder
water cooled motor cycles
Upward stroke -- Suction followed by compression
Downward stroke -- Expansion followed by exhaust
Indicator diagram for two stroke engine
PTD (Port Timing Diagram) for 2 stroke Petrol Engine
PTD (Port Timing Diagram) for Two stroke Diesel Engine
 Comparison between 4 Stroke and 2 Stroke engines
S.NO PARAMETERS 4 STROKE ENGINE 2 STROKE ENGINE
1. No of Strokes per Cycle Four Two

2. No of Revolutions of Crank Two One

per cycle
3. No of Cycles per min n = N/2 n=N
N = Engine Speed
In every alternate In every revolution of crank
4. Power Derived revolution of crank shaft shaft
5. Direction of rotation of Crankshaft Rotates in One Crankshaft Rotates in Either
Crankshaft Direction Direction
Inlet, Exhaust Valve Inlet, Transfer & Exhaust Port are
Valves / Ports Operated by cam using in Cylinder Walls Piston
6. Valve – Gear Mechanism Movement Covers & Uncovers
the Ports
7. Torque Fluctuations High More Uniform
Heavy Flywheel due to Lighter Flywheel is enough
due to Uniform Torque
8. Flywheel Non Uniform Torque on the
Comparison between 4 Stroke and 2 Stroke engines Contd…
Charge is Directly admitted into Charge is Admitted into the
Admission of cylinder during Suction Stroke Crankcase and then Transferred to
9.
the Charge the cylinder

Due to upward movement of

Exhaust of the piston during exhaust
10. Due to Scavenging
products of Stroke
Combustion
11. Fuel Consumption Less More
12. Mechanical Low High
Efficiency
13. Noise Less More
14. Engine Size Heavy & Bulky Compact
15. Initial Cost High Low
16. Cooling & Required in Less Required Severely
Lubrication
17. Starting of Engine Fairly Difficult Easy

18. Wear & Tear Lesser Greater

19. Uses Buses, lorries, Trucks & Cars Motorcycles, Scooters,

Mopeds, etc.,
Comparison between Petrol and Diesel engines
S.NO Details Petrol Engines Diesel Engines
1. Fuel used Petrol Diesel
2. Operating Cycle Otto or Diesel or Constant
Constantvolume Pressure cycle
cycle
3. Charge intake Air-Fuel mixture Air
Fuel admission Through Through Fuel Injector
4. Carburettor
5. Method of Ignition Spark igniton Compression Ignition
6. Compression Ratio Low (5 to 10) High (11- 22)

7. Thermal efficiency Less due to less More due to High compression

compression ratio ratop
8. Engine Speed Hjgh . About 3000 Low . 400 to 1200 rpm due to
rpm due to light heavy weigth
weight
Comparison between Petrol and Diesel engines Contd…..
S.NO Details Petrol Engines Diesel Engines
9 Starting of the Easy Difficult. More cranking
engine effort is required
10 Weight of engine Lighter Heavier due to high pressure

11 Output power Less More

12 Intial cost Low More
13 Fuel used & Its cost Petrol - more Diesel -less
14 Maintainance cost Less More

15 Vibration and noise Very less More due to high operating

pressures
16 Space Less More
17 Engine life Less than 60000 Km More than 1,50,000 km
18 Method of Governing Quantitative method Qualitative method
19 Uses Automotives & Air
planes Buses, Trucks and Tractors.
APPLICATIONS OF I.C. ENGINES
 2 Stroke Petrol(Gasoline) Engines -- Mopeds(50CC), Lawn movers,
Scooters, Motor cycles (100 -150CC; 5kW -5500rpm), High powered motor cycles
(250CC, 10kW -5000rpm), small electric generating sets, pumping sets, out board
motor boats.
 2 Stroke Diesel Engines - Ship propulsion – Very high power engine (400-900
mm bore - BP up to 37000 kW) Ex: Nordberg engine -20000kW- (12 cylinder, 80cm
D, 155 cm L, N=120 rpm)
 4 Stroke Petrol(Gasoline) Engines --- Small 4 stroke gasoline engines –
Automobiles 4 cylinder 4 stroke engine -30-60 kW (4500 rpm) 100-4400 rpm
 Buses, trucks - 4000 CC, 6 cylinder with Max BP 90 kW, Big motor cycles with side
cars, small pumping sets, mobile electric generating sets, small air craft - 400 –
4000kW
 4 Stroke Diesel Engines – Different sizes ranging from 50mm-1000mm ; 1-
35000kW; Small engines – in pumping sets, construction machinery, air
compressors, drilling rigs; Locomotives, Marine applications, Fishing vessels to
ocean going ships, Tractors, Jeeps, Trucks and Earth moving machinery etc.,