ME-4101

Introduction to
Mechanical Engineering
By
Manamee Noor Tayba
Lecturer
Dept. of Mechanical Engineering
UCTC
Internal Combustion Engine
 Heat Engine
o Chemical energy in fuel converted to thermal energy by
combustion or oxidation.

oThermal energy raises temperature and pressure of gases within

engine, and gas expands against mechanical mechanisms of
engine, i.e., heat engine converts chemical energy into mechanical
Energy.

“Therefore a heat engine is a device which transforms the

chemical energy of fuel into thermal energy and uses this energy
to produce mechanical work”
Heat Engine

o Heat Engines are divided into two main classes:

✔ External Combustion Engines (EC Engines)

✔ Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engines)

Heat Engine
✔ External Combustion Engines (EC Engine)
The product of combustion of fuel and air transfer heat to the
second fluid which is the working fluid of the cycle.
 Heat Engine
✔ Internal Combustion Engines (IC Engine)
The working fluid consists of the products of
combustion of the fuel- air mixture itself.
Classification of IC Engines
Classification of IC engines could be based on:
o Ignition.
o Number of strokes
oValve location
o Design
o Position and number of cylinders
o Air intake
o Fuel input method
o Fuel used
o Cooling
o Application
Classification of IC Engines
Based on: Ignition

✔ Spark ignition (SI): high-voltage electrical discharge between

two electrodes ignites air-fuel mixture in combustion chamber
surrounding spark plug.

✔ Compression ignition (CI): air-fuel mixture self-ignites due to

high temperature in combustion chamber caused by high
compression, Diesel engine.
Classification of IC Engines

Based on: Number of Strokes

✔ Four-stroke: four piston movements over two engine

revolutions for each engine cycle.

✔ Two-stroke: two piston movements over one revolution for

each engine cycle.
 Classification of IC Engines

Based on: Valve Location

✔ Overhead-valve

✔ Under head-valve

✔ Combination of two (less

common)
Terminology & Parts of an Engine
Terminology & Parts of an Engine
Terminology & Parts of an Engine
Terminology & Parts of an Engine
Working Principle of 4-Stroke SI Engine
Working Principle of 4-Stroke SI Engine
Working Principle of 2-Stroke SI Engine
Working Principle of 2-Stroke SI Engine
Valve Timing Diagram
A valve timing diagram is a graphical representation of the exact moments,
in the sequence of operations, at which the two valves (i.e. inlet and exhaust
valves) open and close as well as firing of the fuel. It is, generally, expressed
in terms of angular positions of the crankshaft.
Valve Timing Diagram

Fig. Actual valve timing diagram of 4-stroke cycle petrol engine

Valve Timing Diagram