Thermodynamics Lab Report on Four Stroke IC Engine Operation/TITLE

Thermodynamics Lab Lab Report
LAB NO.1
TO DRAW LAYOUT OF
THERMODYNAMCS
LABORATORY
LAB NO.2
DEMONSTRATION OF
BASICPARTS OF AN IC
ENGINE
An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert

one form of energy into mechanical energy. Heat
engines, like the internal combustion engine, burn a
fuel to create heat which is then used to do work.
Electric motors convert electrical energy into
mechanical motion, pneumatic motors use compressed
air, and clockwork motors in wind-up toys use elastic
energy. In biological systems, molecular motors, like
myosins in muscles, use chemical energy to create
forces and eventually motion
A combustion engine has two main types:

1: Internal combustion engine
2: External combustion engine
 Internal Combustion Engine (IC):

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the

combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a
combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid
flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine, the expansion of
the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by
combustion applies direct force to some component of the
engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades,
rotor or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a
distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical
energy.
External Combustion Engine (EC):

An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine

where a working fluid, contained internally, is heated by combustion in an
external source, through the engine wall or a heat exchanger. The fluid then,
by expanding and acting on the mechanism of the engine, produces motion
and usable work.[1] The fluid is then cooled, compressed and reused (closed
cycle), or dumped (open cycle). In these types of engine, the combustion is
primarily used as a heat source, and the engine can work equally well with
other types of heat source.
IC engine, its component and its working.

Main parts of IC Engine:
 Cylinder block
 Cylinder Head
 Crank shaft
 Piston
 Connecting Rod
 Piston Rings
 Mani fold (many)
 Fly wheel
 Dip stick
 Crank case / Oil sump
 Cam shaft
 Intake & Exhaust valves
1:CYLINDER BLOCK:
Cylinder Block is the foundation of engine, and all other parts of
engine are installed on it.
2: Cylinder Head:
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often
informally abbreviated to just head) sits above the cylinders on
top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder,
forming the combustion chamber. This joint is sealed by a head
gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for the
passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow
the exhaust to escape. The head can also be a place to mount

the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors
3: Piston:
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating
pumps, gas compressors and pneumatic cylinders, among other
similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is
contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In
an engine, its purpose is to transfer force from expanding gas in
the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or
connecting rod. In a pump, the function is reversed and force is
transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose of
compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some
engines, the piston also acts as a valve by covering and
uncovering ports in the cylinder.
3: PISTON RINGS: A piston ring is a split ring that fits into

a groove on the outer diameter of a piston in
a reciprocating engine such as an internal combustion
engine or steam engine.
The main functions of piston rings in reciprocating engines
are:
1. Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is
minimal loss of gases to the crank case.
2. Improving heat transfer from the piston to
the cylinder wall.
3. Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the
piston and the cylinder wall
4. Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from
the cylinder walls back to the sump
TYPES OF PISTON RINGS:

Piston rings function in sets of three rings, starting with the top
compression ring, followed by the 2nd groove ring and the oil
control ring. Their function is to seal off combustion gases, aid
in the heat transfer to the cylinder wall, and both lubricate and
scrape down oil from the cylinder wall. The top ring serves to
seal off the majority of the combustion gases while the bottom
ring provides most of the oil control. The 2nd ring helps with
both functions, playing a finishing role in the combustion sealing
as well as the downward oil scraping
5: Connecting Rod:
It is a rigid rod that connect the piston to the crankshaft.it
convert the back and forth motion (reciprocating motion) of the
piston to the rotary motion of the crankshaft. And thus, transfer
the power from the piston to the crankshaft.
6: Cam Shaft:
It opens and closes the intake valve and the exhaust valve at
precise moment to allow to the engine to run efficiently at all
speeds. The operation is controlled by peer shaped lobes called

cams on the rotating shaft, the camshaft, driven by a chain, a
belt, or a set of gears from the camshaft.
7: Engine valves: Each engine cylinder has two valves; an intake

valves an and exhaust valve.it controls the inlet and exhaust of
internal combustion engine. The intake valve opens just before
the intake stroke begin. This allow the air fuel mixture to enter
to the engine cylinder. While the exhaust valve opens just
before the exhaust stroke begin so the burned gases are
escaped from the cylinder.
8: Manifolds: For internal combustion engine, two manifolds

are used.
A: Intake manifold
The intake manifold connects the throttle body with the intake
port of the cylinder head. The manifolds have a set of passages
or runners through which air or air fuel mixture flow.
B:Exhaust manifold
Exhaust manifolds is a set of passages or tubes that carry the

exhaust gases from the exhaust ports in the cylinder head to the
exhaust pipe. The exhaust manifold collects the exhaust gases
from each exhaust port. Then it merges the exhaust gases into a
single flow. The exhaust pipe connects to the outlet from the
exhaust manifold. It is usually made of aluminium alloy or cast
iron.
20.OIL SUMP/PAN:
Here, the oil stays when the engine is in idle condition.
10: DIP STICK: It is used to measure the level of the lubricant

oil.
11: Spark plug: A spark plug is device used in spark ignition

engine for delivering high electric current from an ignition
system to the combustion chamber to ignite the compressed air
fuel mixture in thee combustion chamber.
12: Crank shaft: The crankshaft is the part of an engine which

changes the up and down motion of the pistons into rotation.
The piston is connected to the crankshaft via a connecting rod.
The crankshaft is used to convert power from a piston to
rotational energy.
13: FLY WHEEL:

A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to
efficiently store rotational energy. It is also used for smoothing
the power output of an energy source
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LAB#03
DEMONSTRATION OF
FOUR STROKES IC ENGINE
OBJECTIVES:
 To learn the basic terms regarding Piston cylinder arrangement.
 Working of Four Stroke Engine.
 To learn the Engine operation of a Four Stroke Engine.
Theoretical background:
 STROKE:
• It is the displacement that piston covers from TDC to BDC.
• It is denoted by (L).
 TDC:
• TDC stands for ‘Top Dead Centre’.
• When piston is at the top of its stroke, it is actually at point or level of
TDC.
 BDC:
• BDC stands for ‘Bottom Dead Centre’.
• When piston is at bottom of its stroke, it is actually at point or level of
BDC.
BORE:
• The diameter of an engine cylinder is known as ‘bore’.
• It is denoted by (D).
 STROKE BORE RATIO:

• It is the ratio of the displacement that piston covers from TDC to BDC to
the diameter of an engine cylinder also known as Bore is called Stroke Bore
Ratio.
• It is a numerical value.
• Mathematically,
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝐿
 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = =
𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐷
 COMPRESSION RATIO:
• It is defined as the ratio of volume of cylinder at the beginning of
compression stroke to the volume of cylinder at the end of compression
stroke.
• For Diesel, Ratio is up to 22 : 1.
• For Petrol, Ratio is up to 8 : 1.
• Mathematically,
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒+𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝑆𝑤𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 ⟹ 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = +1
𝐶𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
 SWEPT VOLUME
• Volume displaced by piston in a single (one) stroke is known as swept
volume.
• Mathematically,
 𝑉𝑠 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

 CLEARANCE VOLUME
 The Volume of a cylinder at the end of piston stroke is known as clearance
volume.
The actions in the spark-ignition engine can be divided into four parts:
 Intake Stroke,
 Compression Stroke,
 Power Stroke,
 Exhaust Stroke.
INTAKE STROKE
 During the intake stroke of a spark ignition engine (Fig. 2), the piston is moving down.
The intake valve is open. Air-fuel mixture flows through the intake port and into the
cylinder. The fuel system supplies the mixture.
 Note that as the piston moves down, air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder. This is
because the piston creates a partial vacuum above it. (A vacuum is a space with
nothing in it). With the intake valve open, atmospheric pressure forces the air-fuel
mixture into the cylinder to fill the vacuum.
 As the piston passes through BDC, the intake valve closes. This seals off the upper
end of the cylinder.
COMPRESSION STROKE
 After the piston passes BDC, it starts moving up,

Both valves are closed. The upward moving piston
compresses the air-fuel mixture into a smaller space,
between the top of the piston and the cylinder head. This
space is the combustion chamber. The mixture is
compressed into 1⁄8 or less of its original volume. This
is like taking a quart of air and squeezing it into about
half a cup (Fig. 3). The amount that the mixture is
compressed is the compression ratio. It is the ratio
between the original volume and the compressed
volume in the compression chamber. If the mixture is compressed
to 1⁄8 of its original volume, then the compression ratio is 8 to 1 (written 8 : 1)
POWER STROKE
 After the piston nears TDC at the end of the compression

stroke, an electric spark jumps the gap at the spark plug. The
heat from the spark ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture.
The air-fuel mixture then burns rapidly, producing high
temperatures of up to 6000 ◦F. These high temperatures
produces very high pressure which pushes down on the top
of the piston. The connecting rod carries this force to the
crankshaft, which turns to move the drive wheels. (Fig. 4)
EXHAUST STROKE
 As the piston approaches BDC on the power stroke, the

exhaust valve opens. After passing through BDC, the
piston moves up again (Fig. 5). The burned gases escape
through the open exhaust port. As the piston nears TDC,
the intake valve opens. When the piston passes through TDC
and starts down again, the exhaust valve closes. Another
intake stroke begins and the whole cycle – intake, compression,
power and exhaust – repeats. This goes on continuously in all
engine cylinders as the engine runs.
IMPORTANT POINTS :
 It will never happen that power strokes occur simultaneously in all cylinders.
 The firing order is set specific and particular in a four stroke engine. Table 1 shows the
details:
ADVANTAGES
 Following are the advantages of such particular order:

• Crankshaft runs smoothly.
• We get a continuous flow of power.
• Energy will not be lost.
ylinder 1 Cylinder 3 Cylinder 4 Cylinder 2
ower Stroke Compression Stroke Intake Stroke Exhaust Stroke
xhaust Stroke Power Stroke Compression Stroke Intake Stroke
take Stroke Exhaust Stroke Power Stroke Compression Stroke
ompression Stroke Intake Stroke Exhaust Stroke Power Stroke

LAB NO.4
DEMONSTRATION OF A TWO STROKE ENGINE
Demonstration of Diesel Engine and Petrol Engine
OBJECTIVE
 To know about working of a 2 – stroke engine.
 To know about the relationship of stroke with engine.
 To know about the working of diesel engine and petrol engine.
 To know about the differences between a diesel engine and a Petrol engine based upon
different categories.
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
WORKING OF 2 – STROKE ENGINE:
 In a two stroke engine, the four events i.e. suction, compression, power and exhaust
takes place in two strokes.
 Here, there are two strokes i.e. upward stroke and downward stroke.
 In upward stroke, suction and compression takes place.
 In downward stroke, power and compression takes place.
 Valves are replaced by ports i.e. Inlet port, exhaust port and transfer port.
UPWARD STROKE
 Piston moves upward.

 Inlet port opens and air-fuel mixture is drawn into the chamber.
 Exhaust and transfer port remain closed.
 At the end, stroke suction and compression is completed.
DOWNWARD STROKE
 Piston moves downward.

 First exhaust port opens followed by transfer port.
 Combusted air-fuel mixture exhausts through exhaust port.
 At this instant partially compressed air-fuel mixture comes through transfer port.
 At the end of this stroke, power and exhaust is completed.
ADVANTAGES OF 4-STROKE ENGINE

 Fuel economy is better.
 Environmental friendly.
 Having proper lubrication system.
 Having proper cooling system.
 Air-fuel mixture is properly burnt.
ADVANTAGES OF 2-STROKE ENGINE

 Produces more power than 4-stroke Engine. (4 stroke –
 Simple in construction.
 Can be oriented in any direction.
 Light weight.
 Cheap as compare to 4-stroke
DISADVANTAGES OF 2-STROKE ENGINE:

 Produces more noise.
 Fuel consumption is expensive.
 It is not environmental friendly. (With combustion NOx, SOx and COx are produced
which are not environmental friendly)
 Does not have a proper lubrication system.
 Does not have a proper cooling system.
 Air-fuel mixture is not properly burnt.
LAB NO.5
DEMONSTRATION OF IGNITION
SYSTEM OF ENGINE
Objective:
The purpose of performing this lab was to get familiar to ignition
system, its components & how does it works?
What is ignition system ”?
System which ignites the air fuel mixture to form a spark due to which
power is produced is called as ignition system.
 Types:
There are two types of ignition system
i) Contact point ignition system.
ii) Electronic ignition system.
 Working of Contact Point Ignition system:

In contact point ignition system, there is a mechanically
controlled contact breaker. When engine is running, the contact breaker
breaks the circuit again and again. This will result in change of voltage in
primary coil from 0 to 12.
According to faraday law of electromagnetic induction, change in
voltage produce changing flux which further results in induction of current
in secondary coil.
The secondary coil in distributor coil have larger turn than in primary
coil, so voltage will step up and 20000v is produced in the secondary coil.
 Components of an Ignition system:

 Battery:
It is the source of the electric current and provide input to
the primary coil.
 Ignition Switch:
It is a switch which connects the ignition to the battery &
opens and closes the circuit. It lies inside the key way of the
vehicle. When the key is turned to start it turns on the switch
and the circuit get completed.
 Ignition system coil:

It is a step up transformer which steps up the voltage level
up to 20k to 25k volts.
 Distributor:
It distributes the current in special sequence.
There are two parts in the distributor
o Distributor cam.
o Distributor rotor.
Distributor rotor have central terminal and in rotation it

passes current to the outer circuit in sequence.
While distributor cams have cams like on the cam shaft. These
cams guide the contact barker to open end close the circuit.
 Contact point:
Contact point act as fast acting mechanical switch. These
points are operated by distributor cam fixed on the top of distributor
shaft.
They have same number of cams as the number of engine.
 Condenser:
This is capacitor fitted in distributor assembly. Its
function is to absorb some amount of electricity when contact point
opens in this way when contact point meet again each other, there
will be less current difference between two actions.
 Spark Plug:
It produces spark
when supplied with high
voltage of about 20k volts. It
works through electrodes
as gas is ionized between
these electrodes & spark
jumps from central
electrode to grounded
electrode.
LAB NO.6
Demonstration of Cooling System of

An Engine
OBJECTIVE
 To keep the engine running at its most efficient operating temperature.
 Types of cooling system;
 To know about the water cooled system
 To know about the air cooled system
About 20-25% of total heat generated is used for producing brake power
(useful work).
(b) Cooling system is designed to remove 30-35% of total heat.
(c) Remaining heat is lost in friction and carried away by exhaust gases.
TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEMS

There are mainly two types of cooling systems:
 (a) Air cooled system, and
 (b) Water cooled system.
WATER COOLING SYSTEM
In this method, cooling water jackets are provided around the cylinder,
cylinder head, valve seats etc. The water when circulated through jackets, it
absorbs heat of combustion. This hot water will then be cooling in the
radiator partially by a fan and partially by the flow developed by the forward
motion of the vehicle. The cooled water is again recirculated through the
water jackets.
COMPONENTS OF WATER :
COOLING SYSTEM
 Radiator,
 Thermostat valve,
 Water pump,
 Radiator Cap,
 Water Jackets,
 Fan, and
 Antifreeze mixtures.
 The water cooling system mainly consists of the following:
# 1 RADIATOR
 It is basically a heat exchanger which transfers heat from engine to the

environment.
 It has an upper and a lower tank. The upper tank is connected to outlets of
water jackets through hose pipes and the lower tank is connected to the inlets
of water jackets through lower hose pipe involving water pump. Radiators
are normally made up of Copper and Brass and their joints are made by
soldering. Its surface area is increased by installation of fins.
# 2 THERMOSTAT VALVE
 A thermostatic valve called a thermostat controls coolant flow. When the

engine is cold, the thermostat closes to prevent coolant circulation to the
radiator.
 This keeps all heat in the engine so it warms up quickly.
 The thermostat is a heat-operated valve that controls coolant temperature. It
does this by controlling coolant flow from the engine to the radiator. The
thermostat is in the coolant passage between the cylinder head and the
radiator. The valve in the thermostat opens and closes as coolant temperature
changes.
# 3 WATER PUMP
 Normally this pump is of impeller type which sucks water from lower part of
radiator and pumps it onward. These are driven by belt and pulley
mechanism
# 4 RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP
 It is having a spring valve loaded mechanism which upon reaching the

pressure up to a specific limit opens (15 psi). Cooling systems are sealed and
pressurised by a radiator pressure cap. Sealing reduces coolant loss from
evaporation and allows the use of an expansion tank. Pressurizing raises the
boiling temperature of the coolant, thereby increasing cooling efficiency
# 5 WATER JACKETS
 The water jackets are open spaces (Fig-9 arrows) inside engine block i.e.
between the cylinder walls and outside the shell of the block and head.
Coolant from the water pump flows first through the block water jackets.
Then the coolant flows up through the cylinder-head water jackets and back
to the radiator. (The water flowing through the jackets absorbs this heat and
gets hot. This hot water will then be cooled in the radiator).
# 6 FAN
 It is driven by the engine output shaft same belt that drives the pump. It is
provided behind the radiator and it draws the air by passing it through the
radiator, which lowers the temperature of coolant.
# 7 ANTIFREEZE MIXTURE
 In western countries if the water used in the radiator freezes because of cold
climates, then ice formed has more volume and produces cracks in the
cylinder blocks, pipes, and radiator. So, to prevent freezing antifreeze
mixtures or solutions are added in the cooling water. The ideal antifreeze
solutions should have the following properties:
 (a) It should dissolve in water easily.

(b) It should not evaporate.
(c) It should not deposit any foreign matter in cooling system.
 (d) It should not have any harmful effect on any part of cooling system.
(e) It should be cheap and easily available.
(f) It should not corrode the system
LAB NO.7
DEMONSTRATION OF LUBRICATION
SYSTEM OF AN ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
 Explain the purpose of the lubricating system.
 Identify the main components of lubricating system.
 Describe the lubrication system of modern internal combustion engines.
 Describe the theory and operation of lubrication system.
 Explain the terms viscosity and viscosity index.
 Describe the types of lubricating oi
 Why is Lubrication System Necessary?
 The functions of an engine lubrication system are as follows:
 Reduces friction and wear tear between moving parts;
 Helps transfer heat and cool engine parts i.e. it keeps the engine parts
running, as a result heat generated is distributed and cooling is produced;
 Cleans the inside of the engine by removing contaminants (metal, dirt,

plastic, rubber, and other parts);
 Absorbs shocks between moving parts to quite engine operation to increase
engine life;
 It prevents corrosion;
 It facilitates gas tight environment in cylinder-piston arrangement.
TYPES OF LUBRICATION SYSTEM:
 There are two types of lubrication systems:
 Splash type lubrication system (OLD);
 Full Pressure type lubrication system (MODERN).
Components of pressure LUBRIACTION

SYSYTEM:
o Oil pan (sump)
o Oil strainer
o Oil filter
o Oil pump
o Oil galleries and line
o Oil control rings
1. Oil pump:
“It pumps the oil from oil pan to the
other parts through galleries”
There are two types of oil pump

used
1. Gear type.
2. Rotary type.
2. Oil strainer:
It is dipped inside the oil in oil pan and suck oil from here due to
suction created by the oil pump and it also filter large impurities from oil.
3. Oil filter:
Its basic function is filters the oil from impurities as impure oil
can cause damaging of the parts and improper lubrication.
4. Sprout:
Oil sprout is just like a shower which spry the oil to the piston to
lubricate the piston walls.it also spray the oil to the camshaft to
lubricate.
5. Oil pressure regulator & gauge:

Regulator ensures the constant pressure of oil inside lines
and gauge measure and shows the pressure on the dashboard.
6. Viscosity & viscosity index:

Oils are differentiated from each other in the basic of their
resistance to flow.
THEO
Properties of Lubricating Oil:
 The properties needed by an engine lubricating oil include:

 Proper Viscosity – Viscosity is a measure of an oil’s resistance to flow. A
low-viscosity oil is thin and flows easily. A high-viscosity oil is thicker. It
flows more slowly. Engine oil should have the proper viscosity so it
flows easily to all moving engine parts. The oil must not be too thin. Low
viscosity reduces the ability of the oil to stay in place between moving
engine parts. If the oil is too thin (low viscosity), it is forced out from
between the moving parts, this resulting in rapid wear. On the other hand,
if the oil is too thick (high viscosity), it flows too slowly especially when
the engine and oil are cold. This also causes rapid engine wear. The
engine runs with insufficient oil when first started. Also, in cold weather,
a high-viscosity oil may be so thick that it prevents normal cranking and
starting. A single viscosity oil gets thick when cold and thin when hot.
 Viscosity Index – This is a measure of how much the viscosity of an oil

changes with temperature. A single viscosity oil can be too thick at low
temperatures and very thin at high engine temperatures. Viscosity Index
(VI) improvers are added to engine oil so its viscosity stays nearly the
same, hot or cold.
 Viscosity Numbers – There are several grades of single viscosity oils.

They are rated for winter or for other than winter. Winter grade oils are:
SAE 0W, SAE 5W, SAE 10W, SAE 15W, SAE 20W and SAE 25W. The
SAE stands for ‘Society of Automotive Engineers’, which developed the
grading system. The W stands for winter. For other than winter use,
single-viscosity oil grades are SAE 20, SAE 30, SAE 40 and SAE 50.
The higher the number the thicker the oil.
 Multiple-Viscosity Oil – Many engine oils have a viscosity-index

improver added. It allows the oil viscosity to remain relatively
unchanged, hot or cold. A multiple viscosity (“multi-viscosity”) oil
graded SAE 5W 30 has the viscosity of an SAE 5W oil when cold and an
SAE 30 oil when hot. Automotive manufacturers recommend multi-
viscosity oil for most driving conditions.
LAB.NO.8
DEMONSTRATION OF BRAKING
SYSTEM
OF AN ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
 To explain the working principle of the braking system,
 To describe the effect of force transferred to the wheel from the pedal,
 How is the force multiplied so that we stop heavy masses such as a car?
 Automotive Brakes:
 The breaking system of an automobile has two types:
 The service brakes, operated by a foot pedal, which slow or stop the
vehicle. These are hydraulically operated.
 The parking brakes, operated by a foot pedal or hand lever, which hold
the vehicle stationary when applied. These are mechanically operated and
are also known as Emergency Brakes.
 Most automotive services brakes are hydraulic brakes. They operate
hydraulically by pressure applied through a liquid. All these braking
systems depend on friction between moving parts and stationary parts for
their stopping force.
AUTOMOBILES BRAKES AND ITS TYPES:- Automobiles brake has two types.
1) SERVICE BRAKE:- It is operated by a foot pedal which slow or stop the vehicle.
(Hydraulically operated)
2) PARKING BRAKE:- It is operated by a foot pedal or hand lever which hold the vehicle
stationary when applied. It is mechanically operated and are also known as emergency
brake.
 Most automobiles service brake are hydraulic brake. They operate hydraulically by the
pressure applied throughout the liquid. All these braking system depends on friction
between the moving parts and stationary parts for their stopping force.
HYDRALLIC SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:-

1) DIAGONAL SPLIT CONFIGURATION:- It is used by front wheel drive cars.
2) FRONT/REAR HYDRALLIC SPLIT CONFIGURATION:- It is used by rear wheel drive cars.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF BRAKING SYSTEM:-
1) BRAKE PEDAL:- braking begins at the brake pedal. When the pedal is pushed down
brake fluid is forced from the master cylinder into the lines to the wheel brakes.
2) POWER BREKE BOOSTER:- Most vehicle have power assisted braking or

power brakes only a relatively light pedal force is required to slow or stop the vehicle. The
assist is provided by either a hydraulic brake booster or vacuum brake booster.
3) MASTER CYLINDER:- The master cylinder is a control device convert the pressure on
the brake pedal to hydraulic pressure by feeding brake fluid into the brake circuit and
controlling this according to the mechanical forces.
4) HYDRALLIC LINES:- It is basically tubes or pipes through which brake fluid typically
ethylene glycol flows. The fluid is a source which transfers pressure from controlling
mechanism to braking mechanism.
DRUM BRAKE SYSTEM:-

The drum brakes has a metal brake drum that encloses the brake assembly. Two curved brake shoe
expand outward to slow or stop the drum which rotates with the wheel. It has the following main
components.
1) WHEEL CYLINDER:- When the driver depresses the brake pedal, brake fluid flows from
a pressure chamber in the master cylinder through brake lines to the wheel cylinder. It
converts the hydraulic pressure from the master cylinder into mechanical movement. The
wheel cylinder has two pistons with seals or sups and a spring is between. As the pressure
increases, the piston overcome the brake show return spring and push the brake shoe
outward into contact with the drum.
2) BRAKE SHOE:- A brake shoe is made of metal. When the brake is applied, the shoe
moves and presses the lining against the inside of the drum. The friction between the lining
and drum provides the braking effort and energy is dissipated as heat.
3)
4)
5) RETURN SPRING / BRAKE SPRING: - The brake spring within the brake drum
assembly are the retracting and hold down springs pull the brake shoe away from the brake
drum when the brake pedal is released.
DISC – BRAKE SYSTEM:- The Disc – brake system has a metal disc or rotor instead of a
drum. It used a fair of flats, lined shoe or pads are hold in a calliper that straddles the disc. The
calliper has one or more pistons attached to a steering knuckle on other stationary vehicle pert. Only
the pistons and pads move when the brakes are applied.
LAB.NO.9
FUEL SYSTEM OF AN
IC ENGINE
OBJECTIVE
 To supply engine with combustible mixture of air and fuel in fixed
proportion.
 To know about the different types of fuel systems.
 To describe the functions of major components of any fuel system.
 To study the mode of action of a carburettor
 The purpose of the fuel system is to supply the engine with a
combustible mixture of air and fluid. This mixture is the air-fuel mixture.
It is burned in the engine to produce power.
 The fuel system is made up of two smaller systems or subsystems. These
are the fuel supply system and the fuel metering system. The fuel supply
system delivers fuel from the tank to the fuel metering system. The
metering system uses either a carburettor or a fuel-injection system. It
measures out or “meters” the amount of fuel needed by the engine. This
is the fuel that mixes with the air entering the engine to form the air –
fuel mixture. The air enters the engine through the air-intake or air-
induction system.
 The purpose of the exhaust system is to carry the burned gases – the
exhaust gases – away from the engine. The exhaust gases discharge into
the air at the rear of the car. Depending upon engine speed and load,
the amount of fuel combusted is different, but normally it is in
range of 14.7 : 1, where 14.7 is part of air by volume and 1 part of fuel
by volume.
Types of Fuel Supply Systems

 There are two types of gasoline fuel systems: fuel-injected and
carburated. They differ in how they measure or meter the fuel to
produce the desired air-fuel ratio.
The carburated fuel system uses a carburetor. It is a mixing device that mixes
fuel and air to form the air-fuel mixture. The fuel-injected fuel system uses a
fuel-injection system with fuel-injection valves and fuel injectors. They spray or
“inject” fuel into the air to produce the combustible mixture
Components of carburated Fuel System.
Fuel Tank:
 The fuel tank is made of metal sheet or plastic.

 It is usually located at the rear of wheel.
 Mostly, lead tin is coated on it to avoid any rusting.
Fuel Pump:
 It sends fuel from tank to the carburetor.

 There are two types:
 electrical
 and mechanical
Fuel Filter:
 It filters the fuel because the carburetor is having nozzles, if not filtered
than can cause blockage.
 Normally, paper is installed in it or in some cases, washable mesh is
installed to avoid its replacement.
Fuel Injector:
 It is used in place of a carburetor.
 A computer controls when fuel injector opens to let the fuel into engine.
 It results/significance is less emission and fuel economy
Carburetor:
 It is a device which uses air-fuel mixture, and then passes it to the engine
cylinder.
 Depending upon engine speed and load, it controls the amount of air
and fuel passed to the engine cylinder.
 It has three parts: Air Horn ; Float Bowl ; Throttle Body
(Note: Density of Floating device is less than that of the fluid.
Throttle Valve:
 It is a butterfly type valve.

 The throttle valve regulates the amount of fluid (air + fuel) to flow.
 It is in connection with acceleration
CARBURETOR CIRCUITS
 Idle System
 Low Speed Circuit
 High Speed Circuit
 Accelerating Circuit

Thermodynamics Lab Report on Four Stroke IC Engine Operation/TITLE

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Thermodynamics Lab Report on Four Stroke IC Engine Operation/TITLE

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Thermodynamics Lab Lab Report

An engine or motor is a machine designed to convert

A combustion engine has two main types:

 Internal Combustion Engine (IC):

An internal combustion engine (ICE) is a heat engine where the

External Combustion Engine (EC):

An external combustion engine (EC engine) is a heat engine

IC engine, its component and its working.

the exhaust to escape. The head can also be a place to mount

3: PISTON RINGS: A piston ring is a split ring that fits into

TYPES OF PISTON RINGS:

speeds. The operation is controlled by peer shaped lobes called

7: Engine valves: Each engine cylinder has two valves; an intake

8: Manifolds: For internal combustion engine, two manifolds

Exhaust manifolds is a set of passages or tubes that carry the

10: DIP STICK: It is used to measure the level of the lubricant

11: Spark plug: A spark plug is device used in spark ignition

12: Crank shaft: The crankshaft is the part of an engine which

13: FLY WHEEL:

 STROKE BORE RATIO:

 𝑉𝑠 = (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) × ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

 After the piston passes BDC, it starts moving up,

 After the piston nears TDC at the end of the compression

 As the piston approaches BDC on the power stroke, the

 Following are the advantages of such particular order:

ylinder 1 Cylinder 3 Cylinder 4 Cylinder 2

ower Stroke Compression Stroke Intake Stroke Exhaust Stroke

xhaust Stroke Power Stroke Compression Stroke Intake Stroke

take Stroke Exhaust Stroke Power Stroke Compression Stroke

ompression Stroke Intake Stroke Exhaust Stroke Power Stroke

 Piston moves upward.

 Piston moves downward.

ADVANTAGES OF 4-STROKE ENGINE

ADVANTAGES OF 2-STROKE ENGINE

DISADVANTAGES OF 2-STROKE ENGINE:

 Working of Contact Point Ignition system:

 Components of an Ignition system:

 Ignition system coil:

Distributor rotor have central terminal and in rotation it

Demonstration of Cooling System of

TYPES OF COOLING SYSTEMS

There are mainly two types of cooling systems:

 (a) Air cooled system, and

 (b) Water cooled system.

WATER COOLING SYSTEM

 It is basically a heat exchanger which transfers heat from engine to the

 A thermostatic valve called a thermostat controls coolant flow. When the

# 4 RADIATOR PRESSURE CAP

 It is having a spring valve loaded mechanism which upon reaching the

 (a) It should dissolve in water easily.

 Cleans the inside of the engine by removing contaminants (metal, dirt,

Components of pressure LUBRIACTION

There are two types of oil pump

5. Oil pressure regulator & gauge:

6. Viscosity & viscosity index:

Properties of Lubricating Oil:

 The properties needed by an engine lubricating oil include:

 Viscosity Index – This is a measure of how much the viscosity of an oil

 Viscosity Numbers – There are several grades of single viscosity oils.

 Multiple-Viscosity Oil – Many engine oils have a viscosity-index

HYDRALLIC SYSTEM CONFIGURATION:-

2) FRONT/REAR HYDRALLIC SPLIT CONFIGURATION:- It is used by rear wheel drive cars.