Computer Networks

Wardah Saleh
Contents:
 IP Address
 Subnet Mask
 Classful IP Address
 CIDR
 Sub-netting

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 IP Address
• Full form Internet Protocol Address/ Logical Address

192.168.1.1 192.168.1.2
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 IP Address (Continued…)

• Layer-3/Network layer address

• Versions: IPV4, IPV6
• IPV4: 32 bit long, 2^32=4,294,967,296 IP addresses
• Expressed in dot decimal format
• Example: 192.168.10.1
• Binary format:
11000000.10101000.00001010.00000001
• Comprised of four octets, separated by dots
• Each octet is an 8 bit number
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 IP Address (Continued…)
• Example:
 192.168.10.1 (Decimal)
 11000000.10101000.00001010.00000001 (binary)

 2^7 2^6 2^5 2^4 2^3 2^2 2^1 2^0

 =128 =64 =32 =16 =8 =4 =2 =1

 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
 128+64=192

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 Subnet Mask
• IP address has two parts:
 Network Portion (N)
 Host Portion (H)

• Used to identify N and H portion

• IP is incomplete without SM

• Rules:
 All network bit set to “1”
 All host bit set to “0”
•AIUB Network bits in SM must always contiguous
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 Subnet Mask (Continued…)

• Example:
 IP address: 172.16.0.0
 Subnet Mask: 255.255.0.0 (decimal)
 Subnet Mask: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (binary)

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 Classful IP Address
• IPV4 address space is structured into five classes:

Class 1st Octet 1st Octet 2nd Octet 3rd Octet 4th Octet Default SM

A 0 - 127 N H H H 255.0.0.0

B 128 – 191 N N H H 255.255.0.0

C 192 – 223 N N N H 255.255.255.0

D 224 – 239 Multicast N/A

E 240 - 255 N/A

Experimental

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 Classful IP Address (Continued…)

Number of Networks: Number of Hosts:

Class 1st Octet 1st octet in Binary 2^N 2^H - 2

A 0 – 127 00000000 – 01111111 2^7 = 128 2^24-2=16,777,214

B 128 – 191 10000000 – 10111111 2^14 = 16,384 2^16 – 2 = 65,534

C 192 – 223 11000000 – 11011111 2^21 = 2,097,152 2^8 – 2 = 254

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 CIDR
• Full form Classless Inter-Domain Routing
• Simplified method of representing SM
• Invented to keep the Internet running out of IP addresses
• Represented by a slash (/) sign
• Classful addresses in CIDR:
 Class A - /8
 Class B - /16
 Class C - /24

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 CIDR (Continued…)
• Difference between classful and classless IP:
 172.16.0.0/16 – class B and classful
 SM: 255.255.0.0 (decimal)
 SM: 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000 (binary)

 172.16.0.0/24 – class B and classless

 SM: 255.255.255.0 (decimal)
 SM: 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000 (binary)
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 CIDR (Continued…)
• Classful address scheme of allocating IP address can be very
wasteful…
• For example:
 With classful addressing scheme, minimum number of IP address is
256 (for class C)
 Giving 256 IP addresses to an organization needing only 15
addresses is so wasteful

• CIDR solves this problem

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 Sub-netting
• Process of dividing a big network into smaller multiple networks
• Main reason for sub-netting is solving the shortage of IP addresses
over the Internet

• Sub-netting is two types:

 FLSM (Fixed Length Subnet Mask)
 VLSM (Variable Length Subnet Mask)

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 FLSM

• Used to classful addressing. For example a classful address of

class A (/8)
• Breaks a network segment into smaller EQUAL-SIZED subnets
• All of the subnets will have the same SM
• Still results inefficient use of IP address

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 VLSM

• Breaks up a network into smaller UNEQUAL-SIZED subnets

• Supports different number of hosts in each subnet
• SM of all subnets varies
• Provides more efficient use of address space

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