INTERNET PROTOCOL

By
Ahsan Wajahat
 INTERNET PROTOCOL
 IP Address is a unique identification given to Host, network device or server
for data communication or data transfer.  IP Address stand for Internet
Protocol address, it is an addressing scheme used to identify a system on a
network. It is a unique address that certain electronic devices currently use to
communicate with each other on a network using internet protocol.
 INTERNET PROTOCOL
 The devices which use TCP/IP protocol stack and use internet protocol on
Network/Internet layer will use IP address for their unique identification in the
network.
 IP address is used to connect one machine with another machine for various
purposes i.e to transfer files or email, availing various services (web, ftp,
DHCP and many more) within the LAN or over the internet.
INTERNET PROTOCOL
 IPv4 addresses 32 bit addresses (divided into 4 octets) OR IPv6 are used
by the Internet Protocol (OSI Layer 3) for delivering packet to a device
located in same or remote network.
 MAC address (Hardware address) is a globally unique address which
represents the network card and cannot be changed. 
IP Address Structure
 IP address refers to a logical address, which is a configurable address used
to identify which network this host belongs to and also a network specific
host number. 
 In other words, an IPv4 address consists of two parts, a network part and a
host part, which is distinguishable from the subnet mask.
IP Address Structure
 IP addresses are stored internally as binary numbers but they are
represented in decimal numbers because of simplicity.
 An example of IP address is 192.168.10.100,
 which is actually 11000000.10101000.00001010.01100100.
IP Address Structure
 For each network, one address is used to represent the network and one
address is used for broadcast. 
 Network address is an IP address with all host bits zeros
"0". Broadcast address is an IP address with all host bits ones "1".
INTERNET PROTOCOL
 The first IP address of the network is the network
address and the last IP address is the broadcast address.
 You cannot configure these addresses for your devices.
 Allthe usable IP addresses in any IP network are
between network address and broadcast address.
INTERNET PROTOCOL
 We can use the following equation for finding the
number of usable IP addresses in a network (we have
to use two IP addresses in each network to represent
the network id and the broadcast id).

 Number of usable IP addresses = (2n) - 2

 Where "n" is the number of bits in host part.
IP Version 4   
• IPv4 is a 32 bit number represented in 4 decimal numbers sections, where
each decimal number is of 8 bit (an octet), and each section can range from
0 to 255, where each octet is separated by a dot in between.
• Example of IPv4 address
 172.16.100.3
IP Version 6
 IPv6 is of 128 bits long address represented in 8 combinations of 4 hexa
decimal numbers each, separated by a colon. Hence IPv6 address is called a
16-bit Hexadecimal Colon-delimited Block.

 Example of IPv6 Address

4FDE:0000:0000:0002:0022:2217:FF3B:118C
IPv4 Address Classes
 The IPv4 address space can be subdivided into 5 classes 
- Class A, B, C, D and E.

 Each class consists a contiguous subset of the overall IPv4 address range.
IP Class
Class
Range
Address Range Supports
Supports 16 million hosts on each of 127
Class A 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255
networks.

128.0.0.0 to Supports 65,000 hosts on each of 16,000

Class B
191.255.255.255 networks.

192.0.0.0 to Supports 254 hosts on each of 2 million

Class C
223.255.255.255 networks.

224.0.0.0 to
Class D Reserved for multicast groups.
239.255.255.255
240.0.0.0 to Reserved for future use, or Research and
Class E
254.255.255.254 Development Purposes.
 IP Class Range
Class Leading Size of network Size of Number of Address
bits number bit field host bit host per
field network

A 0 8 24 128 16,777,216
(27) (224)
B 10 16 16 16384 65536
(214) (216)
C 110 24 8 20,97,152 256
(221) (28)
IP Address Class D and Multicast

 The IPv4 networking standard defines Class D addresses as reserved

for multicast.
 Multicast is a mechanism for defining groups of nodes and sending IP
messages to that group rather than to every node on the LAN (broadcast) or
just one other node (unicast).
IP Address Class E and Limited
Broadcast
 The IPv4 networking standard defines Class E addresses as reserved,
meaning that they should not be used on IP networks.
 Some research organizations use Class E addresses for experimental
purposes.
 However, nodes that try to use these addresses on the Internet will be unable
to communicate properly.
 A special type of IP address is the limited
broadcast address 255.255.255.255. A broadcast involves delivering a
message from one sender to many recipients. Senders direct an IP broadcast
to 255.255.255.255 to indicate all other nodes on the local network (LAN)
should pick up that message. This broadcast is 'limited' in that it does not
reach every node on the Internet, only nodes on the LAN.
IP Loopback Address
 127.0.0.1 is the loopback address in IP. Loopback is a test mechanism
of network adapters. Messages sent to 127.0.0.1 do not get delivered to the
network. Instead, the adapter intercepts all loopback messages and returns
them to the sending application. IP applications often use this feature to
test the behavior of their network interface.
IP Loopback Address

 IP officially reserves the entire range

from127.0.0.0 through 127.255.255.255 for loopback purposes.
 Nodes should not use this range on the Internet, and it should not be
considered part of the normal Class A range.
Zero Addresses
 As with the loopback range, the address range from 0.0.0.0 through
0.255.255.255 should not be considered part of the normal Class A range.
 0.x.x.x addresses serve no particular function in IP, but nodes attempting
to use them will be unable to communicate properly on the Internet.
APIPA - Automatic Private IP
Addressing
  A feature of Microsoft Windows, APIPA is a DHCP failover mechanism
for local networks. With APIPA, DHCP clients can obtain IP addresses
when DHCP servers are non-functional. APIPA exists in all modern
versions of Windows except Windows NT.
 APIPA - Automatic Private IP
Addressing
 When a DHCP server fails, APIPA allocates IP
addresses in the private range 169.254.0.1 to
169.254.255.254.
 Clients verify their address is unique on the network
using ARP. When the DHCP server is again able to
service requests, clients update their addresses
automatically.
 In APIPA, all devices use the default network mask
255.255.0.0 and all reside on the same network.
Public and Private IP addresses
Public IP addresses
A public IP address is any valid address, or number,
that can be accessed over the Internet.  Internet
standards groups, such as the Network Information
Center (NIC) or the Internet Assigned Numbers
Authority (IANA), Internet Corporation for Assigned
Names and Numbers (ICANN) and Regional Internet
Registries (RIRs), are the organizations responsible
for registering IP ranges and assigning them to
organizations, such as Internet Service Providers
(ISPs).
Public IP addresses
 The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) controls ownership of
these IP ranges and allocate each block to RIRs and RIRs assigns IPs to
organizations such as Internet Service Providers (ISPs) who in turn
allocate individual IP addresses to customers.
Private IP addresses
 A private IP address is any number or address assigned to a device on a
private TCP/IP Local Area Network that is accessible only within the
Local Area Network.
 These private IP addresses never leave your network.
Private IP addresses

 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) organizations have reserved

the following three IP address ranges that will never be registered publicly.
Private address range
Class Private start address Private finish address

A 10.0.0.0 10.255.255.255

B 172.16.0.0 172.31.255.255

C 192.168.0.0 192.168.255.255
Private address range
Default Getaway
 In computer networking, a default gateway is the device that passes traffic
from the local subnet to devices on other subnets.
 The default gateway often connects a local network to the Internet,
although internal gateways for local networks also exist.
Subnet Mask
IP address is a combination of IP address and Subnet mask and the purpose of
subnet mask is to identify which part of an IP address is the network part and
which part is the host part.
Subnet mask is also a 32 bit number where all the bits of the network part are
represented as "1" and all the bits of the host part are represented as "0".
IP Assignment Methods
• We can assign IP address on a computer by using two ways:

– Static
– Dynamic
• Static IP addresses are manually assigned by an administrator.
• Dynamic IP addresses are assigned automatically by another computer interface
or network device (DHCP) or by the host software itself (APIPA).
What Is an IP Address Conflict?

An IP address conflict occurs when two computers on a LAN (local area

network) or the Internet have been assigned the same IP address.
IP conflicts between two computers normally render either one or both of
them unusable for network operations.
The end