IP Addressing

IP Address
 IP Addresses :
• IP address are used to uniquely identify each host on the network.

• The IP address is a logical address associated with the network layer.

 IP Address Format :
• An IP address is a series of four numbers separated by dots. Each number can
range between 0 and 255.

• A sample IP address might be 192.168.10.1. This is the decimal value of an IP

address.
IP addresses range from 0 to 255. It is represented as a decimal number to make it much easier to
work with, but computers use binary numbers.
 IP Address
Octet
 Each position within the IP address is called an octet, because it consists of
eight binary numbers. For example, the decimal number 12 is represented in
binary as 00001100.

 An octet that is all zeros is equal to 0 in decimal notation, while an octet that
is filled with eight ones is the binary equivalent of 255 in a decimal number.

 That's why each octet within the IP address must range between 0 and 255.

 To understand how IP addresses work, we need to know how the binary

numbering system works.
 IP address format
 An IPv4 IP address is 32 bits in length.

 Bits are divided in four parts.

 Each part is known as octets and contains 8 bits.

 An IP address can be written in three notations; dotted-decimal, binary and

hexadecimal.

 It is comprised of Network ID and Host ID

 IP Address
 An IP address:
o Is a 32-bit binary number represented as four octets (four 8-bit numbers). Each
octet is separated by a period.

o Can be represented in one of two ways:

• Decimal (e.g., 131.107.2.200). In decimal notation, each octet must be between 0
and 255

• Binary (e.g., 10000011.01101011.00000010.11001000). In binary notation, each

octet is an 8-digit number.

 Includes both the network address and the host address.

 Uses a subnet mask to differentiate the network and host addresses.

IP address format
 IP address format
 Among these types, dotted-decimal is the most popular and frequently used
method for writing an IP address.
 In dotted-decimal notation, each byte (8 bits) of the 32 bits IP address is written in
decimal equivalent.
 The four resulting decimal numbers are separated by a dot and written in a
sequence.
IP address format
 IP Address Classes
 There are five IP address classes: A, B, C, D, and E.

 The IP addresses that fall into each class are identified by looking at the first octet
in an IP address.

 The remaining octets can be ignored when identifying the address class.

 Class A address has a value between 1 and 126 in the first octet with a default
subnet mask of 255.0.0.0
 IP Address Classes
 Class B addresses are between 128 and 191 with the default subnet mask of
255.255.0.0.

 The first two octets are the network address and the last two are the host
address.

 An example of a Class B address is 190.76.3.1.

 IP Address Classes
 Class C addresses start at 192 and go up to 223.

 The default subnet mask is 255.255.255.0.

 So, if you see an IP address of 192.168.3.5, you immediately know it's a Class
C address with a subnet mask of 255.255.255.0.

 The first three octets are the network and the last octet is the host.
 IP Address Class
For easier management, IP addresses are organized in numeric order and divided
in following five classes.
Class Starting Ending Address Subnet mask
Address
A 1.0.0.0 126.255.255.255 255.0.0.0

B 128.0.0.0 191.255.255.255 255.255.0.0

C 192.0.0.0 223.255.255.255 255.255.255.0

D 224.0.0.0 239.255.255.255 255.255.255.255

E 240.0.0.0 255.255.255.255 255.255.255.255

 IP Address Classes
IP Class Address Range Use
Class-A 1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 Used for huge networks, like those deployed
by Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
Class-B 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255 Used for medium and large-sized networks in
enterprises and organizations..
Class-C 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255 They are most common and used in small
business and home networks
Class-D 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Reserved for multicast groups.

Class-E 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.254 Reserved for future use, or research and

development purposes.
IP Address Class-A
IP Address Class-B
IP Address Class-C
IP Address Class-D and E
Who Provides IP Address?
IP Address Classes Based on Accessibility
 Based on accessibility, IP addresses are mainly divided
in two categories:

• Private IP addresses

• Public IP addresses.
 Private IP Address
 Private IP addresses are the IP addresses which are reserved for local networks
and cannot be accessed from a public network such as Internet.

 A public network cannot also be accessed from a private IP address.

 Following IP ranges are reserved for private IP addresses:

 Public IP Address
 Public IP addresses are the IP addresses which are publicly accessible
from any public network such as Internet.

 In order to access a public IP address, we must have to use a public IP

address.

 Except private IP addresses, all IP addresses of class A, B and C are public

IP addresses.
 Special IP Addresses
 Special IP addresses are the IP addresses which are reserved for
network testing and troubleshooting.

 These IP addresses cannot be assigned to an end device or an

interface.
 Special IP Addresses
Following addresses are reserved for special purpose:

• 0.0.0.0:- This is the first IP address of IP addresses. It represents all

networks.

• 255.255.255.255:- This is the last IP address of IP addresses. It represents

all hosts.

• 127.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255: Reserved for IP protocol testing and

troubleshooting. Virtual interfaces such as loopback adaptor use this IP
range for addressing.
 Special IP Addresses
Following addresses are reserved for special purpose:

• 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 (Class D): - Reserved for multicast addresses.

A multicast address is an address which has multiple recipients.

• 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255 (Class E): - Reserved for future use. These

addresses are not used currently for any purpose.

• 255.255.255.255:- This is the last IP address of IP addresses. It represents all

hosts.
 IP Address Classes
 IP address classes can also be used to identify the total number of different
networks and the total number of different hosts that are possible.

 A Class A address can have a lot of different hosts on a single network because
the last three octets of the address is dedicated to the host addresses.

 Only the first octet is dedicated to the network address portion.

 So, only 126 different networks are possible in Class A .

 IP Address Classes
 The opposite is true for Class C addresses.

 Class C supports a lot of different network addresses but only 254 hosts per
network.

 Now, you may be thinking that you should be able to have 256 hosts but this
actually isn't the case.

 Every network has two reserved addresses that cannot be assigned to hosts.

 These are the network address, which is a 0 and the broadcast address, which is
255.
Core Rules For TCP/IP
 Practice: Determine the IP address Class
IP Address Subnet Mask IP Address Class
160.123.5.1 255.255.0.0 B
10.2.3.4 255.0.0.0 A
10.10.10.10 255.0.0.0 A
218.100.100.1 255.255.255.0 C
180.34.51.23 255.255.0.0 B
200.36.21.6 255.255.255.0 C
155.29.9.23 255.255.0.0 B
201.50.12.3 255.255.255.255 C
222.12.34.78 255.255.255.0 C
100.200.100.34 255.0.0.0 A
50.160.35.23 255.255.0.0 A