IP ADDRESS

 IP Address is also known as Logical Address.

 An IP Address, short for Internet Protocol provides an identity to a computer or any
other device that is connected to a network so that each computer or device on
network can communicate with other device.
e.g. 192.168.10.23 or 11000111 . 00110010 . 11111111. 10101010

Types of IP Address
 W.r.t Version
1. IPV4
2. IPV6
 W.r.t Assignment
1. Static
2. Dynamic
 W.r.t Classes
 Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D, Class E
 W.r.t Public and Private
 Public IP
 Private IP
 IP ADDRESS
An IP Address consists of two parts.
 Network Part
 Host Part
Network Part:
 This part specifies the unique number assigned to your network.
 It also identifies the class of network assigned.
 The network part takes two bytes of the IPv4 address.
Host Part:
 This is the part of the IPv4 address that you can assign to each host.
 It uniquely identifies this machine on your network.
 For all hosts on your network, the network part of the IP address will be the
same and host part will be changing.
 IP ADDRESS w.r.t Version
IPv4 (Internet Protocol Version 4)
• IPv4 is a 32 bits(4 bytes) IP
Address.
• IPv4 is numeric address whose
binary bits are separated by dot
(.)
• 4 octets (8 bit group)
Note: Each Section can range from 0-255.
• IPv4 has five different classes of
IP Address.
Class A, Class B, Class C, Class D,
Class E
 IPv4 has limited number of IP
Addresses i.e. up to 4.19 billion
i.e. 4,294,967,296 Addresses.
 E.g. 192.168.12.14
234.111.23.45 etc.
IPv6 (Internet Protocol Version 6)
• IPv6 was developed by the
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
• IPv6 is 128 bits(16 bytes) IP Address.
• IPv6 is an alphanumeric address whose
binary bits are separated by colon ( : )
• In its full notation, an IPv6 address is
represented in eight groups of four
hexadecimal digits (eight 16-bit blocks)
• IPv6 is classless address i.e. it does not
have any different classes as IPv4.
• IPv6 has unlimited number of IP
Addresses i.e. up to 2 128 IP Addresses i.e.
340,282,366,920,938,463,463,374,607,4
31,768,211,456
E.g.
2001:0db8:0a0b:12f0:0000:0000:0000:000
1
 IP ADDRESS w.r.t Assignment
STATIC IP ADDRESS
 Static IP Addresses are manually
assigned to a computer by an
Administrator.
 Static IP Address does not change,
once it is assigned to computer but
they may be changed as a result of
Network Administration.
 Static IP’s are typically used in small
networks.
 You can use the static IP for the
following
VOIP, VPN, Servers, Printers etc.
 Address does not change - good for
web servers, email servers and other
Internet servers.
 Expensive than dynamic IP address.
 Need Additional Security.
DYNAMIC IP ADDRESS
 These are temporary IP Addresses.
 Dynamic IP Addresses are assigned
by your ISP or host software such
as DHCP or APIPA (Automatic
Private Internet Protocol
Addressing) itself.
 It is dynamic because each time
your computer(or router ) is
rebooted, your ISP dynamically
assigns an IP address to your
networking device using DHCP
protocol.
 Dynamic IP’s are typically used in
big networks.
• Cheaper than static IP address.
• Changing IP address gives more
privacy.
 Types of IP Address w.r.t Classes
• Class A IP Address (For Govt Org’s or Large Org’s)
• Class B IP Address (For Medium Org’s)
• Class C IP Address (For Small Org’s)
• Class D IP Address (For multicasting, not available
for public sector)
• Class E IP Address (For experimental purposes or
future use and not available for public sector)
Types of IP w.r.t Classes
Types of IP Address w.r.t Classes
 CLASS A IP ADDRESSES
 Class A IP Addresses are reserved for GOVERNMENT ORGANIZATIONS or
ENTERPRISE ORGANIZATIONS like Google.
 Class A IP Address ranges from 0-127 but technically speaking 0 & 127 are
reserved for some special purposes.
 The first bit of the first octet is always set to 0 (zero). Thus the first octet ranges
from 1 – 126, i.e.

 Class A addresses only include IP starting from 1.x.x.x to 126.x.x.x only i.e.
1.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255 . The IP range 127.x.x.x is reserved for loopback IP
addresses.
 Class A IP address format is
thus: 0NNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
 E.g. 34.0.0.0 SUMMARY
Class Start bit or Size of Size of rest No of Address Per
Leading bit Network bit field Networks Network
No bit Field
Class A 0 8 24 27 i.e. 128 224-2 i.e.
16,777,216
 CLASS B IP ADDRESSES
 Class B IP Addresses are designed to be used in MEDIUM-SIZED companies.
 Class B IP Address ranges from 128-191.
 The first two bits in first octet set to 10.

 Class B has 16384 (214) Network addresses and 65534 (216-2) Host addresses
 The network part reserves 16 bits (2-bytes) and host part reserves 16 bits (2-
bytes).
 Class B IP address format is
thus: 10NNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH.HHHHHHHH
 Starts with 10000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 and ends at
10111111.11111111.11111111.11111111 i.e. 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255
 E.g. 192.134.0.0

Class Start bit or Size of Size of rest No of Address Per

Leading bit Network SUMMARY
bit field Networks Network
No bit Field
Class B 10 16 16 214 i.e. 216 i.e.
16384 65534S
 CLASS C IP ADDRESSES
 Class C IP Addresses are designed to be used in SMALL-SIZED companies.
 Class C IP Address ranges from 192-223.
 The first three bits in first octet set to 110.

 Class C has 2097152 (221) Network addresses and 254 (28-2) Host addresses.
 The network part reserves 24 bits (3-bytes) and host part reserves 8 bits (1-
byte).
 Class C IP address format is
thus: 110NNNNN.NNNNNNNN.NNNNNNNN.HHHHHHHH
 Starts with 11000000.00000000.00000000.00000000 and ends at
11011111.11111111.11111111.11111111 i.e. 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255
 E.g. 232.234.222.0

Class Start bit or Size of Size of rest No of Address Per

Leading bit Network SUMMARY
bit field Networks Network
No bit Field
Class C 110 24 8 221 i.e. 28 -2 i.e. 254
2097152
 CLASS D IP ADDRESSES
 Class D IP Addresses are not used in the public sector, instead being reserved for
MULTICASTING ADDRESSING (1 to many type communication).
 Class D IP Address ranges from 224-239.
 The first four bits in first octet set to 1110
Remains fixed.
 Class D does not have any subnet masking.
 Used for multicasting (sending message to group of hosts) for example video
conferencing etc.
 Not one to one communication (Unicast) and not All hosts (Broadcast).
 Class D has IP address range from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255.
Summary
Class Start bit or Size of Size of rest No of Address Per
Leading bit Network bit field Networks Network
No bit Field
Class D 1110 Reserved for Multicasting
 CLASS E IP ADDRESSES
 Class E IP Addresses are not used in the public sector, instead being reserved for
SCIENTIFIC STUDIES or EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES.
 Class E IP Address ranges from 240-255.
 The first Four bits in first octet set to 1111.
 Class E also does not have any subnet masking.
 Starts with 11110000.00000000.00000000.00000000 to
11101111.11111111.11111111.11111111 i.e. 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255.

Summary

Class Start bit or Size of Size of rest No of Address Per

Leading bit Network bit field Networks Network
No bit Field
Class E 1111 Reserved for Experimental Purposes
 Public IP Address VS Private IP Address
Public IP Address Private IP Address
 used on public network (INTERNET)  Used within the LAN identification of
 It is unique throughout the entire network device inside the home
network. network.
 Given by the service provider from  Given by the Administrator.
(IANA).  Free
 Pay to service provider or IANA.  Unregistered
 Registered  Two or more separate networks can
 E.g. 202.60.23.1 have same private IP addresses
assigned to different computers
 E.g. 192.168.0.3
Note: private ranges are assigned by
the IANA for internal use:
 Class A : 10.x.x.x
 Class B: 172.16.x.x , 172.31.x.x.
 Class C :192.168.0.x ,192.168.255.x
 IANA (INTERNET NUMBERS ASSIGNED AUTHORITY)
IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority) is department of ICANN (Internet
Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers), a non-profit American
corporation that overseas global IP Address allocation.