Thermal Engineering

UNIT-1

(TWO MARKS)

1) Classify the I.C engines?

 The I.C. engines are classified on the basis of
a) Type of Ignition:
 Spark Ignition Engines (S.I. engine)
 Compression Ignition engines (C.I. engine)
b) Types of fuel used:
 Petrol engine
 Diesel engine
 Gas engine
c) Engine cycle per stroke:
 Four stroke cycle
 Two stroke cycle
2) What is meant by “Scavenging”? Explain?
 The process of removing the burnt gases from the combustion chamber of engine
cylinder is known as Scavenging.
3) Define Cetane number?
 The property that quantities the ignition delay is called as Cetane number.
4) Define the term Valve timing diagram?
 The exact moment at which each of the valves open and closes with reference to
the position of piston and crank can be shown graphically in a diagram.
 This diagram is known as “Valve timing diagram”
5) State the three types of ignition systems used in SI engines?
 Coil ignition system
 Magneto ignition system
 Electronic ignition system and
 Transistorized ignition system.
6) What is EGR system? Explain?
 The formation of excessive nitrogen oxides due to peak combustion temperature
which is greater than 1950 degree Celsius is known as EGR(Exhaust gas
recirculation).
7) How many types of lubrication system available in practice?
 Petroil lubrication or mist lubrication system
 Wet sump system, and

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING - III YEAR / VI SEM THERMAL ENGG. TWO MARKS

  Dry sump system.

8) What are the advantages of two stroke engine?

 Cycle is completed in 2 strokes or one revolution of the crankshaft.
 It develops twice the number of power strokes than the four stroke engines.
 Turning moment is more uniform and hence lighter flywheel Is required.
 Initial cost is low due to less complexity in mechanism.
9) What are the fuels used in I.C. engines?
 Internal combustion(I.C.) engines can be operated on different types of fuels
such as liquid, gaseous and even solid fuels.
 Depending upon the type of fuel to be used the engine has to be designed
accordingly.
(Or)
 Solid fuels (wood, peat and coal, sugarcane crushing, municipal waste etc.)
 Liquid fuels (Petrol, Diesel)
 Gaseous Fuels (natural gas, coal gas, town gas, blast furnace gas and producer
gas)
10) What are the important characteristics are needed in a lubricating fluid?
 Viscosity
 Oilness
 Flash point
 Fire point
 Volatility
 Foaming
 Neutralization
 Pour point
11) What’s the importance of Lubrication system?
 It reduces friction between moving parts
 It reduces wear and tear of the moving parts.
 It minimizes power loss due to friction.
 It reduces noise.
12) What are the methods of fuel input in SI engines?
 Direct injection of fuel into the cylinder.
 Injection of fuel close to the inlet valve.
 Injection of fuel into the inlet manifold.
13) Define Air- Fuel Ratio?
 The relative proportions of the fuel and air in the engine are very important
from the standpoint of combustion and the efficiency of the engine.
 This is expressed either as a ratio of the mass of the fuel to that of the air or
vice versa.

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14) What are the Governing of IC engines?
 Governing is the process of varying the fuel supply.
 It is done to maintain constant speed through the load is changed
15) What are the different types of governing systems?
 Quality governing
 Quantity governing
 Combined quality and quantity governing
 Hit and mass governing.
16) What are the methods of ignition system used in IC engine?
 Compression ignition
 Spark ignition
17) What is meant by Carburetor?
 A carburetor is a device which vaporizes the fuel and mixed it with the air.
18) What are the methods of fuel injection in C.I.engines?
 There are two methods of fuel injection used in C.I. engines:
Air injection system
Air-less or solid injection.
19) What are the types of cooling systems in I.C. engines?
 Air cooling or direct cooling
 Water cooling or indirect cooling
 Liquid cooling
 Pressure cooled cooling
 Steam cooling or evaporative cooling
20) What are the purposes of cooling system in engine?
 When the air fuel mixture is ignited and combustion takes place at about 2500
degree Celsius for producing power inside an engine the temperature of the
cylinder, cylinder head, piston, valve, continuous to raise when the engine
runs.
 If these parts are not cooled by some means then they are likely to get
damaged and even melted.
 So the cooling system is used in the I.C.engine

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 UNIT-2

1) Define Flash point?

 Flash point of the lubricant is the temperature at which it forms vapours and
produces combustible mixture with air.
2) What are uses of catalytic converters?
 Catalytic converters are used in exhaust systems to provide a site for the oxidation
and reduction of toxic byproducts (like nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and
hydrocarbons) of fuel into less hazardous substances such as carbon dioxide,
water vapour, and nitrogen gas.
3) Define calorific value of the fuel?
 The amount of heat released in 1kg of fuel in one hour is called as calorific value.
 It is denoted by CV.
 It’s unit is KJ/Hr.
 Generally, gaseous fuel has two calorific values such as higher and lower calorific
values.
4) What is meant by normal combustion?
 In normal combustion, the flame initiated by the spark travels across the
combustion chamber in a fairly uniform manner.
5) What is abnormal combustion?
 In normal combustion, under certain operating conditions the combustion deviates
from its normal course leading to loss of performance and possible damage to the
engine.
 This type of combustion may be termed as a normal combustion or knocking
combustion.
6) What is detonation?
 If the temperature of the unburnt mixture exceeds the self-ignition temperature
during the ignition delay period, auto ignition occurs at various locations in the
cylinder.
 This will generate pressure pulses.
 These high-pressure pulses can cause damage to the engine and quite often are in
the audible frequency range.
 This phenomenon is often called knocking or detonation.
7) Define Pre-Ignition?
 Pre-Ignition is defined as the phenomenon of ignition of the charge before the
ignition spark occurs.
 This type of ignition is caused when some parts of the combustion space (e.g.
spark plug, exhaust valve, carbon particles) in the combustion chamber are over
heated under certain operating conditions.

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8) What are the factors affecting knocking in S.I. engines?
 Temperature factor
 Density factors
 Time factors
 Composition factors
9) Define Ignition delay period?
 It is also called the preparatory phase during which some fuel has already been
admitted but has not yet ignited.
(OR)
 The fuel does not ignite immediately upon injection into the combustion chamber.
 There is a definite period of inactivity between the time when the first droplet of
fuel hits the hot air in the combustion chamber and the time it starts through the
actual burning phase.
 This period is known as the ignition delay period.
10) Define Physical delay?
 The physical delay is the time between the beginning of injection and the
attainment of chemical reaction conditions.
 During this period, the fuel is atomized, vaporized, mixed with air and raised to
its self-ignition temperature.
 This physical delay depends upon the type of fuel.
11) Classify the combustion chamber in C.I. engines?
 Direct –injection (DI) type
Shallow depth chamber
Hemispherical chamber
Cylindrical chamber
Toroidal chamber.
 Indirect-Injection chambers
Swirl chamber
Precombustion chamber
12) Define Direct-Injection chamber (DI) type?
 This type of combustion is also called an open combustion chamber.
 In this type the entire volume of the combustion chamber is located in the main
cylinder and the fuel is injected into this volume.
13) Define HC emission?
 The emission of HC is closely related to many designing and operating factors
like induction system, combustion chamber design, air fuel ratio, speed, load, and
mode of operation.
 Lean mixture gives lower HC emission.

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14) Define oxides of nitrogen?
 In high temperature, nitrogen reacts with oxygen and produces nitric oxide and
nitrogen dioxide.
 They affect living organisms.
 They affect blood purification system.
 It may be mixed with moisture and produce dilute nitric acid in the heart and
affects hearts.
15) Define particulate?
 Particulates are minute separate particles found in the air
 They may be solid or liquid particles.
 The dust soot and fly ash are included in it.
 It causes respiratory diseases.
16) Name any eight air pollutants?
 Carbon monoxide
 Oxides of nitrogen
 Hydrocarbons
 Photochemical smog
 Smoke
 Lead
 Particulate
 Sulphur oxide
17) What is the purpose of Evaporation Loss Control Device (ELCD)?
 This device aims at controlling all evaporative emissions by capturing the
vapours and recirculating them at the appropriate time.
 The ELCD completely controls all types of evaporative losses.
 However, the tolerance of the carburetor for supplying fuel-air ratio reduces to
about 3 percent only.
 This requires very accurate metering control.
18) Define combustion process in I.C. engines?
 The process of combustion in engines generally takes place either in a
homogeneous or heterogeneous fuel-air mixture depending on the type of engine.
19) What are the factors influencing the flame speed?
 Turbulence
 Fuel-Air ratio
 Temperature and pressure
 Compression ratio
 Engine output
 Engine speed
 Engine size

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20) What are the methods of emission control?
 Thermal converters
 Catalytic converters
21) When turbo lag occurs?
 As such, the compressor wheel rotates with the turbine which sucks the air into
the compressor housing
 Centrifugal force throws the air outward.
 This causes the air to flow out of the turbocharger and into the engine cylinder
under pressure
 In the case of turbocharging, there is phenomenon called turolag.
22) What is the purpose of supercharging?
 The purpose of supercharging an engine is to raise the density of the air charge,
before it enters the cylinders.
23) What is turbocharger?
 Some superchargers are driven by a gas turbine, which derives its power from
the engine exhaust gases.
 Such a supercharger is called Turbocharger.
24) Define Fire point?
 Fire point is the lowest temperature at which the fuel burns continuously.
 Fire point should be higher than the flash point.
25) Define foaming?
 It is the condition in which minute air bubbles are held in the oil.
 It will reduce the mass flow and also accurate oxidation.
 Therefore, the oil should force from foaming trouble.

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