1. Ignition limit for IC engine fuel is the range of fuel-air mixtures that can be ignited.

It varies for
different fuels.

2. Ignition Lag is the time interval between the start of ignition spark and actual combustion in
the engine cylinder.

3. Stages of SI engine combustion: a. Induction period, b. Flame development period, c.

Afterburn period.

4. Detonation in SI engine is an abnormal combustion where the unburned mixture ignites

spontaneously and rapidly.

5. Two theories of detonation: a. End-gas autoignition theory, b. Flame acceleration theory.

6. Ignition delay influences detonation intensity in SI engine, as longer delays increase the risk.

7. Surface Ignition in SI engine is the combustion initiated on the cylinder walls due to high
temperatures.

8. Pre-Ignition is the ignition of the air-fuel mixture in the combustion chamber before the spark
plug fires.

9. Delay Period in CI engine is the time between the start of fuel injection and the actual
combustion.

10. Factors reducing Knocking in CI engine include a. Lower compression ratio, b. Advanced
injection timing, c. Proper air-fuel mixture.

**11. Three Stages of Combustion in SI Engine:**

Combustion in SI engines consists of three stages on the pressure-crank angle diagram:
a. Induction period (from intake valve opening to spark plug ignition),
b. Flame development period (from spark plug ignition to peak pressure),
c. Afterburn period (from peak pressure to exhaust valve opening). These stages depict the
combustion process, starting with mixture induction, flame propagation, and subsequent burning
until exhaust.

**12. Detonation in SI Engine and Factors Affecting Knocking:**

Detonation in SI engines is an abnormal combustion where the unburned mixture ignites
spontaneously and rapidly, causing knocking. Factors affecting knocking include high
compression ratios, excessive inlet air temperatures, poor fuel quality, and incorrect spark
timing. These factors contribute to premature ignition and the formation of shock waves, leading
to knocking.

**13. Necessities of Alternative Fuels for IC Engine and Use of Alcohols in SI Engine:**
 Alternative fuels for IC engines are essential to reduce dependency on conventional fossil
fuels and address environmental concerns. Alcohols, like ethanol and methanol, are viable
alternatives for SI engines. They have high octane ratings, lower emissions, and can be derived
from renewable sources, contributing to sustainable and cleaner engine operation. Alcohols in
SI engines enhance combustion efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.

**14. Mechanical Fuel Pump for SI Engine Fuel System:**

A mechanical fuel pump in an SI engine's fuel system is a diaphragm-operated device. It
utilizes engine motion to pump fuel from the tank to the carburetor. As the engine operates, the
diaphragm flexes, creating suction that draws fuel from the tank. This mechanical pump
maintains a consistent fuel supply to the carburetor, ensuring proper air-fuel mixture for
combustion. The simplicity and reliability of mechanical fuel pumps make them common in older
SI engine designs.

**15. Turbulence vs. Swirl and CI Engine Combustion Chamber Designs:**

Turbulence and swirl are two distinct aspects of airflow in combustion chambers. Turbulence
is the chaotic mixing of air and fuel, enhancing combustion efficiency. Swirl, on the other hand,
is the rotational motion of the mixture, aiding in better fuel distribution. Combustion chamber
designs for CI engines include:
- Open combustion chamber,
- Pre-combustion chambers,
- Swirl combustion chambers,
- Squish combustion chambers,
- Air cell & energy cell. Each design influences airflow, mixture preparation, and combustion
characteristics, impacting engine performance and emissions.

**16. Basic Fuel Supply System in SI Engine and Solex Carburetor:**

The basic fuel supply system in an SI engine comprises a fuel tank, fuel pump, fuel filter,
carburetor, and intake manifold. The Solex Carburetor, a popular type, mixes air and fuel in a
chamber, creating a combustible mixture for the engine. As the throttle opens, a piston inside
the carburetor adjusts the fuel flow. A schematic diagram illustrates this process: air entering
through the air filter mixes with fuel from the float chamber, creating an ideal mixture for
combustion. The carburetor ensures proper air-fuel ratio, vital for engine performance.

**17. Electronic Ignition System in SI Engine and Comparison with Battery Ignition:**
The electronic ignition system in SI engines replaces traditional contact points with an electronic
control unit (ECU). It uses a sensor to determine the optimal spark timing, resulting in more
precise ignition. Compared to battery ignition systems, electronic ignition offers improved
reliability, efficiency, and reduced maintenance. It eliminates the wear associated with contact
points, providing a more consistent spark and better fuel efficiency. The ECU adapts to
changing conditions, optimizing engine performance.

**18. Need for Cooling in IC Engine and Temperature Profile in Exhaust Valve and Piston:**
Cooling in IC engines is crucial to manage high temperatures generated during combustion. It
prevents overheating and ensures optimal engine performance. The temperature profile in an
exhaust valve and piston varies during the engine cycle. Initially, temperatures rise sharply
during combustion, peak, and then gradually decrease during the exhaust stroke. Effective
cooling systems, like liquid cooling with a radiator, dissipate excess heat, maintaining engine
components within safe temperature limits.

**19. Working of Free Piston Engine and Rotary Wankel Engine:**

A free piston engine operates without a conventional crankshaft, relying on the oscillation of
pistons within a cylinder. These engines are often used in unconventional powertrain
configurations. In contrast, the rotary Wankel engine uses a rotary design with a triangular rotor
to convert pressure into rotational motion. Unlike traditional reciprocating engines, Wankel
engines exhibit smoother operation and a higher power-to-weight ratio. Both free piston and
rotary Wankel engines present unique engineering solutions with potential advantages in
specific applications.