INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

IC engines - Introduction

Lecture - 1

Dr. M. Suresh

March 2023

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 HEAT ENGINES
Heat Engines - A machine or device which derives heat from
the combustion of fuel and converts part of this energy into
mechanical work is called a heat engine.

Heat engines may be classified into two main classes as follows:

1. External combustion engines

2. Internal combustion engines.

External Combustion Engines - In this case, combustion of

fuel takes place outside the cylinder as in the case of steam
engines where the heat of combustion is employed to
generate steam which is used to move a piston in a cylinder.
Other examples of external combustion engines are hot air
engines, steam turbine and closed cycle gas turbine.

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 HEAT ENGINES

Internal Combustion Engines

In this case, combustion of fuel with oxygen of the air

occurs within the cylinder of the engine. The internal
combustion engines group includes engines employing
mixtures of combustible gases and air, known as gas
engines, those using lighter liquid fuel or spirit known as
petrol engines and those using heavier liquid fuels, known
as oil, compression ignition or diesel engines.

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HEAT ENGINES - CLASSIFICATION

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 I.C. ENGINES - APPLICATIONS

The important applications of I.C. engines are:

(i) Road vehicles, locomotives, ships and aircraft,

(ii) Portable standby units for power generation in case of
scarcity of electric power,
(iii) Extensively used in farm tractors, lawn movers, concrete
mixing devices and motor boats.

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 IC ENGINES – BASIC TYPES
Spark Ignition (SI) Engine invented by Nicolaus
A.Otto (1876)

Compression Ignition (CI) Engine invented by

Rudolf Diesel (1892)

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Fig.1 Cross section of a SI Engine
 IC ENGINE PARTS
1. Cylinder - Piston moves to and fro in the cylinder to develop
power. For ordinary engines, the cylinder is made of ordinary
cast iron. But for heavy duty engines, it is made of steel alloys
or aluminum alloys.
2. Cylinder head - It is fitted on one end of the cylinder, and act
as a cover to close the cylinder bore. It contains inlet and exit
valves for admitting fresh charge and exhausting the burnt
gases. In petrol engines, the cylinder head contains a spark
plug. in diesel engines, the cylinder head contain nozzles, (i.e.
fuel valve) for injecting the fuel into the cylinder.  The cylinder
block and cylinder head are made from the same material.
3. Piston - It is considered as the heart of an I.C. engine, whose
main function is to transmit the force exerted by the burning of
charge to the connecting rod. The piston are generally made
of aluminium alloys which are light in weight. They have good
heat conducting property and also greater strength at higher
temperature. 8
 IC ENGINE PARTS
4. Piston rings - These are circular rings and made of special steel
Alloys which retain elastic properties even at high temperatures.
The piston rings are housed in the circumferential grooves
provided on the outer surface of the piston. Generally, there are
two sets of rings mounted for the piston. The function of the
upper rings is to provide air tight seal to prevent leakage of the
burnt gases into the lower portion. Similarly, the function of the
lower rings is to provide effective seal to prevent leakage of the
oil into the engine cylinder.
5. Connecting rod - It is a link between the piston and crankshaft,
whose main function is to transmit force from the piston to the
crankshaft. Moreover, it converts reciprocating motion of the
piston into circular motion of the crankshaft, in the working
stroke. The upper end of the connecting rod is fitted to the
piston and the lower end to the crank. Steel alloys or aluminium
alloys are used for the manufacture of connecting rods.
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 IC ENGINE PARTS
6. Crankshaft - It is considered as the backbone of an I.C. engine
whose function is to covert the reciprocating motion of the
piston into the rotary motion with the help of connecting rod,
crank and crank pin. Steel alloys are used for the manufacture
of crankshaft.
7. Crank case - It is a cast iron case, which holds the cylinder and
crankshaft of an I.C. engine. It also serves as a sump for the
lubricating oil.
8. Flywheel - It is a big wheel, mounted on the crank shaft, whose
function is to maintain its speed constant. It is done by storing
excess energy during power stroke, which, is returned during
other strokes.

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 NOMENCLATURE - IC ENGINE
BORE

STROKE

TOP DEAD CENTRE

BOTTOM DEAD CENTRE

CLEARANCE VOLUME

SWEPT VOLUME
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TDC AND BDC

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WORKING PRINCIPLE

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Petrol Engine Working

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Diesel Engine Working

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FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

Fig. 2 Working principle of a Four stroke SI engine

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17
FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE
Cycle of operation completed in 4 strokes of piston/2 revolutions of
crank shaft. 1 stroke per ½ revolution or 180 of rotation.
Intake or suction: Piston at TDC, moves downwards, inlet valve
open and exhaust valve closed. Fuel-air charge enters due to
suction. When piston reaches BDC, suction stroke ends, inlet valve
closes.
Compression: Piston moves up from BDC to TDC, both valves
closed. Fuel-air charge compressed into clearance volume. When
piston reaches TDC, fuel-air mixture is ignited by spark plug.
Expansion or power: High pressure burnt gases forces the piston
downwards from TDC to BDC, both valves closed. Power
produced. When piston reaches BDC, exhaust valve opened
Exhaust: Burnt gases escape through exhaust valve. Piston moves
from BDC to TDC, exhaust valve closed, when piston reaches
TDC. Some gases remain in the clearance volume.
[Combustion takes place at constant volume]
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Four Stroke Petrol Engine

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FOUR STROKE SPARK IGNITION ENGINE

Fig. 3 Ideal p-V diagram of a Four stroke SI engine

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FOUR STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

Fig. 4 Cycle operation of a Four stroke CI engine

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FOUR STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE
Cycle of operation completed in 4 strokes of piston/2 revolutions of crank shaft. 1
stroke per ½ revolution or 180 of rotation.
Operation similar to 4 stroke SI engine. But, compression ratio is high (16 to 20
for CI, 6 to 10 for SI). Only air is inducted instead of fuel-air charge. Due to high
compression ratio, fuel is self ignited when injected at the end of compression.
Fuel injector and pump for CI, spark plug and carburettor for SI
Suction: Piston at TDC, moves downwards, inlet valve open and exhaust valve
closed. Air enters due to suction. When piston reaches BDC, suction stroke ends,
inlet valve closes.
Compression: Piston moves up from BDC to TDC, both valves closed. Air
compressed into clearance volume. When piston reaches TDC, fuel is injected
into air and ignition takes place.
Expansion: High pressure burnt gases forces the piston downwards from TDC to
BDC, both valves closed. Power produced. When piston reaches BDC, exhaust
valve opened.
Exhaust: Burnt gases escape through exhaust valve. Piston moves from BDC to
TDC, exhaust valve closed, when piston reaches TDC. Some gases remain in the
clearance volume. [Combustion takes place at constant pressure]

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FOUR STROKE COMPRESSION IGNITION ENGINE

Fig. 5 Ideal p-V diagram of a Four stroke CI engine

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Four Stroke Diesel Engine

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 TWO STROKE ENGINE

Fig. 6 Crank case scavenged Two stroke Engine

 TWO STROKE ENGINE
Cycle of operation completed in 2 strokes of piston/1 revolution
of crank shaft. 1 stroke per ½ revolution or 180 of rotation.
Invented by Dugald Clark (1878)

Main difference between 2 stroke and 4 stroke engines is

method of filling the fresh charge and removing the burnt gases
from the cylinder. In 4 stroke engine, these operations are
performed by piston during suction and exhaust strokes
respectively. In 2 stroke engine, filling is done by charge
compressed in crank case or by a blower. Induction of
compressed charge moves out the products of combustion
through exhaust ports. So, one stroke for compressing the fresh
charge and other stroke for expansion or power stroke.

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 TWO STROKE SI ENGINE

Fig. 7 Theoretical and actual p-V diagram

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Two stroke Engine

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WORKING CYCLES

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OTTO CYCLE

Fig. 8 Otto cycle

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 OTTO CYCLE

0 – 1 Induction or suction process

1 – 2 Isentropic compression

2 – 3 Constant volume heat addition

3 – 4 Isentropic expansion

4 – 1 Constant volume heat rejection

1 – 0 Exhaust process
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DIESEL CYCLE

Fig. 9 Diesel cycle

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 DIESEL CYCLE

0 – 1 Induction or suction process

1 – 2 Isentropic compression

2 – 3 Constant pressure heat addition

3 – 4 Isentropic expansion

4 – 1 Constant volume heat rejection

1 – 0 Exhaust process
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CLASSIFICATION
 IC engines
Reciprocating
(Multicylinder)
4 stroke Engine 2 stroke Engine

Inclined Opposed
Vee Cylinder
SI Engine CI Engine Cylinder Cylinder
(4/6/8/12)
(2/4/6) (2/4/6)

Petrol Gas Dual fuel/ Divided

engine engine Multifuel Chamber
Engine Engine Rotary
(Wankel)

Carburetted Injection
Type Type
Single Twin
Rotor Rotor
Prechamber Swirl
chamber
Battery Magneto
Ignition Ignition

CLASSIFICATION OF
Water
cooled
Air
cooled IC ENGINES

Reciprocating Reciprocating Rotary

(Multicylinder) (Single cylinder) (Wankel)
Wankel Engine

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COMPARISON
 COMPARISON OF SI AND CI ENGINES
Description SI engine CI engine
Basic cycle Otto cycle Diesel cycle

Fuel Gasoline (volatile, high self- Diesel (non-volatile, low self-ignition

ignition temperature) temperature)
Fuel Fuel-air mixture during suction Fuel injection at end of compression
introduction stroke through carburettor stroke through fuel pump & injector
Load control Throttle controls quantity of fuel- Fuel quantity is regulated, air
air mixture quantity is not controlled
Ignition Spark plug in combustion Self-ignition due to high temperature
chamber, voltage from battery or of air because of high compression
magneto
Compressio 6 to 10. Upper limit is fixed by 16 to 20. Upper limit is limited by
n ratio antiknock quality of fuel weight increase of the engine
Speed High speed due to light weight and Low speed due to heavy weight and
homogeneous combustion heterogeneous combustion
Thermal Lower due to lower compression Higher due to higher compression
efficiency ratio ratio
weight Lighter due to lower peak pressure Heavier due to higher peak pressure
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 Four stroke engine
Cycle completed in 4 strokes of piston or 2
revolutions of crank shaft, 1 power stroke in
every 2 revolutions
Turning moment not uniform, heavier
flywheel needed
Power produced for same engine size is
less; heavier and bulkier engine for same
power
Lesser cooling and lubrication requirements.
Lower rate of wear and tear
Valve and valve actuating mechanisms for
opening and closing of intake/exhaust
valves
Initial cost is more due to heavy weight and
complicated valve mechanism
Volumetric efficiency is more due to more
time for induction
Thermal efficiency is higher; part load
efficiency is better
Used where efficiency is important; car, bus,
truck, tractor, industrial engines, airplanes,
power generation, etc.
Two stroke engine
Cycle completed in 2 strokes of piston or 1
revolution of crank shaft, 1 power stroke in
each revolution
Turning moment uniform, lighter flywheel can
be used
Power produced for same engine size is
twice; lighter and compact engine for same
power
Greater cooling and lubrication requirements.
Higher rate of wear and tear
No valves, but only ports (some engines
fitted with exhaust valve or reed valve)
Initial cost is less due to light weight and
absence of valve mechanism
Volumetric efficiency is less due to lesser
time for induction
Thermal efficiency is lower; part load
efficiency is poor
Used where low cost, compactness and light
weight are important; moped, scooter, 39
motorcycle, etc.
APPLICATIONS

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 2 STROKE PETROL ENGINES
Major considerations
Simplicity, low cost
Acceptable
A little higher fuel consumption
Moped (50 cc)
Lawn mowers
Scooters and motor cycles (100 – 150 cc)
Small electric generator sets
Pump sets
Outboard motor boats
5 kW at 5500 rpm to 10 kW at 5000 rpm 41
 2 STROKE DIESEL ENGINES
Major considerations
Very high power

Ship propulsion engines

20000 to 37000 kW at around 100 to 200 rpm

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 4 STROKE PETROL ENGINES
Major applications
Automobiles

Typical automobiles – 30 to 60 kW at 4500 rpm

Small cars
Buses and trucks
Mobile electric generator sets
Pump sets
Small aircrafts (400 to 4000 kW)
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 4 STROKE DIESEL ENGINES
Major considerations
Efficiency and versatility
1 to 35000 kW at 100 to 4500 rpm
Pump sets
Construction machinery
Air compressors
Drilling rigs
Tractors (30 kW), agricultural equipment
Jeeps, buses, trucks (40 to 100 kW)
Earth moving machines (200 to 400 kW)
Locomotives (600 to 4000 kW)
Marine applications – fishing vessels to ships (100 to 35000 kW)
Mobile and stationary electric generating plants

Drawbacks: engine vibrations, unpleasant odour in the exhaust 44

PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS

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 PERFORMANCE PARAMETERS
Indicated thermal efficiency
Brake thermal efficiency
Mechanical efficiency
Volumetric efficiency
Relative efficiency or efficiency ratio
Mean effective pressure
Mean piston speed
Specific power output
Specific fuel consumption
Inlet valve Mach Index
Fuel-air or fuel-air ratio
Calorific value of the fuel
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THANK YOU

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