BIOCHEMISTRY
Acid and Bases – the most important
solutes in a solution. This are
compounds which have common
characteristic properties.
ACIDS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER
 Forms solution that conducts
electricity
 Reacts with metals to produce
salt and gas
 Taste sour
 Reacts with carbonates to
produce C2O
BASES WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER
 Yields solutions that also conduct
electric current
 Feels slippery or soapy on the
skin
 Taste bitter
 Turn red litmus paper to blue
 Reacts with acids to form salt and
water
ACID BASE THEORIES
Arrhenius Theory - Svante August
Arrhenius (1859-1927), a Swedish
chemist is the first one to explain the
behavior of acids and bases.
- This theory states that upon the
dissociation of water, the acids
yield positive hydrogen ions
(H+) while the bases yield
negative hydrogen ions (H-)
- The acid substance upon with the
reaction with water, causes an
increase in the concentration of
the solvent cation (H3O+) while
the base substance upon
dissolution in or reacting with
water causes an increase in the
concentration of the solvent anion
(OH-).
- The free hydrogen ion H+ cannot
exist in an aqueous solution
because of its high ratio of
charge in radius it is always
associated with water molecule to
form the hydronium ion (H3O+).
Spectroscopy - a technology that is
used to study surfaces and analyze
the vibration of molecules.
Dissociation in Water – Pure
non-electrolyte water does contain a
very low concentration of hydronium
ion (H3O+) hydroxide (OH-) ions,
formed by the dissociation.
2 H2O ------ H3O + OH-
- Dissociation constant of water
concentration of H3O ions x concentration of OH- ions
Concentration of H2O molecules
Kw = concentration of H3O ions x concentration of OH- ions
55.6
= 1.8 x 10-16
This can be re written as
Concentration of H3O ions x concentration of OH- ions
= (1.8 x 10 -16) x 56 = 1 x 10-14
This is called the ionic product of
water, K and is the product of the
H3O and the OH- ion
concentration in any dilute
aqueous solution.
 Bronsted_Lowry Theory - two other non-metal is called
Johannes Bronsted (1879-1947), ternary acids.
a Danish chemist, and
ThomasLowry (1874-1936), an
Naming Oxyacids of Sulfur
English chemist. Formula Name Formula and
- Theory that considerate the Name of
behavior of hydrogen ions. Oxyanion
Formed
- In this theory, acids donate upon
proton in another substance Reaction
while the base accepts proton with Water
from the other substance. H2SO3 Sulfurous SO3-2, sulfite
- In any acid-base reaction, acid
regardless of the solvent, the H2SO4 SO4-2, sulfate
Sulfuric
donating and accepting the
proton is all that takes place.
acid

Lewis Theory - Gilbert Lewis Naming Oxyacids of Chlorine

- chemical reactions involve the
arrangement of the valence Scheme Formula Name Formula and
electrons or the outermost for Name of
Naming Oxyanion
electrons of an atom the Acids Formed
- This theory states that the acid is upon
the electron pair acceptor and Reaction
the base in the electron pair with Water
donor.
- Lewis defined an acid-base
reaction as the sharing of an increasin Hypo___ous HClO Hypochlorous ClO-,
acid
electron pair, forming a g hypochlorite
coordinate covalent bond ( a number __ous HClO2 Chlorous acid ClO2- ,
of chlorite
covalent bond in which the
Oxygen __ic HClO3 Chloric acid ClO3-,
shared electrons are donated by chlorate
one of the atoms involved). Atoms Per_____ic HClO4 Perchloric ClO4-,
acid
perchlorate
FORMULAS AND NAMES OF ACIDS AND BASES
Naming Acids
- Substance that is composed of
only two elements, hydrogen and
non-metal are called binary
acids.
- Substance that is composed of
three elements, hydrogen and
Common Acids and Their Uses - They dissociate into these ions
when dissolves in water.
Name Uses - Bases are named just like binary
Acetic acid Acid in vinegar acids in pure form; the ions are
used to season and named, then combined.
preserve food;
cleans and Common bases and Their uses
deodorizes
Hydrochloric Aids in digestion Name Uses
acid (0.1 M HCl); used Sodium Used in making
as toilet-bowl soaps and (caustic
hydroxide soda or lye)
cleaner and for
detergents; a drain
cleaning metal
and oven cleaner
surfaces
Lithium Used in removing
Sulfuric acid Used in automobile carbon dioxide from
batteries and in hydroxide air in confined areas
making dyes and such as submarines
plastics; a and spaceships
dehydrating agent Magnesium Used as an antacid
Nitric acid Used in making hydroxide (in milk in small dosages
explosives and and laxative in large
fertilizers
of Magnesia) amounts
Phosphoric Removes hard Aluminum Used as an antacid
with no dosage
acid water deposits; hydroxide restriction
used in making
Calcium Used in the
fertilizers; used in preparation of
soft drinks (in hydroxide plaster and mortar
dilute form)
Carbonic acid Used in the
manufacture of THE pH CONCEPT
carbonated drinks
Acetylsalicylic Reduces pain and Changes in the acidity or basidity of some
acid (aspirin) inflammation solutions can be critical in some systems
Hydrofluoric Used in glass such as the following:
acid etching
A body of water supporting aquatic
Citric acid Occurs naturally in
plants and animals
some fruits; used in
flavoring Our stomach digesting ingested food
carbonated drinks Cells of living organisms where vital
Naming Bases life processes are carried out
Some industrial processes where
- Bases are compounds consisting
reactions take place at a desired rate
of a metal and a hydroxide ion.
In 1909, a Danish biochemist,
 -Soren Sorensen ( 1868-1939), proposed acid (designated as the
the pH scale as a more convenient way conjugate acid) has one
of expressing hydronium ion
color and its conjugate base
concentration. The symbol, pH, stands
for some German words which literally has another color.
means “the power of the hydrogen ion.” - A conjugate acid-base
system involves a Bronsted
pH of Common Substances
acid (a proton donoe) and
Substance pH its resulting base (a proton
1.0 M HCl 0 acceptor) when the acid
Battery acid 1
(H2SO4)
loses a proton. Some
Gastric juice 1.6- indicators like
1.8 phenolphthalein are usually
Calamansi juice 2.2 used in solution, while
Vinegar 2.8
others like litmus and
Apple juice 3.0
Carbonated 3.1 universal indicator are
drink usually impregnated on
Orange juice 3.5 paper strips.
Tomato juice 4.2
Urine 6.1
Milk 6.5
Saliva 6.5
Pure water 7
Blood 7.4
Seawater 8.4
Milk of 10.5
magnesia
1.0 M NaOH 14

INDICATORS
- Indicators are chemical dyes
which are acids and bases
that change color at certain
hydronium ion
concentrations.
- Indicators is an acid-base
system in which the weak