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    Cold War Origins Walsh

    Uploaded by

    Alissa Reeba

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    of 19
    Who was to blame for the Cold War? The beginnings of the Cold War: 1945-49 In May 1945 American troops entered Berlin from the west, as Russian troops moved in from the east. They met and celebrated victory together. Yet three years later these former alles were arguing over Berlin and war between them seemed a real possibilty. What had gone wrong? In this chapter you will consider: how the wartime alliance between the USA and the USSR broke down how the Soviet Union gained control aver eastern Europe and how the USA responded the consequences ofthe Berlin Blockade in 1948, Finally, you wll make up your own mind as to whether the USA or the USSR was ‘more to blame for the outbreak ofthe Cold War hapter, add deals to your own copy ofthe pages to mark any events that righ affect Part 2: The Cold War, 1945-75 souRcE q Flenoer Tepoicnna BONHAM cOBETCHOTO ‘COLOSA OT BPATANCRIK COMOSHIROB [GOPIOWNACA C HMM A British government poster from-1941, ‘The Russian caption reads, ‘Greetings to the heroic warrior of the Soviet Union from British alles fighting with him. +1 plain the message ofeach of the sources 1 and 2. Remember to explain the points being made and how the details ofthe cartoon get these points across 2 Explain why Source 2 presents a more realistic view ofthe allance than Source 1 +5 Spot the loaded language! What words and plrass in Source 3 tell us tht this source is hostile to Communism andthe USSR? How strong was the wartime alliance? Al s against Hitler ine ltr stages oft Second Word War the British people were bombarded wth images ike Source 1, showing rend co-operation between American, Brith and Soviet fees and peoples. ih fat the el trys probably ror like Soares 2. Hrs show as Cupid ~ a god of love — bringing the olhewise distal adr together was the cramon danger which united Pretent Roosevelt (USA), Winston Churchill (Britain) and Communist ade Joe Sain ofthe Soviet Union (the USSR. twas a strate waime alliance not a bond of brtertoo. This becomes clear when we lok back further into histor |ABritsh cartoon from 1941, wit the caption ‘Love conquers, Thirty years earlier The USSR had been Communist country for more than 30 yeas. The majority of politicians and ‘busines: eader in Britain and the USA hated and feared Coramunst ideas see the Fails on page 5). Soon aftr the Communist took power in Rusia in 1917 they faced ai war During this svar Brith and American troop were sent o ight against the Communis (see page 318) AS you ‘an maine the experience of thc war made the USSR wary of Brainard the USA. Sothe wo sides were enemies long before they were ales. Th the 192s the fear of Communism ceated 2 Red Scare in the USA (ee Source 3). Thousands o inmigats othe USA who held acl oll views were aes, harssel and fen deporte. Iga the Bish goverment eactd fie oa General Strike ish workers. Oe of the ekons foc this harsh reaction ws thatthe rsh gnerament was convinoad tha the trike ws the work of agent of te USSR. source Zo Like a prairie fire, tbe blaze of revolution was sweeping over every American institution. ‘flaw and order a year ago, I was eating i way nt be bores ofthe American workmen ‘crawling ind te sacred corners of American homes Robbery, not war, tbe ideal of Communism ... Obviously it he cred of any criminal mind, which acts always from motives imposable fo understand for thae wild clean thoughts: Extract from a statement by Mitchell Palmer, Attorney General ofthe USA, April 1920. Ten years earlier Relations between Britain and the USSR were harmed inthe 1930sby the policy of Appeasement (See ‘pag 54), It seemed io Stalin that Britain was happy to see Germany grow in power so that Hitler could attack him, Soin many ways the surprising things thatthe old enemies managed awar time alliance at al But they id and the course ofthe warn Burope was decisively altered when the Soviets mounted a fire defence of ther country agains the power ofthe German foros from 1941 to 1945. Churchill vas ful of respect or the Soviet achievement saying that the Soviets tore the heart out ofthe German a’. Itwas Soviet determination and Soviet soldiers that tured the tide ofthe European war agains! Germany. Clash of ideologies Sowhy ‘was that the Allies ha political and economic sy id Britain and America have these underlying concems about Communism? One key reason. sms based on completely diferent ideologies (ee the Facts belo). Despite these diffrence they had managed to work together aginst lr The next big question was whether this friendship woud last once he was defeated. The USA > The USA was a democracy. Ils government was chosen in free democrat elections. > twas capitalist. Business and property were privately owned. > twas the world's wealthiest country, But, s in most capitalist counties, there were extremes ~ some great wealth and great poverty as well. > For Americans, being fre of control by the government was ‘more important than everyone being equal > American fmly believed that other countries shouldbe run in the American way. > Many Americans were bitely opposed to Communism and were alarmed by Communist theory which talked of spreading revolution. > Americans generally saw their policies as ‘doing the ight thing rather than serving the intrest of the USA. The USSR > The USSR was a Communist state > itwas a one-party dictatorship. Elections were held, but all candidates belonged to the Communist Party > Itwas an economic superpower because it industry had grown rapidly in the 1920s and 1930s, but the general standard of living inthe USSR was much lower than in the USA. Even so, unemployment was rare and extreme poverty was rarer than in the USA. > For Communists, the rights of individuals were seen as less important than the good of society as a whole. So individuals lives were tightly controle. > Soviet leaders believed that other countries should be un in the Communist way > Communist writers believed that the role of a Communist state was to encourage Communist revolutions worldwide. In practice, the USSR’ leaders tended to take practical decisions rather than be led by this ideology. > Many people in the USSR were bitterly opposed to capitalism. ussr — COMMUNIST Ries > CD USA — CAPITALIST AND DEMOCRATIC. eS @ Nake your own copies of the diagrams on Ihe tot and then use the Facies to make around them summarising the two systems. ae INDUSTRY InpivipuaL The Yalta Conference, 1945 1m February 194 twas clear that Germany was losing the European war, 80 the Allied leaders ‘met at Yalta inthe Ukraine to plan what would happen to Europe alter Germany's defeat. The Yalta Conference went well Despite their dfferenos, the Big Three — Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill ~ agreed on some important matters «Stalin agredto enter the war agains Japan once Germany lad surrendered. «They aged that Germany would be divided into four anes American, French, Bish and Soviet Since the German capital, erin, was dep inthe Soviet zone, twas agreed that erin itself would also be divided into four anes. ‘As Aled soldiers advance through Germany, they wee revealing the horors ofthe Nazi conoentration camps. The Big Three agreed to hunt down and punish war eriminals who were responsible forthe genocide ‘hey aged that as countries were berated from occupation by the German army, they would be love to hold fe elections o choose the goverment they wanted ‘The Big Thee al greet to jon there United Nations Organisation, which woul air to keep peace afte the war "The Soviet Union had suffered terribly in th war An estimated 20 million Soviet people had di Stalin was therfore concemed bout te future security ofthe USSR. The Big Tree agreed that eastern Europe shouldbe sen as ‘a Soviet sphere of influence “The ony real disagreement was about Poland Stalin wanted the bode of the USSR to move vestwands into Poland (ee Source 20 on page 74). Stain argued that Poland, in turn, could more its border westwards into German territory. Churchill dd not approve of Stalin’ plans for Pokand, put he als knew that there was not ery much he could do about it because Stalin's Red Amy wa in total conto ofboth Poland and easter Germany Roost was also unhappy about tains lan, bot Churchill persuade Roosevelt to accept it 2 long the USSR agree not inte {rece where the Bish were altepting o prevent the Communiss taking over Stalin acpi this. Iscemed that, although the could not al agree, they were stil able to negotiate and do business with one another SOURCE We argued freely and frankly across the table. Buta he end on every point smantious agreement was reached... We know, of cours, that i was Hier’ bope and the German ‘war lords' hope that we would not agree — tha some slight crack might appear in the. val of allied nity... Bu Hier bas failed. Never before bave tbe major ales been mor closely united — not only in their war aims but also in their peace aims. Extract from President Roosevelt's report to the US Congress on the Yalta Conferend SOURCE Trav always worked for friendsbip with Rusia but, Ie you, [fel cgp aneity because ‘heir misinderpretation of the Yalta decisions, their attitude towards Poland, their ‘overubelming influence in the Balkans excepting Grece, tbe cificulis they make abo Viena, te combination of Russian power and the territories under their control or occupied, coupled withthe Communist echrique in so many otber counties, anc ab alder power to maintain very large Armies in the fll for along time. What wil be ‘postion in a year or two? Eatract rom a telegram sent by Prime Minister Church to Present in Ma SOURCE TIEM PIED ey 10} aWEIA o sem OU 6) or a radio aucionce ‘om the period. Descrit 2 Yaa Su otion for Source 6 which tells readers a tle more about Yala n Part 2: The Cold War, 1945-75 What was going on behind the scenes at Yalta? The war agaiast Hitler had united Roosevelt, Stalin and Churchill and at the Yalta Conference they appeared to get on well. Source 7 illustrates the ‘publ ’as going on behind the scene Yalta, But what eof Sources &-17 will helo you decide. Use a table lke ths to analyse the sources, evidence for Evidence for Reasons why the source disagreement. ‘agreement. is reliable or unreliable SOURCE J SOURCE g a {want to drink fo our alliance, that i ps you think thal just because we are the ales ofthe Bnglsb we have forgoten whd should not lose its... intimacy, itsfree they are and who Churchill is. There's motbing they like better than to trick their ales. expression of views. [know of no such Dring the First World War bey constantly tried the Russians and the French. nd clase alliance of tree Great Powers as this May it be strong and stable, may we be as frank as posible. Stalin, proposing a toast at a dinner at the Yalta Conference, 1945. SOURCE Q In the hallway fat Yala] we stopped before a map ofthe Soviet Union was coloured in ln waved ‘is band over the Soviet Union and laimed, They [Roasevelt and Chur] tnill never accep the idea that so great a should be red, never, never! spac Milovan Djlas writing about Yalta in 1948, SOURCE 4 4 ‘The Soviet Union bas become a danger io the free world. An must be created against her onward sweep. This front should be as far ea as possible. A setlement must be reached on all major ween West and East én Burope armies of democracy melt Churchill writing to Roosevelt shortly after the Yalta Conference. SOURCE 43 {as Yalta] Church twas foo pro-Russian. He presed for a French zone to be added tothe otber three toadd another that Roosevelt ti-Russian voice tothe ‘armies of occupati Written by Christopher Culpin in 2 school textbook, The Modern World, 1984. Churchill? Curchil is he kind of man who wil pick your pocket ofa kopeck! [4 kopeck i {ow value Soviet coin.] And Roosevelt? Roosevelt is not like tat He dips in bis hand on ns, But Churchil? He will do it for a hopeck, bigger 0 Stalin speaking to @ fellow Communist, Milovan Djilas, in 1945. Dilas was supporter of ial SOURCE 4. Q— - - (Once, Churchill asked Stalin to send him the mesic ofthe new Soviet Russian anthem s that it could be broadas before the summary ofthe news from the Soviet German from. Stalin sent the words {as wel] anal espresed the bope that Churchill would set abou learning the new tune and whistling it to members ofthe Conservative Party. While Sai behaved with relative cisretion with Roosevelt, be continually teased Churchill throws ‘be war. Written by Soviet historian Sergei Kudryashov after thew SOURCE — SOURCE 4.4 OPERATION UNTHINKABLE REPORT BY THE JOINT PLANNING STA We have examined Operation Undinkabl. As instructed, we have taken ibe following casumptions on which to base our examination. (Great Britain and the United States have full assistance from the Polish armed forces cand cant cownt upon the use of German manpower and what remains of German industrial capacity Cuwing othe special need for secrecy, the normal staff in Service Ministries have not ns consulted, onjeer The overall or politcal object sto impose upon Russa the wil ofthe United States and british Empire. The only way we can achieve ur object wih certainty and lasting sis by victory in a total war, Extract from a top secret document called Operation Unthinkable. It was presented by the Army Chiefs to Churchil in May 1945 but the research and planning had been ‘aking place during the Yalta Conference. Churchill rejected the idea SOURCE 45 (One night Stalin tung Churebill when proposing a toast by reminding Churchill of bis failures at Gallipoli in the First World War Another night Churchill declared (wbils slightly drunk) that be deserved a medal for leaching the Soviet army to fight so well trough the intervention at Archangel, ‘The Soviet Foreign Minister Molotov writing about Yalta. In 1915 Churchill had been responsible fora failed attack at Galipoli (see page 245). In 1918 Churchill had supported the British decision to send troops to Archangel to help inthe fight against the ‘Communists in the Russian Cv War (see page 318). SD ao SOURCE 4G _ (One could see that Churchill bad left a deep impression om the Soviet leaders as «a farsighted and dangerous statesman — although they did not like bm. Nilovan Djlas comments, in 1948, on Stalin's assessment of Churchill, SOURCE 477. [In May 1945] Churchill ordered ‘Montgomery o heap tbe German arms ‘ntact, in case they bad tobe used against the Russians. Written by historian Hugh Higgins in The “Cold War, 1974. 2 Drawa diagram like this and use Sources 7-17 to summarise what ‘each of the leaders thought of the other. 3 sit possible to tell from these ‘extracts what Stain and Churchill really felt about each other? Explain your answer. 4 How do Sources 7-17 affect your impression of the Yalta Conference? 5 Write three sentences to sum up the main concerns of each of the Big Three at Yalta. Use the text and Sources 7-17. Part 2: The Cold War, 1945-75 74 41 Source 18s tobe usd in a newspaper in ‘Api! 1945. Write a caption to go with it source 4g) _ This war isnot asin the past; whoever occupies a teritory also impases on it bis cw socal system. Everyone imposes bis ‘wen system as far as bis army bas power to doo, It carmot be otberwise Stalin speaking, soon after the end of the Second World War, about the take-over of eastern Europe. source 2Q a Poland bas borders with tbe Soviet Union which i no tbe case with Great Britain or the USA. Ido not know wheter a truly representative government bas been eslablisbed in Greece. The Soviet Union was nt consulted when this government was being forme, nor did it claim the right to interfere because i realises bo important Groce ist the security of Great Briain Stalin, replying to Alied leaders about hs plans for Poland in April 1945. Britain had helped to prop up an anti-Communist ‘government in Greece (see page 76). 2 Read Source 19, At Yalta, Churchil and Roosevelt had agreed with Stalin that eastern Europe would be a Soviet ‘sphere of influence. Do you think Source 19 is what they had in mind? 3. Would they agree with Stalin's views expressed in Sources 19 and 207 Explain your ans 4 Explain how each of the three developments described in the text might affect relationships at Potsdam, The Potsdam Conference, July-August 1945 In May 1945, thtee months after the Yalta Conference, Allied troops reached Belin. Hitler committe suicde, Germany surrendered, The war in Europe was wor source 4g ‘A second conference of the Alia leaders was aranged fr July 1945 in the Berlin suburb of Potsdam, ower inthe five months since Yalta a number of changes had taken place which would greatly aft eationshis between the ears 1 Stalin's armies were occupying most of eastern Europe Soviet troops had liberated county after county in eastem Europ, but instead of withdrawing his tops Stalin had et them thee By Jl, Stalin's tops efectively controled the Baltic tates, Finland, Poland, Czechoslovaki, Hungary, Bulgaria and Romania, and refuges wer feing out of these countries Fearing a Communist take-over. Stalin hast up Communist government in Poland, ignoring the wishes ofthe majority of Poles. Britain and the USA protested but Stalin fended his action (Se Source 20). He insisted that his conta of eastem Europe was a defensive measure against pose future attacks (se Sourve 23). 2 America had a new president On 12 April 1945, President Roosevelt died. He was replaced by his Vie-President, Hanry’‘Truman. Truman was very diferent man from Roose He was moch mor ant Gmmunist han Roost and was very sspiosofSlin. Truman and is advisers saw Soi actos in stern aoe as peaaion fora Soviet take-over the est of Europe 3 The Allies had tested an atomic bomb (n 16 July 1945 the Americans succesfully tested an atomic bomb ata desert site inthe USA. At the stat ofthe Potsdam Conference, Truman informed Stalin about it Why did the USA-USSR alliance begin to breakdown in 1945? under heli has ke vote srry thee | agen toa atin 45 Reales 5 Rene the USA 5 Addons by te USee [: Msunderencngs 5 How do Sources 22 and 23 der in their interpretation of Stalin's actions? ‘6 Explain why they se tings so diferent, Disagreements at Potsdam ‘The Potstam Conference finaly got underway on 17 uly 1945. Not surprisingly, it didnot go as, smoothly as alta, Inuly there was an election in Bain, Church was defeated, so half way trough the conference he was replaced by anew Prime Minister, Clement Nite. Inthe absence of Churchill, the conference vas dominated by vary and suspicion between Stalin and Truman, A number of sues arose on which nether sie seemed able to appreciate the othe’ pont of view + ‘They disagreed over what to do about Germany. Stalin wanted to ripple Germany completely to prec the USSR against future threats Truman didnot want o repeat the mistake of the Treaty of Yess + They disagreed over reparations, Twenty million Russians had died in the war and the Sovet Union had been devastated Stalin wanted compensation from Germany. Truman, however, was once again determined not to repeat the mistakes atthe end ofthe Fist Wodd War and resisted this demand «+ They disagreed over Soviet policy in eastern Europe, A Yalta, Stalin had won agreement fom the ‘Alcs that he could set up pro-Soviet governments in eastern Europe, He sid, ‘Ifthe Slav (the majority feast European] people are united, no one wll dare move a finger agains ther, Truman became very unhappy about Russian intentions and soon adopted “get tough’ attitude towan Stalin The ‘iron curtain’ ‘The Potsdam Conference ended without complete agreement on these issues. Over the next nine months, Stalin achieved the domination of eastem Europe that he was seeking. By 1946 Poland, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria and Albania ll had Communist goverment which owed thei loyalty to Stalin. Churchill described the border between Sove-controled counties and the West a anion curtain (see Source 2). The name stack SOURCE 2.4 Daily Mail, 6 March 1946. SOURCE 2D A shadow bas fallen upon the scenes so lately lighted by the ‘Allied victor: From Stetin om the Baltic to Triste on the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended. Bebina that line lie all ibe sates of central andl eastern Europe. The Communist partes have been raised 0 power far beyond their numbers and are seeking everywbere fo obtain totalitarian control This i certainly not the berated Europe we fought to build. Nor f one which allows permanent peace. Winston Churchil speaking inthe USA, in the presence of President Truman, March 1946. source 3 Tho following circumstances should not be forgotten, The Germans made their invasion ofthe USSR through Finland, Poland and Romania, The Germans were able fo ‘maike their invasion throug these cotentries because, atthe time, governments hostile fo the Soviet Union exited in these counties. What can tere be surprising about te fact that the Soviet Union, anions fr is fudere sey, i trying {0 se (ait hat governments loyal in their attitude tothe Soviet Union should exist in these countries? tron Curtain’ speech, in the _____ Stalin, repving to Churchils speech (Source 22) 4 Study Source 24 and make a is ofthe Soviet expansion into eastern Europe acon hat Communists ook acre the ears fll the Second World Wa, Stalin was determined that he would not be 2 Explain how each factor helped. attacked again through eastem Europe. Source 24 shows how he extended Soviet power across easter Europe, SOURCE D4 a Key ‘ey — >) cmmuistconated The Ales od aver te USSR cont) _) | Ate he war he Communists jones) soermas Wheaten accrel Gemery't (>| aceltongnerimer. fen becane N Goannin be Sotchccray ner | MN aes 47 whe ey ' (77) ounces wich wee fa imy conc cea |_| 4 henonConmnst edo | 1) errs fe USS ‘he Garman Doroerae Renae ee henge Seca ie (1948, ‘Communit became th gest Sale ory ne 1947 secon ‘he nptone poston. rita, on alates Church war 181945 a Camunst selected Pre | Bisa te 9 let cation. {947 te Commas ‘io aboisoa he rnonre _[Alefewig coalition won | ists 1846 Conmntsbecane | iy | eres sgt por out stn | alton nS, wen re poston ——~ ‘ae treater ty Doane eer resend made Czechoslovakia & Commanct reser sate ‘Arg cotton wor tetora 1948 The Conmuit member fe 1A | coaton ten exe he | eer fe ter ae ‘Both France and aly had strong | Corman artis ae pe OSA Brain nd te USA snporid | ial Toad are x | Berman [feateceoibe Nase etc veces] S eid ein [fetaaeSt vere oe ey rte Semediaiiemransns |_| Seruresgip syst tote Fon ees : eae aS |_| tw rt ee ‘The Communists in eastern Europ Stalin tightens his control ‘With Communist governments established throughout eastem Europe, Stalin gradually tightened his control in each coun anyone who o mmunist rule, or might Sodas Pedic oe contol in each country. The secret polie imprisoned anyone wo opposed Communist rule, or migh Stuation in eastern Europe. Your report | oases ater dat should mention: ‘In October 1947, Stalin se up the Communist Information Bureau, or Cominform, to + the Communist successes in eastern | —cn-oninate the work ofthe Communist Parties of easter Europe. Comingorm regularly brought the Europe betwen 1945 and 1848 ard | jae ach Crm Pao Maa biel Sin anise This + Stalin's plan for eastern Europe Stalin to keep clase ee on them. He spotted independent-minded leaders and replaoed them with ' the methods being used by Stalin to -who were completely loyal to him. The only Communist leader who escaped this clase control was Ti i h ‘Yugrslavia. He resented being controlled by Cominfoem and was expelled fr his hestility in 1958 How did the USSR gain control of eastern Europe by 1948? Its 1948. Produce a briefing paper to control eastern Europe ‘* whether you think the USA should be {" worted SOURCE inless Reuss faced with an iron fist and trong language another wari the ‘making. Only one language do they understand — ‘ow many farms] alivisions have you got?”.. mt tired of babying the Soviets. President Truman, writing to his Secretary of State in January 1946. SOURCE 9G {fer all the efforts that bave been made and he appeasement that we followed to tr and 1 area friendly settlement, not only the Soviet government not prepared lo co- opera with antynon-Comanuatt government in eastern Europe, but itis ely preparing fo extend its bold over the raining part of continental Burope and, quently, over tbe Middle East and no dou the Far Bast as wel. ober words, plysical control of Europe and Asia and eventual control ofthe whole world is what Saini ating at —no les thing than that, Te immensity ofthe aim should not betray us into thinking that it cannot be cacieved, Extract from a report by the British Foreign Secretary tothe British Cabinet in March 1948. The tite of the report was The Threat to Ciuilsation’ Whats your overall impression of Source 25: 2 easonable assessment of Stalin's aims based on the facts {an overreaction to Stalin's ams based on fear and prejudice agains the USSR? Use exacts from the source to support yout Source 26 sa Bish source, Does it seem lly a simlar documents were being educa bythe American goverament? ite your own definition of the term "Cold Wr sight appear na hisoea dictiona: i baie 6 Make 3 Source 27 the citisms ofthe USA in Why did the tensions between the Allies turn into a Cold War? ‘You can see from Source 25 that by 1946 the wartime friendship between the Ales had broken down, ‘A Soure 26 shons by 1948 it had hen replaced by suspicion and accusation. The distrust between the USA and the USSR wassoonso peat that leaders were talking in public about the threat of war between the tro countries. Instead of runing dow arms expenditure afer the war as you would expect them to, the to sides actully increase ther stock of weapons SOURCE D7 _ ‘A Soviet cartoon of 1947. The ‘ordinary American’ is asking the American General Eisenhower wiy there is So much American miitary activity focused in an uninhabited area, The General says: ‘Cant you see the enormous concentration of enemy - forces right here? Each sie took every opportunity to denounce the policies or the plans of the other. propaganda war developed. n this atmosphere of tension and rcrimination, people began to talk about Cold Wa This Cold War was gong to lst for 30 yeas and would dominate eatons between the countries for much ofthat time ‘But why dd it happen this way? As you have sen there was tension and suspicion inthe 19205 ‘and 1930s but thee had not been a Cold Wa. The differing belie ofthe USA and the USSR were important, ofcourse, but there were some other important ferences between the 1940s and those caer periods. The USA andthe USSR had emerged rom the war asthe two ‘superpowers Inthe 1930s other ‘ours such as Britain and France had been as important in international afar. However the war had finally demoved Britain and France to a second division, They wee not big enough, rch enough or strong enough to exercise real international leadership. Only the USA an the USSR were able odo this. They were the superpowers The USA was well aware tata responsibility was attached to being a superpower. In the 1930s the UA had followed a policy of slation — keeping out of European and word afar. The Americans might have disapproved of Soret Communism, but they red not to get involved. Hower, by the 1940 the tS ha leameda lesson, They didnot want o repeat the mistakes they had made before the Second World War. Roosevelt had set the Americans finnly agains pole ofslation, In Nec 45 he sai to the American Congress that America ‘wl have to take the responsibility for word collaboration ar we shall have to bea the responsibilities for another world confi. There would be no more appeasement of dictators. From now on, every Communist action woul meet an American reaction Renee 41 Do Sources 28 and 29 have the same message? Part 2: The Cold War, 1945-75 The reaction of the USA armed by Stalin take-over of eastern Europe. Roosevelt, Churchill and thot suoesors had accepted that Soviet seesity needed findly goverment in este Europe ‘They had agred that exstem Europe would bea Soviet ‘sphere f influence’ and that Stalin would beat influence thi eon, However, they had not expected such complete Communist domination They flit should have been posible to have governments in eastern rope that were bath enmocratic and fiend tothe USSR. Sain sw his poly in eastem Europes making himself secure, but Truman could only see the spread of Communi, The Westem powers wer source 9 Pht A French cartoon commenting on Stalin's take-over of eastern ‘An American cartoon commenting on Stalin's take-ov Europe. The dancing figure is Stalin. Look at Sources 28 and 29. Design or describe a Soviet cartoon or poster commenting on the USSR's actions k coud attack the attitudes ofthe We justly and explain Soviet actions, 78 eastern Europe, The bear represents the US' By 1948, Greece and Czechoslovakia were the only eastem European countries not controll by Communist governments, It semed to the Americans thst not only Greece and Coecheslovakia but even Italy and France were vulnerable to Communist take-over Events in two ofthese counties we to havea decisive effect on America’s policy towards Europe. Greece \hen the Gennans eat fom Greece in 14, there were to al groups ~the monarchs the Communists — who wane to rule the count Both had been invoked in resistance agaist Nazis Th Communi wanted Greece oe Soviet republic. The monarchist wanted the ui the king of Gree. Church sn Bris rps to Gree in 1945 suppose to help soe ok supers fe eto. In fay, the Brith suppor he monarchs and the King vase topo 11 1986 the USR protested tothe United Nations that Bish tops were threat to peel Gree. The United Nations tok no ction and so the Communist tried t take eon of Gee force. Ail war quick developed. The British could no fond the os of such aa announced on 24 February 1947 that thy were withdraving tei trop. Truman tp bythe Americans, sre Bish troops stayed in Gree. They ret prop up the king’ By 1950 the royals vere in contol of Gees, although they were ey weak gover cris SOURCE 3Q) 1 believe that it must be te policy ofthe United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed ‘minorities om by ouside pressures... The free peoples ofthe world look to us for support in maintaining thase freedoms. {fe falter n our leadersbip, we may «endanger the peace ofthe world. President Truman speaking on 12 March 1947, explaining his decision to help Greece. Make a poster summarising the Trurnan octrine in Source 30, Incude a short Homeless people Cost of rebuilding damaged homes Damage caused by wr to nrastructure 20s, brdges, ete) # Which of the problems shown in Source 31 10you thnk would be the most urgent for Marsal Aid to tackle? Explain your choice. Eaplain how event in both Greece and Gaechosovaka afected mean poly in Europe. ea The Truman Doctrine ‘American nterention in Greece marked anew era inthe USA attitude to world polis, which became known athe Truman Doxtrine ‘Under the Truman Doctrine, the USA was prepared to send money, equipment and advice to any country which was, inthe American view, threatened by a Communist take-over Truman accepted tat easter Europe was now Communist. His aim wast stop Communism from spreading any further. This policy beeame known as containment Others thought containment should mean something ime. They sad tha it must be made clear tothe Soviet Union that expansion beyond a given limit would be met with military force The Marshall Plan ‘Truman believed that Communism suceeded when people faced poverty and hardship. He ent the American General George Nashall oases the enonomic tate of Burope. Wha he found was a ruined economy, The counties of Europe owed $115 billion tothe USA. There were extreme shortages fall gods Most countries wer sil atoning bread. Tere was such a.coal shortage in the hard winter of 1947 that in Britain allele was tamed off for apio each day. Churchill

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