Psychology

Of Handicap
9
Dr. Mohammed El-sayed
Intellectual Disability
(id)
CHARACTERISTICS
‫تكليف‬

Defining and Measuring Children’s

Intelligence and Adaptive Behavior
• Binet and Simon (1900s)
Mandated by the French government to identify schoolchildren who
might need special help in school.
Developed the first intelligence tests
Measure judgment and reasoning of school children
(Stanford-Binet scale).
 ID Definition
• General intellectual functioning is now defined by an
intelligence quotient (IQ)
• ID is no longer defined on the basis of IQ.
• Level of adaptive functioning is also important
• Adaptive functioning: how effectively individuals cope with
ordinary life demands and how capable they are of living
independently.
 Features of Intellectual Disabilities
• Clinical description - considerable range of abilities and
interpersonal qualities.
– DSM-5 diagnostic criteria
• Deficits in intellectual functioning.
• Concurrent deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning.
• Below-average intellectual and adaptive abilities must be evident
prior to age 18.
 Diagnostic Criteria for Intellectual Disability
• DSM-5 defines intellectual disabilities as neurodevelopmental
disorders that begin in childhood and are characterized by
intellectual difficulties as well as difficulties in conceptual, social,
and practical areas of living. The DSM-5 diagnosis of ID requires
the satisfaction of three criteria:
1- Deficits in intellectual functioning—“reasoning, problem
solving, planning, abstract thinking, judgment, academic learning,
and learning from experience”—confirmed by clinical evaluation and
individualized standard IQ testing.
 2- Deficits in adaptive functioning that significantly hamper
conforming to developmental and sociocultural standards for the
individual's independence and ability to meet their social responsibility;
and
3- The onset of these deficits during childhood.
 Severity Level
Mild, Moderate, Severe, & Profound
 MILD
• About 85% of persons with ID.
• Typically not identified until early elementary years.
• Develop social and communication skills.
• Live successfully in the community as adults with
appropriate supports.
 MODERATE
• About 10% of persons with ID.
• Usually identified during preschool years.
• Applies to many people with Down syndrome.
• Benefit from vocational training
• Can perform supervised unskilled or semiskilled work in
adulthood
 SEVERE
• About 3%-4% of persons with ID
• Often associated with organic causes
• Usually identified at a very young age
– Delays in developmental milestones and visible physical
features are seen
• May have mobility or other health problems
– Need special assistance throughout their lives
– Live in group homes or with their families
 PROFOUND
• About 1%-2% of persons with ID.
• Identified in infancy.
• Learn only the rudimentary communication skills
• Require intensive training for:
– Eating, toileting, and dressing behaviors.
• Require lifelong care and assistance.
 Prevalence
• Approximately 1-3% of population
(depending on cutoff)
• More prevalent among children of lower
SES, especially for mild cases.
Characteristics
 Motivation
• What Is Motivation?
Motivation is the process that initiates, guides, and
maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes you to
act, whether it is getting a glass of water to reduce thirst or
reading a book to gain knowledge.
 ID MOTIVATION
• Many children with mild ID are able to learn and attend
regular schools.
• Often susceptible to feelings of helplessness and
frustration in their learning environments.
• Children who have mild ID are able to stay on task and
develop goal-directed behavior.
– With stimulating environments and caregiver support.
 Language and Social Behavior
– There is considerable delay in expressive language
development; expressive language is weaker than receptive
language.
 …Language and Social Behavior
• Fewer signals of distress for near with primary
caregiver.
• Delayed development of self-recognition.
• Deficits in social skills; can lead to rejection by peers.
 Emotional and Behavioral Problems
– Lack of communication skills.
• Most common psychiatric diagnoses:
– Impulse control disorders, anxiety disorders, and mood
disorders.
• Mood disorders in adolescence are common.
 …Emotional and Behavioral Problems
• ADHD-related symptoms are common
• Self-injurious behavior (SIB)
– Can be life-threatening.
 Other Physical and Health Disabilities
• Health and development are affected.
• Life expectancy for individuals with Down syndrome is
now approaching 60 years.
Chronic Health Conditions Among Children With
Intellectual Disabilities
 oppositional deviant disorder
• If your child or teenager has a frequent and persistent pattern of anger,
irritability, arguing, defiance or vindictiveness toward you and other
authority figures, he or she may have oppositional defiant disorder (ODD).
 Causes
• Scientists cannot account for most cases, especially
the milder forms.
• Genetic or environmental causes are known for almost
two-thirds of individuals with moderate to profound ID
 Prenatal, Perinatal, and Postnatal Causes
• Prenatal: genetic disorders and accidents in the womb.
• Perinatal: prematurity and anoxia.
• Postnatal: meningitis and head trauma.
 The Two-Group Approach
• There are two groups with intellectual disabilities
• Organic group – there is a clear biological basis
– Associated with severe and profound ID.
• Cultural-familial group – there is no clear organic basis
– Associated with mild ID.
 Dr.
Mohammed

Thank you
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