DRAFT FOR DEVELOPMENT |

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Testing aggregates Ð |
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Method for the |
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assessment of |
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alkali-silica reactivity Ð |
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Potential accelerated |
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mortar-bar method |
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ICS 91.100.15 |
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NO COPYING WITHOUT BSI PERMISSION EXCEPT AS PERMITTED BY COPYRIGHT LAW
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 DD 249:1999

Committees responsible for this

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Draft for Development

The preparation of this Draft for Development was entrusted by Technical
Committee B/502, Aggregates, to Subcommittee B/502/6, Test methods, upon which
the following bodies were represented:

British Civil Engineering Test Equipment Manufacturers Association

British Geological Survey
County Surveyors' Society
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions Ð Represented by the
Building Research Establishment
Department of the Environment, Transport and the Regions Ð Highways Agency
Quarry Products Association
UK Steel Association
United Kingdom Accreditation Service

This Draft for Development,

having been prepared under the
direction of the Sector
Committee for Building and Civil
Engineering, was published under
the authority of the Standards
Committee and comes into effect
on 15 June 1999

 BSI 06-1999 Amendments issued since publication

Amd. No. Date Comments

The following BSI references

relate to the work on this
standard:
Committee reference B/502/6

ISBN 0 580 282848

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 DD 249:1999

Contents

Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword ii
1 Scope 1
2 Normative references 1
3 Terms and definitions 1
4 Principle 1
5 Apparatus 1
6 Reagents and materials 2
7 Storage solution 2
8 Sampling 2
9 Preparation of test aggregate 2
10 Preparation of test specimens 2
11 Test procedure 3
12 Calculations and classification 4
13 Test report 4
Annex A (informative) Aggregate combinations for testing 5
Annex B (informative) Estimate of precision 5
Annex C (normative) Classification criteria 6
Bibliography 7
Table 1 Ð Grading requirements for the test aggregate 2
Table B.1 Ð Critical ranges and reproducibility limits for the accelerated mortar-
bar method when a test result is obtained as the mean expansion of three bars
from one mortar batch 6
Table C.1 Ð Classification criteria 6

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 DD 249:1999

Foreword

This Draft for Development has been prepared by Subcommittee B/502/6. It describes
an accelerated method for the assessment of the alkali- reactivity potential of siliceous
aggregates.
This test is a development of a similar procedure established first by the NBRI in South
Africa (Oberholster and Davies 1986) [1], later published as a proposed method by the
ASTM in the USA (ASTM P214) and now available as ASTM C1260- 94 [2]. A similar
method is also being developed by RILEM Technical Committee TC-106 (Nixon P J,
Sims I) [3].
Annexes A and B are informative and annex C is normative.
This document does not purport to include all necessary provisions of a contract.
Users are responsible for their correct application.
This publication is not to be regarded as a British Standard.
It is being issued in the Draft for Development series of publications and is of a
provisional nature because no guidance on the interpretation of results of this method
can be given until a relationship between the results of laboratory tests and expansion
in structural concrete of normal mix proportions in normal exposure conditions is
established. Research is underway to establish such a relationship. At present
therefore, the method should not be quoted in any specification for aggregate. It should
be applied on this provisional basis, so that information and experience of its practical
application may be obtained.
A review of this Draft for Development will be carried out not later than 2 years after
its publication. Notification of the start of the review period, with a request for the
submission of comments from users of this Draft for Development, will be made in an
announcement in the appropriate issue of Update Standards.
According to the replies received, the responsible BSI Committee will judge whether
the Draft for Development can be converted into a British Standard or what other
action should be taken.
Observations which it is felt should receive attention before the official call for
comments will be welcomed.
NOTE It would be of particular assistance if any data which relates this method of test with the test
specified in BS 812-123, including information on the aggregate composition, are included in
observations.

These observations should be sent to the Secretary of BSI Technical Committee

B/502 at BSI, 389 Chiswick High Road, London W4 4AL, giving the document reference
and clause number and proposing, where possible, an appropriate revision of the text.

Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i and ii, pages
1 to 6, an inside back cover and a back cover.

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1 Scope
This Draft for Development describes a rapid
procedure for predicting the potential for expansion
of concrete caused by the alkali-silica reactivity
(ASR) of aggregates and combinations of aggregates.
The test duration is normally 16 days.
2 Normative references
The following normative documents contain
provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this Draft for Development.
For dated references, subsequent amendments to, or
revisions of, any of these publications do not apply.
For undated references, the latest edition of the
publication referred to applies.
BS 812-100, Testing aggregates Ð Part 100: General
requirements for apparatus and calibration.
BS 812-101,Testing aggregates Ð Part 101: Guide to
sampling and testing aggregates.
BS 812-102:1989, Testing aggregates Ð Part 102:
Methods for sampling.
BS 812-104, Testing aggregates Ð Part 104: Method
for qualitative and quantitative petrographic
examination of aggregates.
BS 812-123, Testing aggregates Ð Part 123: Method
for determination of alkali-silica reactivity Ð
Concrete prism method.
BS 882, Specification for aggregates from natural
sources for concrete.
BS 4551-1:1998, Methods of testing mortars, screeds
and plasters Ð Part 1: Physical testing.
ISO 5725-2-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of
measurement methods and results Ð Part 2: Basic
methods for the determination of repeatability and
reproducibility.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Draft for Development, the
terms and definitions given in BS 812-100,
BS 812-101 and BS 812-102 apply.
4 Principle
Specimens cast from a mortar mix made using the
aggregate or combination of aggregates under
assessment, after initial conditioning in hot water,
are stored in a sodium hydroxide solution at an
elevated temperature for at least 14 days (see
clause 11). This causes potentially expansive
aggregate combinations to react at a greatly
accelerated rate.
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DD 249:1999
The mortar-bar specimens are measured for
length-change after various periods of storage and
significant increases in length are taken to indicate a
potential for ASR expansion. The expansions in the
test are used to classify the potential expansivity of
the aggregate or aggregate combination.
NOTE 1 At present it is intended that this test method should be
used only to provide indicative results in advance of, and in
addition to, those obtained using the concrete prism test specified
in BS 812-123. Any apparently significant expansions obtained by
this accelerated method should be corroborated, wherever
possible, using the concrete prism test.
NOTE 2 Expansions obtained in this test are taken to be caused
by ASR. However, the cause of expansion can only be confirmed
by the microscopic examination of test specimens by a
petrographer experienced in the diagnosis of ASR.
NOTE 3 In many cases, it will be desirable to conduct the test
on a range of proportions of the aggregate combination under test,
depending upon the petrographic composition of the aggregate
material under consideration. Further guidance on this matter is
given in annex A.
5 Apparatus
5.1 General
All apparatus shall conform to the general
requirements of BS 812-100.
5.2 Preparation equipment
5.2.1 Balance, of minimum capacity 5 kg, readable
to 2 g.
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5.2.2 Balance, of minimum capacity 100 g, readable
to 0.01 g.
5.2.3 Mixing equipment, as specified in
BS 4551-1:1998, 5.3.
5.2.4 Moulds, for casting mortar-bars (25.0 ± 0.5)
mm2 cross-section and (250 ± 1) mm in length. The
end surfaces of the moulds shall have holes in the
centres for insertion or mounting of the stainless
steel reference studs used for length measurements;
the reference studs shall be as specified in
BS 812-123.
5.2.5 Compacting bar, as detailed in
BS 4551-1:1998, 12.2.1.2.
5.3 Testing equipment
5.3.1 Storage containers, of such a size that up to
four mortar-bars can be totally immersed in the
water or sodium hydroxide solution. The containers
shall be made of a material than can withstand
without change prolonged exposure to a
combination of 80 8C and 1 M sodium hydroxide
solution. The containers shall be so constructed that,
when used for storing specimens, the loss of
moisture is prevented by tight-fitting lids, preferably
without additional sealing.
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 DD 249:1999
The specimens immersed and stored horizontally
within the container shall be supportable, such that
the solution has access to all surfaces of the
specimens and the specimens neither touch each
other nor the sides of the container, and there is a
minimum all-round clearance of 5 mm for each
specimen. A suitable arrangement shall be used for
supporting the specimens in places and at least 5 mm
above the bottom of the container.
NOTE Suitably sized plastics food-storage containers which are
manufactured (including their lids) to be usable in microwave
ovens are usually found to be suitable for use in this test.
5.3.2 Forced draught oven, with temperature
control maintaining (80 ± 2) 8C throughout the
working space.
5.3.3 Temperature-recording equipment, capable of
keeping a continuous record of the temperature at
one point within the storage facility (see 5.3.2).
5.3.4 Length comparator, including suitable
reference rods as specified in BS 812-123.
NOTE In view of the test conditions associated with this
method, digital electronic gauges are to be preferred over
mechanical gauges.
6 Reagents and materials
6.1 Portland cement, of PC Class 42.5 and having a
total alkali content (calculated as Na2O + 0.658 K2O)
of (1.0 ± 0.1) %.
NOTE Suitable sources of cement have been identified by RILEM
TC-106.
6.2 Distilled or deionized water.
6.3 Analytical reagent grade sodium hydroxide.
7 Storage solution
To prepare an appropriate quantity of 1 M sodium
hydroxide solution, using the sodium hydroxide and
distilled or deionized water, fully dissolve 40 g NaOH
in approximately 900 ml of distilled or deionized
water, then allow to cool and make up to 1 l using
distilled or deionized water. Ensure that:
a) the volume of sodium hydroxide solution in the
storage container is at least 750 ml for each
mortar-bar specimen;
b) each specimen has 5 mm all-round clearance
and is covered to a depth of at least 10 mm
(see 11.2).
WARNING Sodium hydroxide solution is a highly
caustic material, particularly at 80 8C, and it is
imperative that adequate precautions should be
taken at all times to protect the operator's eyes and
exposed skin.
8 Sampling
8.1 The laboratory aggregate sample shall be taken
in accordance with the procedures specified in
BS 812-102:1989, clause 5.
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8.2 The laboratory aggregate sample shall be
reduced to approximately 3 kg by one of the
procedures described in BS 812-102:1989, clause 6.
9 Preparation of test aggregate
9.1 Fine aggregate
Prepare materials proposed for use as fine aggregate
in concrete, by washing and sieving to comply with
the grading given in Table 1, with a minimum of
crushing as necessary to eliminate over-sized
particles and/or to supplement the quantities
required for the size fractions stipulated in Table 1.
NOTE 1 In the case of an aggregate containing insufficient
amounts of one or more of the larger particle sizes listed in
Table 1, and if no larger material is available for crushing, the first
size in which sufficient material is available should contain the
cumulative percentage of material down to that size, as
determined from the grading specified in Table 1.
NOTE 2 In the case of fine aggregates which conform to the
grading requirements of BS 882, sieving for compliance with
Table 1 after washing is not necessary. However, the grading in
Table 1 should be used for comparative or reference cases.
9.2 Coarse aggregate
Prepare materials proposed for use as coarse
aggregate in concrete, by crushing, washing and
sieving to produce a representative graded fine
aggregate conforming to the grading given in Table 1.
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Table 1 Ð Grading requirements
for the test aggregate
Sieve size % by dry mass passing
mm
5 100
2.36 90
1.18 65
0.600 40
0.300 15
0.150 0
10 Preparation of test specimens
10.1 Introduction
Samples of fine aggregate and coarse aggregate
prepared in accordance with 9.1 and 9.2 shall be
used to prepare test specimens in one or more of the
following ways:
a) separately to assess the potential for reactivity
of the material on its own;
b) as a coarse:fine blend representing a proposed
coarse:fine aggregate combination;
c) as part of a range of coarse:fine aggregate
proportions designed to investigate possible
pessimum behaviour for a particular combination.
NOTE Further guidance on the testing of a range of aggregate
combinations, depending upon petrographic composition, is given
in annex A.
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10.2 Conditioning
The mortar mixing and specimen casting shall be
carried out in a room having an atmosphere
maintained at (20 ± 5) 8C and greater than 50 %
relative humidity.
10.3 Test specimens
Proportion the dry materials for the test mortar
using 1 part of cement to 2.25 parts of the graded
aggregate by mass.
NOTE For each mix prepare sufficient material for making four
specimens (600 g of cement and 1 350 g of the aggregate prepared
in accordance with clause 9 should be sufficient).
10.4 Mortar mix
Prepare the mortar mix in accordance with
BS 4551-1, using a water/cement ratio of (0.47 ± 0.02).
NOTE 1 Trials in North America have indicated better precision
in the method using a fixed water/cement ratio rather than a
constant workability.
NOTE 2 For record purposes, the flow of the mortar mix may be
determined in accordance with BS 4551-1:1998, 5.4, on part of the
mix. The portion used for the flow test should then be replaced in
the bowl and mixed into the remainder of the mortar
for 30 seconds.
Cast at least four mortar-bar specimens (A, B, C
and D) from each test mix. Each mortar-bar
mould shall be filled and the mortar compacted,
finished and cured in accordance with the
procedure for making mortar prisms described in
BS 4551-1:1998, 12.2.6.
NOTE 3 The interior mould surface may be pre-treated with a
suitable mould release agent, providing it is of a variety which will
not in any way affect cement setting and will not leave any
residue on cast specimen surfaces which will inhibit the
absorption of moisture by that specimen. The type of any mould
release agent used should be recorded for reference.
11 Test procedure
11.1 After curing in the moulds for (24 ± 2) h at
(20 ± 5) 8C remove each specimen from its mould
and, whilst maintaining at (20 ± 5) 8C and protecting
the specimen from loss of moisture, indelibly identify
the specimen and indelibly mark orientation (to
ensure the specimen is always measured the same
way up).
11.2 Place the set of four mortar-bar specimens
made from each test mix into a single storage
container, allowing a space of at least 5 mm around
all mortar-bar surfaces, with enough distilled or
deionized water at (20 ± 5) 8C to totally immerse the
specimens.
NOTE The water should cover the upper specimen surfaces to a
depth of at least 10 mm.
Seal and place the container in an oven at (80 ± 2) 8C
for a period of (24 ± 2) h.
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11.3 On the day the specimens are demoulded,
place the comparator and its reference rod in the
room, maintained at (20 ± 2) 8C, in which
measurements are to be made. For all subsequent
measurements, place the comparator and its
reference rod in the measuring room the day before
measurements are to be made in order to allow the
instruments to assume the temperature of the room's
atmosphere. Carry out all measurements on the
specimens at a temperature of (20 ± 2) 8C.
11.4 Immediately before the 80 8C curing period is
complete, clean the ends of the reference rod, fit it
into the comparator and zero the instrument. In the
case of a mechanical dial gauge, take the
reading rA0.
11.5 Remove the container from the oven, then
remove the mortar-bars one at a time from the
water, in the order A, B, C and D, and quickly dry
the surfaces with a towel. Take initial comparator
readings immediately after surface drying: designate
these readings as a0, b0, c0 and d0 for mortar-bars A,
B, C and D, respectively. Complete the process of
surface-drying and taking initial readings of each bar
within (15 ± 5) s of removing the specimen from the
water. The initial readings (and all subsequent
readings) shall be recorded to the nearest 0.002 mm.
Place each measured specimen on a towel until all
the specimens in the set have been measured.
When several mortar-bar sets are being tested
together, remove containers from the oven one at a
time (i.e. only remove the second container from the
oven once the first container has been processed and
returned to the oven). Zero the comparator
immediately before each specimen is measured, or
take the reference rod reading in the case of the
mechanical gauge. Designate these latter readings as
rA0, rB0, rC0 and rD0 for specimens A, B, C and D
respectively.
NOTE Using the previously marked face for guidance, all
measurements of each mortar-bar should be taken at the same
specimen orientation.
11.6 After recording the initial readings, place the
set of four specimens into a container, allowing a
space of at least 5 mm around all mortar-bar
surfaces, with sufficient 1 M sodium hydroxide
solution, preheated to (80 ± 2) 8C, for the specimens
to be immersed totally. Ensure that the solution
covers the upper specimen surfaces to a depth of at
least 10 mm. Seal the container and return it to the
oven at (80 ± 2) 8C.
NOTE The same storage container may be used for both the
initial water immersion and for the test immersion in sodium
hydroxide solution. After this the storage solutions should be
changed. Used storage solutions should not be re-used for
subsequent tests.
3
 DD 249:1999

11.7 Determine the initial measurements from the If the percentage expansion value obtained with any
initial readings. Alternatively, calculate the initial one of the four specimens differs at 14 days from the
measurements in the following manner. For mean value by more than 15 % when the mean
specimen A, take a0 as the initial measurement A0 exceeds 0.10 %, discard the outlying result and
(digital gauge), or calculate the difference between recalculate the mean on the basis of the remaining
the readings a0 and rA0 and take this as the initial three specimens. If the results for more than one
measurement A0 (mechanical gauge). Record specimen differ from the mean value by more
measurements B0, C0 and D0 similarly. than 15 % when the mean exceeds 0.10 %, the results
of the test shall be regarded as invalid and the test
11.8 After sodium hydroxide solution immersion
shall be repeated.
periods of one, seven and 14 days, make subsequent
comparator readings of the reference rod and the Report the results for all four specimens.
specimens, using the procedures given in 11.4 and NOTE 1 In the event of one of the set of four specimens being
damaged during the test, it is permissible to use the mean of the
11.5 except that each specimen is returned to the remaining three specimens, providing the expansion exhibited by
storage container immediately after the readings none of those three specimens differs from the mean by more
have been taken. than 15 %.
The readings are designated rA1, rA7, rA14 and NOTE 2 An estimation of precision is given in annex B.
a1, a7, a14 (mechanical gauge) for specimen A, then 12.3 Use the mean expansion for a set of specimens
similarly for specimens B, C and D. Record A1, A7 at 14 days to classify the potential expansivity in
and A14 for specimen A as in 11.7 and similarly for accordance with the guidance criteria given in
specimens B, C and D. annex C.
NOTE A day in this context may be taken to be (24 ± 2) h. If any
of the readings are taken outside these limits, the period in hours
should be recorded and reported. No tolerance beyond ±2 hours is 13 Test report
permissible on the 14 day (336 h) period.
13.1 The test report shall affirm that the test was
11.9 Keep a continuous record of the temperature carried out completely in accordance with the
within the oven throughout the test period. provisions of this Draft for Development method.
Any deviation from the provisions of this Draft for
12 Calculations and classification Development method shall be detailed in the test
report.
12.1 Calculate the percentage increase in length, in
relation to the initial length, for specimen A at each 13.2 The report shall include at least the following
immersion period, in accordance with the following information:
equation: a) type and source of the test aggregate or each
A 2 A0 test aggregate in the case of combinations and
hn = n 3 100 (1) whether or not a certificate of sampling is
250
available;
where:
b) any information regarding the preparation of
hn is the percentage increase in length for the aggregate, including as-received gradings, the
specimen A after that immersion period; need or otherwise for crushing, and any
unavoidable deviations from the grading
An is the measurement for specimen A after that requirements of Table 1;
immersion period; c) class and alkali content of the cement used;
A0 is the initial measurement for specimen A. d) the mix details, including the amount of mixing
water as a percentage by mass of the cement and,
Record the result to the nearest 0.001 % as the if determined, the flow of the mortar mix;
expansion of the specimen for that period. Calculate e) date of manufacture of the specimens;
the percentage length increases of specimens B, C f) all calculated length changes and percentage
and D similarly. expansions for each specimen at each period of
12.2 Record the individual readings and the immersion;
calculated percentage expansions for each specimen g) mean expansion for the set of specimens at
for each immersion period. Calculate the mean each period of immersion and the potential
expansion for the four specimens for each expansivity classification at 14 days as determined
immersion period and report these to the from annex C;
nearest 0.01 %. NOTE These data may be additionally presented as expansion
curves.
h) any observations on the appearance of the
specimens or the storage solution during (giving
the ages at which any changes were noted) or at
the completion of the tests.
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Annex A (informative)
Aggregate combinations for testing
Before performing the accelerated mortar-bar test it is
advisable to undertake a petrographic analysis of the
test sample in accordance with the procedures given in
BS 812-104. The results from the petrographic
examination should then be used to establish a
suitable test programme such that any potentially
damaging pessimum behaviour is identified. It is
recommended that such an analysis should be carried
out by a petrographer experienced in the identification
of aggregate constituents and who is a member of the
Proficiency Scheme for Aggregate Petrographers.
A mortar with an aggregate component wholly of the
test aggregate needs to be tested if one of the
following applies:
a) the aggregate sample is composed of particles of
a single rock, sand, gravel or mineral type that
testing has previously shown not to have an
associated pessimum behaviour and it is intended to
use this aggregate unblended;
b) the reactive constituent in a single rock, sand,
gravel or mineral type is found at concentrations
outside the pessimum limits previously established
for the reactive constituent type and it is intended to
use this aggregate unblended.
Several combinations of test aggregate and non-
reactive fines will need to be tested in order to identify
any pessimum behaviour if one of the following
applies:
a) an aggregate sample is composed wholly or partly
of a rock, sand, gravel or mineral type which has
particles or mineral constituents that have, or might
have, an associated pessimum behaviour, and the
reactive constituents are found in concentrations
that are deemed to be potentially reactive;
b) it has not been established whether the rock or
mineral constituent type has or has not an
associated pessimum behaviour;
c) the sample is a blend of aggregate types where
the behaviour of the aggregates when combined is
unknown;
d) a petrographic analysis is not available.
Whilst this test may indicate any pessimum behaviour
for the aggregate combination being assessed, the
actual pessimum proportion is better quantified using
the concrete prism test (see BS 812-123).
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DD 249:1999
Annex B (informative)
Estimate of precision
An experiment to investigate the precision of the
accelerated mortar-bar test method was carried out
using three types of aggregate combination:
A : a type known to produce a high level of
expansion;
B : a type known to produce a medium level of
expansion;
C : a type known to produce a low level of
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expansion.
Six laboratories took part.
An estimate of the critical value, r0, (at the 95 %
confidence level) for the range of expansions of three
specimens from the same batch was calculated using
standard statistical procedures. In addition, the
reproducibility limit (R1) was estimated following the
principles described in ISO 5725-2. Tests for outliers
and stragglers given in ISO 5725-2 were applied to the
data and these revealed one straggler which was
retained in the calculations. The results are shown in
Table B.1.
The following equation was fitted to the expansion
results after 14 days:
r0 = 0.01 + 0.11 Xave
where:
Xave is the average expansion (Xave and r0 are
expressed as percentages).
It was not possible to fit a similar equation to the
reproducibility results.
5
 DD 249:1999

Table B.1 Ð Critical ranges and reproducibility limits for the accelerated mortar-bar method when
a test result is obtained as the mean expansion of three bars from one mortar batch
Material Number of Mean expansion Critical range Reproducibility limit
laboratories
Xave r0 R1
% % %
A 6 0.44 0.06 0.09
B 6 0.15 0.03 0.08
C 6 0.04 0.01 0.03
Key:
r0 is the critical value below which the range of the percentage expansions of three individual specimens may be expected to
lie with a probability of 95 %, when individual specimens are made from the same mortar batch and tested over the same
time interval in the same laboratory by the same operator using the same equipment.
R1 is the value below which the absolute difference between two test results may be expected to lie with a probability of 95 %,
when the bars are made from different mortar batches and tested in different laboratories by different operators using
different equipment and using different laboratory samples of the aggregate.
NOTE A test result is defined as the mean percentage expansion of four bars made from the same mortar batch.

Annex C (normative)
Classification criteria
Table C.1 gives the criteria used to classify the
potential expansivity of a set of specimens at 14 days.

Table C.1 Ð Classification criteria

Classification Mean % expansion after
immersion in NaOH
solution for 14 days
Innocuous < 0.10
Inconclusive (other 0.10 to 0.20
assessment required)
Potentially expansive > 0.20

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 DD 249:1999

Bibliography

Other documents

[1] Oberholster, R E, Davis, G. An accelerated method for testing the potential alkali reactivity of siliceous
aggregates. Cement and Concrete Research, Volume 16, 1986, pp 181-189.
[2] American Society for Testing and Materials. Standard test method for potential alkali reactivity of
aggregates (mortar-bar method). ASTM C1260-94, ASTM, Philadelphia, USA.
[3] Nixon, P J, Sims, I. Testing aggregates for alkali-reactivity, Report of RILEM TC-106. Materials and
Structures, Vol 29, No 190, 1996, pp 323-334.

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