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A. Light dependent reaction

Concept Content
Photophosphorylation
1 Activation of (1) Light energy absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules
electron (2) which release excited electrons
2 ETC (3) When these electrons pass down the electron transport chain,
energy is released in a stepwise manner;
3 ATP formation (4) Energy released is trapped by ADP and Pi to form ATP in photophosphorylation;
4 NADPH formation (5) Electrons and hydrogen ions are eventually taken up by NADP to form NADPH.
5 Location (6) They takes place in thylakoid of chloroplast
Photolysis of water
1 Products of (1) After absorption of light, some of the energy released is also used in
photolysis photolysis of water to split water into hydrogen and oxygen;
(2) The hydrogen is split into hydrogen ions and electrons which
2 Fates of products (3) Electrons fill in the chloroplast;
(4) Hydrogen ions will be used to form NADPH
(5) Oxygen is released as the by-product;

B. Light independent reaction: Calvin cycle

Concept Content
1 Carbon Carbon dioxide from the air combines with a 5-C compound to form two 3-C compounds.
fixation
2 Reduction (a) The 3-C compound is reduced to form a 3-C sugar called triose phosphate by NADPH.
Note: NADPH is a reducing agent;
(b) The energy used comes from the hydrolysis of ATP;
(c) ADP and NADP are regenerated and reused in the light dependent reactions.
3 Regeneration (a) Some triose phosphate molecules are used to regenerate the 5-C compound
to accept carbon dioxide so that the cycle can be repeated.
(b) The regeneration process requires energy from the hydrolysis of ATP.
4 Triose (a) Some triose phosphate molecules are used to regenerate the 5-C compound
phosphate (b) The rest of triose phosphate will leave the cycle for other uses;
5 Summary (a) Product: Triose phosphate formation
1 (b) Regeneration of NADP, ADP and Pi
(c) Occur in stroma of chloroplast
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LINEAR AND CREATIVE LEARNING CENTER
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C. Chloroplast outer membrane

Concept Content Inner membrane stroma

1 Thylakoid They are the flattened
membranous sacs in which
larger surface area is provided
for having more chlorophyll
Light dependent reactions
takes place;
2 Stroma There are different enzymes thylakoid
involved in Calvin cycle
granum lipid starch
1. Draw a graph to show the mechanism of light-dependent reactions. drople grain
(6 marks) t

2. Draw a graph to show the mechanism of light-independent reactions. (5 marks)

2
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LINEAR AND CREATIVE LEARNING CENTER
www.landclc.com Tel: 39973460 / 39973461

3. Compare between light dependent reaction and light independent reaction. (10 marks)
Ans:
Concept Light dependent reaction Light independent reaction
1 Site of Thylakoids of chloroplast Stroma of chloroplast
occurrence
2 Light Light dependent Light independent
requirement
3 Raw material Water Carbon dioxide
4 Process (1) Light energy is captured by chlorophyll (1) Carbon dioxide is accepted by
involved and is converted to ATP and NADPH. 5-C compound and
(2) Water is split to (2) is then reduced by NADPH
electron, hydrogen ions and oxygen. to form triose phosphate
5 Products ATP, NADPH, Oxygen Triose phosphate;
Regeneration of
5-C compound; NADP; ADP & Pi;

4. State and explain the steps for iodine test of a leaf. (8 marks)
Steps Explanation
1 Put the leaf in boiling water Kill the cells of the leaf, make the cell membrane
more permeable to chlorophyll;
2 Put it in boiling alcohol Dissolve the chlorophyll;
3 Wash it in warm water Remove the alcohol and soften the leaf
4 Dip it in iodine solution Test for starch

5. Both the biochemical pathways of the Krebs cycle and Calvin cycle involve a cyclic transformation of
metabolites. How do these cycles differ in their occurrence and in the nature of the biochemical reactions involved?
(10 marks)
Ans:
Krebs cycle Calvin cycle
Location occurs in matrix of mitochondria occurs in stroma of chloroplasts
Treatment of carbon CO2 is removed from the substrate CO2 is fixed by a 5-C compound
dioxide
Type of metabolism catabolic reactions; anabolic reactions;
i.e. organic substrate is broken down i.e. inorganic CO2 is built up
into inorganic CO2 in the cycle into organic molecules of triose phosphate
Reducing power generates reducing power uses reducing power
(NADH and such as NADH and FADH2 in the form of NADPH
NADP)
ATP ATP is produced ATP is consumed
3

6. Describe five adaptations of leaf for its functions.
Ans:
Feature
1 The flatness of the leaf Maximizes the area exposed to light
2 The thinness of the leaf Minimizes distance of light to the mesophyll; maximize the light penetration;
3 The flatness and
thinness of the leaf
4 Transparent epidermis
5 Epithelium with cuticle
6 Palisade
mesophyll cells
7 Spongy
mesophyll cells
8 Stomata
9 Vein (Vascular bundle)
4
智匯教學中心
LINEAR AND CREATIVE LEARNING CENTER
www.landclc.com Tel: 39973460 / 39973461
(10 marks)
Adaptation
Maximizes the surface per volume ratio;
so maximizes the rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide into the leaf through stomata;
Note:
In dry environments,
many plants (xerophytes) have thick and cylindrical leaves or rolled leaf margins.
These are less efficient for photosynthesis but
the lower surface / volume ratio reduces water loss.
The leaf may also be thicker because of the presence of water storage tissue.
Allow light to penetrate to chloroplasts in the photosynthetic cells.
Prevent water loss from the leaves;
(1) They are cylindrical in shape so that they are closely packed,
(2) With dense chloroplasts;
(3) Located on the upper surface;
Three features are to capture maximum light
(1) They are loosely arranged so that
(2) more air spaces are provided to facilitate gaseous exchange
for water vapour, oxygen and carbon dioxide;
(1) Control gaseous exchange and water loss by opening and closing of stomata
(2) Uneven stomatal distribution in relation to control of water loss;
* Horizontal growth of leaf:
more stomata present on lower epidermis to reduce water loss
since temperature of upper epidermis is higher under sunlight
* Vertical growth of leaf:
equal amount of stomata on both surface
* Submerged plants:
No stomata: since water and dissolved gases can diffuse directly into leaves
due to the absence of cuticle
* Floating plants:
Stomata present only on upper epidermis as water and
dissolved gases can diffuse directly into leaves through lower epidermis
since it is not covered by cuticle
(1) Provide a supporting skeleton to the leaf,
(2) keep it in fully extension for maximum light absorption.