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SUBNETTIN G :
X NeTNDRK CLASSES AND

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RULES

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VDecimal : 199-131: ||: 255

1000000 13- l|: 955 X
 DATE
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(fiust hyt o-18t)

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P addHs
deteemined

Netasok ID Hegt
Net id hostid)

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Class D ’ mlticast

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 DATE.
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binay
00000000 D0000000 00000000
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CIDR

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 DATE.

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’uhexnetting i Lombinaien Aereeol metsoks

te

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omask

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igh nost (32-n) bit te O
Toind last addsess of blockdet
ightmoAt (23-n) bita to 1.
Tota 933-5
 DATE
PAGE

’A block of adadeese u given to an exganisatien

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05.16-3738
|00|O| 00010000 0010DJ0 00Io0L

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Q05- 16-34.32

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* T ist adds i called NEENOK addres

bita 3a-n biy

* Lotnetn bit(þxehix)
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netusokk d Aabki Aamas

ConcHLaieeAubnet and divide the addsessA

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needst¹ divide he addeses jnto thee organiaalion
ub blecks of 38 16_ l6 IP adduewer

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32-1
First ub block

6
 DATE
PAGE,

3 Subblock4= 19-1a-4D0 to 19 12.4031

to
+ 16 Kubbleck 3 112-40 4 98 te 1418- 4o 63 28

’ An ISP u block of addxsues stating

ith 190-108 -o-ó |16 (65,536 addassea)
Distsibtin must be

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Recond has 2t customezs, each need 28 add
Thisd hos (28 cs tomexs, each need 64 add

932-n

190 (000 Q68 24

tone i 190- |D0| O'4 to 190 100:|: 2554

190.J00 63-855Y
 DATE
PAGE

addss
32-n

190-l00 6yo 25 to 190-/0064: 27 /26

cutomes 190: l00 sy 1a85 to 190-JD0-64:a55 5
Custome i 190 100- 650 35 to 90-100 65-D7/25

190: 100 189-12 J5

a8 customes: 190:|00 122 |28 a6 to 190/DD-\27: 355 A5

64 add youes
9 32-n

190100 128: 63 / 6
wtome : 9o l00: |2& -o to
190|00 la864 /6 to 19o f00. 188 127 /6
190100 8812? 26 to 190/00 188 191 J6
190- (00 188192 /86 to 190D 100 18 J55 6

190-/00 159255 /26

1A8CAAtom: 190 100:159 9 2 6 to
 DATE
PAGE

Pv6 addxes s

binas and eadinal olon notation

FDEC 0044 O000 0000: OO00: BOFP: DD00: FFFO
Rxamble

(abbneviated)
FDEC : 7413 BOFF 0: FFO mese abbkeNlotd)

exþand the addess o:16 :: 1 :13 : 213 to ouigixal

(ouigina)
DELIVERYfORARDING1 AND Ro0TING :

’DELIVERY :
bockik handud by the hetasoxk

2 Dndieet
 DATE
PAGE

tost (Deshination)

dseet
network

reaches i tiAal stinoTio

Qouree
Jndtinet

Routee

-pisectk
Htett
-destination
 DATE

PAGE

FORWARDING

ohen euteh 9rceies a packet it ehecks he soteng

tabl omd them pindsa Houte tor thepaet
detinatien,

Routing Table

Based en Houte Bad on nezthos

eknes nly next
Houte)ies next node
CUsKent ’ aination
[austinatien)
Hlet A Host B
R
NetwOK |Netwoek NetORk

dutination whole ue detination

Host BlR, Re, tost B| Host A
Host B RI

Hest b R, tost Bl Tabe e RI Host B Re

Host B orte at B
 DATE
PAGE

Tables

hetusokpeciie
Osach hoat
Host S Hot AU
R
N
tost D
detinaian
nexF
destination mext hop
A N2
Host S
R)

a xeutng table

meem

Table e Host A
RI
NI N destinaie next ho
NA RI
Ra (x) defoulre y oth R2
 DATE

PAGE.

3RANS POR T-AYER :

1.

* paouides paoceas to preceis Lemunatien ie

deliesy c packet to aþkepziat detinatioi

Encabsuloten vand Decapsulatien

habben at male hatbens et yeceivee dite then
te t meams, when data ais ot the ertinaen,

dat,t adds a txonahoxt.

ayu hade

packei ete
no e packet load
apaly then bansfot layer otuo

CONNECiON - ORIENTED PROTOCOL': end te md

onnectiOn.

* fou hangi af data to happe Aonnection

be don m onotion ointo.

 DATE
PAGE.

CONNECTIION - LESS PROTOcOL

AAingAny lenuetten
* Data hacket dpu ct allow delinud path
destination

Ranued Vauceeskuly so dta can be last

TR ’ Cennecton punted

uSLy Datagnam Pxotocel DP)conMectionlei

Analiable

UDP Poxmat D header

16 bita -16 bita
Roue þout nwmbee Qest: port mber
Tutad dength Checksum

+Data}t
Tetad ength =head ongth
 DATE

PAGE

*TkaMAmikionLntYel pIptocol (TCP) :

end te nd cemuecion

TCR Headr Pomat

16 bita H6 bi to
Souxe Poxt mo .

Destination Poet no
Sequence unghes
deks tHLEN Reeed v ApRS WindonN
sts
|H|TN I N O , S0Ze
Checkeum

the fiat data botet

’ Ackneadament number
the moxt data Dotet

PSH:puah ynctien.
* SYN!

tixiah)
 DATE.
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Rntam the Me o dala ectet.

raiant hainik dekimes the me. that must
be added te the &Qunce humbee to ebtan
knon
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THREE - NA) HANDSHAkING
which client nd dVeR exehange YN
to thy' etablih 'otHtiseminai
the Cennecen

Establiah Cemnaiem wsing 3-Nay Aandshaking

lCLint Seavek
( message to
initiat connectin)
SyNAK

ACK
fetiont Hesie)
 DATE

PAGE.

Txminatt thnneatien ung 3. Aay handa hakiesg

Lint |sures
FIN
(mesnge to 6inuh connection)
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( ient puts