Nuclear Inst.

and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198

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Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/nima

Full Length Article

A new design for the RF electron gun of the Iranian Light Source Facility
(ILSF)
A. Sadeghipanah a,b , S. Ahmadiannamin a,b ,∗, M. Ostovar a,c , J. Roohi a , M. Bahrami a,b ,
Z. Pouyanrad a,d
a Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
b School of particles and accelerators, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, Iran
c
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
d
Department of Energy Engineering and Physics, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: A new 𝜋 mode RF electron gun is proposed for the Iranian Light Source Facility. This RF gun will be fabricated
RF electron gun using a newly developed method based on clamping the parts together instead of vacuum brazing. In this
Braze-less accelerating structure method, RF contact and vacuum seal are mutually provided by a special copper gasket. The first section of
Cathode assembly
this article describes the new 𝜋 mode RF gun and its expected performance in detail. The report of our recent
Copper gasket
R&D tests on the new fabrication method is discussed in the next section. We performed the RF and vacuum
measurements on a single-cell structure, and the copper gasket provided suitable RF contact, and a vacuum
pressure of 2.5 × 10−7 mbar was also reached after 1 h of pumping with a turbo-molecular pump without
baking. In the last section, we investigated using a high-current and low-emittance DC triode electron gun to
be mounted on the RF gun as an alternative cathode assembly. The simulation results of this proposed scheme
were compatible with our previous studies. The research and development of the new 𝜋 mode RF electron gun
and the proposed cathode assembly will begin soon.

1. Introduction field ratio is set at 30 to 40 percent to minimize the electron back-

A new 3 GeV 4th generation synchrotron radiation laboratory called
‘‘Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF)’’ will be built in Iran in the
next ten years. This facility will deliver the high-quality radiation
required for leading-edge science in numerous fields and will supply
a substantial forward motion for interdisciplinary research. The ILSF
storage ring has the Five-Bend Achromat lattice design and delivers
a horizontal electron beam emittance of 0.27nm-rad [1]. A 3 GeV
booster synchrotron is housed in the shared tunnel with the storage
ring, which fills up the ILSF storage ring. This booster synchrotron
is fed by a 150 MeV pre-injection system [2]. The ILSF pre-injection
system provides less than 10 mm-mrad (normalized) beam emittance.
It consists of an RF electron gun with a thermionic cathode, an alpha
magnet for longitudinal compression, three accelerating linac tubes,
and quadrupole and steering magnets for transverse beam control [3].
Fig. 1 depicts the general layout of the ILSF pre-injection system.
The early design for the RF electron gun is a 𝜋∕2 mode structure
which generates the initial electron bunches. It has a 1.5-cell structure
operating at 2998 MHz (see Fig. 2). A flat pill thermionic cathode with a
diameter of 6 mm is placed on the half-cell wall. The half-cell to full-cell
bombardment on the cathode surface. At full power, the accelerating
gradient of the full-cell cavity is around 80 MV/m for a peak RF input
power of 4 MW, which produces an energy-chirped electron bunch with
maximum energy of 2.5 MeV. Fig. 3 depicts the momentum distribution
of electrons in a bunch at the exit of the RF gun. The stripes of beam
seen in Fig. 3 are the retarded particles from the previous RF cycle,
which are captured and accelerated in the next cycle. Although these
particles have the same energy-chirped shape, they have a slight time
difference from the main bunch. For this simulation, the maximum
cathode emission is set to 1.4 A (corresponding to 5 A/cm2 current
density) and the electrons leaving the cathode are considered to have
uniform radial distribution within a maximum radius of 3 mm. The
longitudinal energy distribution of these electrons is uniform between
0 to 5 eV with 2𝜋 steradian solid angle coverage. We transported 2.5D
fields from CST to GPT, and As a result, asymmetric features of the
fields, such as the transverse kick of the coupling iris, are not included
in the transported fields. Nevertheless, this transverse kick is calculated
to be only 1.4 kV for the 𝜋∕2 mode RF gun with the input power of
4 MW, which is quite negligible compared to the electrical fields inside
the structure.

∗ Corresponding author at: Iranian Light Source Facility (ILSF), Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Artesh Highway, PO Box
19395-5746, Tehran, Iran.
E-mail address: ahmadiannamin@ipm.ir (S. Ahmadiannamin).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2023.168198
Received 11 November 2022; Received in revised form 5 March 2023; Accepted 8 March 2023
Available online 11 March 2023
0168-9002/© 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al.
Fig. 1. The general layout of the ILSF pre-injection system.
Fig. 2. The cross-section of the ILSF RF electron gun.
Fig. 3. The momentum distribution of electrons in a bunch at the exit of the 𝜋∕2 mode
RF gun.
The low-energy electrons leaving the RF gun will be filtered in the
alpha magnet downstream, leaving a bunch with an energy spread of
no more than 10 percent. The momentum and transverse phase space
distributions of the electron bunch after filtering low-energy electrons
in the alpha magnet are shown in Fig. 4. The maximum charge of this
filtered bunch is 100 pC (single bunch mode of operation).
There are previous experiences in fabricating accelerator RF cavities
in Iran with applications in low-energy electron linear accelerator
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Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198
projects. These projects were done based on shrinking and brazing
procedures [4–7]. Typically, the manufacturing process of the RF gun
involves three-step vacuum brazing of copper and steel parts, which
can deform the structure and change its RF properties. A new method
of clamping the parts rather than brazing has been proposed to avoid
such complications [8,9], which has been recently developed and tested
at LNF-INFN [10,11]. In this method, the parts are clamped using
special copper gaskets that simultaneously ensure the vacuum seal
and RF contact. Our recent R&D tests regarding this approach looked
promising. Therefore, we started to work on a new design for the ILSF
RF gun to be fabricated using this technique.
This paper explains our new design for the ILSF RF electron gun. It
starts with the electromagnetic and mechanical design of the structure.
The beam dynamics issues and particle tracking simulation results
are given next. Studies on using a laboratory DC electron gun as an
alternative to the thermionic cathode are explained at the end. It should
be noted that the CST microwave studio [12] software is used to design
and optimize the RF gun. General Particle Tracer (GPT) [13] simulation
code is employed for particle tracking and beam dynamics studies.
2. New design for the RF electron gun
A. RF design
In the first step to developing the RF electron gun with the new
clamping method [10], the side-coupling cavity, shown in Fig. 2, should
be eliminated. Therefore, the new structure operates in 𝜋 mode, with
four bean-shaped slits for coupling RF power between the cells. The 3D
cross-section of the newly designed 𝜋 mode RF gun structure and the
bean-shaped slits for RF coupling between cells are shown in Fig. 5.
The next step is to shift the waveguide so that if the full-cell cavity
is divided in half, the waveguide and coupling iris are located above
only one half of the full-cell cavity, as shown in Fig. 6. The racetrack
geometry is chosen for the coupling iris since it is easier for machining.
A mechanical model of this newly designed 𝜋 mode RF electron gun is
depicted in Fig. 7. This figure shows that eliminating the side coupling
cavity and shifting the waveguide and the coupling iris forward has
made it possible to fabricate the RF gun with the new clamping method
instead of vacuum brazing. As depicted in Fig. 7, the 𝜋 mode RF gun
consists of three main parts, which will be clamped together using
12 long screws. The special copper gaskets are placed between the
main parts to provide the vacuum seal and RF contact at the same
time. Two main vacuum ports are considered for the RF gun, one on
the waveguide and another at the beam exit. If these ports are seen
insufficient in the subsequent trials, four other openings are foreseen
on the structure (two to each cavity), which are connected to vacuum
ports via knife-edge flanges. The R&D tests on this new method and
A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198

Fig. 4. The momentum distribution (left) and transverse phase space distribution (right) of the electron bunch produced by the 𝜋∕2 mode RF gun after filtering low-energy
electrons in the alpha magnet.

Fig. 5. 3D cross-section of the 𝜋 mode RF gun structure (left) and the four bean-shaped slits for RF coupling between cells (right).

Fig. 6. Waveguide and coupling iris location on the outer half of full-cell cavity (left) and 3D view of racetrack coupling iris (right).

fabrication of the 𝜋 mode RF gun are discussed in the following sections
of this article.
The electrical field distribution inside the 𝜋 mode RF gun and its
profile on the beam axis at 2998 MHz are shown in Fig. 8. It should be
noted that the fields are normalized to the maximum input RF power of
1 W. For a peak RF input power of 4 MW, the accelerating gradient of
around 80 MV/m can be achieved in the full-cell cavity, similar to our
previous 𝜋∕2 mode RF gun design. The half-cell to full-cell field ratio is
kept below 40 percent to minimize the back-bombardment of electrons
on the cathode surface during the reverse RF phase. The coupling iris
dimensions are optimized to have a coupling coefficient of 𝛽 = 1.5 and
hence a slightly over-coupled RF design, compensating for the beam
loading effects.
The asymmetry in the transverse electrical field distribution caused
by the coupling iris and waveguide and its kick on the electron beam
was a concern, so we calculated this kick to assess its effect on the

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A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198

Fig. 7. Mechanical model of the 𝜋 mode RF electron gun. The copper gaskets are depicted in green (left), and the three main parts will be clamped together using 12 long screws
(right).

Fig. 8. Electrical field distribution inside the 𝜋 mode RF gun (left) and its profile on the beam axis (right). The fields are normalized to the maximum input RF power of 1 W.

electron beam. The amplitude of this kick for the peak input power of
4 MW is estimated to be 4.93 kV/m on the beam axis. This amount
is negligible compared to the 80 MV/m accelerating gradients of the
full-cell cavity; hence, there is no need to counteract the electrical field
asymmetry in the structure.
B. Beam dynamics study
Beam dynamics calculations are performed using the electromag-
netic fields of the 𝜋 mode RF gun to validate the design and be
confident of its proper operation. Fig. 9 demonstrates the momentum
distribution of electrons in a bunch at the exit of the 𝜋 mode RF
gun. The momentum and transverse phase space distributions of the
electron bunch after filtering low-energy electrons in the alpha magnet
are presented in Fig. 10. The filtered bunch has a maximum charge of
100pC, the same as prior calculations of the 𝜋∕2 mode gun. As seen Fig. 9. The momentum distribution of electrons in a bunch at the exit of the 𝜋 mode
by comparing Figs. 4 and 10, the beam dynamics properties of the 𝜋 RF gun.
mode RF gun are very similar to the one of the 𝜋∕2 mode RF gun with
a side-coupling cavity, Since the 𝜋 mode RF gun has the same on-axis
electromagnetic fields as the 𝜋∕2 mode gun. S-band cavity has been developed using this technique to understand
C. R&D tests this fabrication process better. The measurement setup for low-power
For the fabrication of RF accelerators, a new method is developed RF and vacuum tests on the sample cavity are shown in Fig. 12. The
at LNF-INFN based on clamping the parts together to eliminate the measured resonant frequency has a 2 MHz shift from the designed
vacuum brazing process. In the approach, a single cell’s front and back value, which can be compensated for by frequency tuners. The vacuum
parts are fabricated separately and assembled to make a single-cell pressure of 2.5×10−7 mbar is reached after 1 h of pumping with a turbo-
cavity using special copper gaskets and screws (see Fig. 11). A sample molecular pump without baking. After baking up to 120 ◦ C for 12 h,

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A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198

Fig. 10. The momentum distribution (left) and transverse phase space distribution (right) of the electron bunch produced by the 𝜋 mode RF gun after filtering low-energy electrons
in the alpha magnet.

Fig. 11. Half-parts of a single-cell RF cavity (left) and the special copper gaskets used to connect the half-parts (right).

Fig. 12. Setup for low-power RF and vacuum tests on the sample S-band cavity.

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A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al.
Fig. 13. 3D model of our triode electron gun.
we achieved a vacuum pressure in the order of 10−9 mbar using an ion
pump. These results motivated us to fabricate the RF gun structure with
the new clamping method without brazing.
It is imperative to note that during the measurements, the probe
seen in Fig. 12 was barely inside the cavity to minimize its effect on
the resonant frequency. Although these measurements are not entirely
Invulnerable to the errors caused by the probe, it is not a significant
concern since the RF gun structure has an optimized coupling iris
connected to a waveguide, which only requires a coaxial to waveguide
transition for precise low-power microwave measurements.
3. Study of an alternative cathode assembly
The 𝜋∕2 mode RF gun was designed to be mounted with a thermionic
cathode with nose cone assembly, similar to the model: 101373, manu-
factured by HeatWave Labs Inc. [14]. Nevertheless, new improvements
in the DC thermionic guns have led to high currents with relatively
low transverse emittances, making them interesting for low-emittance
Fig. 14. The triode electron gun’s Output current (left) and normalized transverse emittance (right).
6
Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198
RF accelerators. The main advantage of utilizing a DC thermionic gun
as the cathode assembly of an RF accelerator is the possibility of
using the DC gun’s grid to achieve more control over the particles’
emission. An excellent example of the DC gun is a commercial triode
electron gun manufactured by ALTAIR Technologies, Inc. (part number
102414 [15]), which is claimed to achieve a 25 keV beam with a
current of up to 1 A with a maximum grid voltage of 200 V. We
used the 3D laser-scanned geometry of this triode electron gun [16]
and simulated its performance using CST Particle Studio [12]. The 3D
model of our triode electron gun is illustrated in Fig. 13. Simulated
beam current and normalized transverse emittance for different grid
and gun voltages are also shown in Fig. 14. Although the maximum
output current of the gun does not reach the claimed value of 1 A, it
is possible to achieve maximum beam currents of 600 to 800 mA with
transverse emittances below 5 mm-mrad. These results motivated us to
use the triode electron gun as the cathode assembly for the 𝜋 mode RF
gun.
In our proposed design, the anode of the triode electron gun is
replaced with a more miniature iris to filter the outer parts of the
electron gun and attain a beam with lower transverse emittance with
the cost of lower efficiency and hence, lower beam output currents.
This new anode may require additional cooling, which can be applied
via water-cooling pipes. Our simulations show that it is possible to
keep the normalized transverse emittance as low as 1 mm-mrad while
maintaining the output current after the miniature iris above 300 mA
(the beam before the iris has a circular profile with a radius of 2.26 mm
and the iris diameter and length are set to 1.5 mm and 10 mm,
respectively). The output beam can then enter the 𝜋 mode RF gun
through an iris on the half-cell cavity wall (see Fig. 15) and accelerates
further while bunched by the RF fields. Although this method will result
in slightly higher transverse emittance than before at the end of the 𝜋
mode RF gun, it has the advantage of easier control over the single
bunch and multi-bunch operations utilizing a pulsed power supply for
the cathode grid without the necessity to employ a beam chopper with
many different types of complications [17].
We simulated this arrangement using GPT [13] to confirm its proper
operation. The results for a bunch after filtering of 90% lower energy
particles are shown in Fig. 16. The filtered bunch has a maximum
charge of 30 pC. As depicted, the output bunch’s specifications are
pretty similar to the ones of previous results, although for lower bunch
charge with slightly higher transverse emittance. The only difference
between the previous results with the new one is the folded shape seen
in Fig. 16, which is caused as a result of the retarded particles from
the previous RF cycle, which are captured and accelerated in the next
one. Since the particles entering the RF gun have an energy of 25 keV,
more particles will be pushed back from the previous RF period and
captured in the next. Hence, the beam stripes observed in Figs. 3 and 9
A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al. Nuclear Inst. and Methods in Physics Research, A 1051 (2023) 168198

design has similar properties to our first approach, ensuring the proper
operation of this new RF gun.
The report of our recent R&D tests on the new fabrication method
is discussed in the next section. We performed the RF and vacuum
measurements on a single-cell structure, and the copper gasket pro-
vided suitable RF contact, and a vacuum pressure of 2.5 × 10−7 mbar
was also reached after 1 h of pumping with a turbo-molecular pump
without baking. After baking up to 120 ◦ C for 12 h, the vacuum
pressure with the acceptable value of 10−9 mbar was achieved. These
results motivated us to fabricate the RF gun structure with the new
clamping method without brazing. The manufacturing process of the
newly designed RF gun will begin soon.
In the last section, we investigated using a high-current and low-
emittance DC triode electron gun to be mounted on the RF gun as
an alternative cathode assembly. We used the previously published 3D
laser-scanned geometry of a commercial triode electron gun manufac-
tured by ALTAIR Technologies, Inc. (part number 102414 [15]) and
simulated our proposed scheme. The output electron bunch with the
proposed alternative cathode assembly has complementary specifica-
tions to the previous simulations, although for a lower bunch charge
with slightly higher transverse emittance. The adequate results of these
simulations confirm the suitability of the alternative cathode assembly,
Fig. 15. Model of the triode electron gun as the cathode assembly of the 𝜋 mode RF and the research and development will continue.
gun.

Declaration of competing interest

are changed into a folded shape in Fig. 16. These results are promising
The authors declare the following financial interests/personal rela-
for continuing research and development on this alternative design for
tionships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
the cathode assembly.
Sasan Ahmadiannamin reports administrative support and equipment,
drugs, or supplies were provided by Iranian Light Source Facility.
4. Summary and conclusions Sasan Ahmadiannamin reports a relationship with Iranian Light Source
Facility that includes: employment.
This paper explores a new design for the ILSF thermionic RF elec-
tron gun, intending to eliminate the vacuum brazing process and
Data availability
easier fabrication of the structure. This procedure was extended for
more straightforward and cheaper production of standing wave and
Data will be made available on request.
travelling wave RF cavities for many applications that will be published
in further articles. This new method is based on clamping the parts
together utilizing special copper gaskets that simultaneously implement Acknowledgements
RF contact and vacuum seal. The microwave and beam dynamics
calculations of this newly designed RF gun are described in detail in The authors would like to thank Dr. M. Mohammadi Najafabadi,
the first section of this article, and the results are compared with the director of ILSF, for his help and support during this project. We also
previous brazing-based design. The output electron bunch in the second thank Dr. M. Dayyani Kelisani for his help in the RF design process.

Fig. 16. The momentum distribution (left) and transverse phase space distribution (right) of the electron bunch produced by the 𝜋 mode RF gun with the alternative cathode
assembly after filtering low-energy electrons in the alpha magnet.

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A. Sadeghipanah, S. Ahmadiannamin, M. Ostovar et al.
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