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7, 2018
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-018-6255-0
2018 The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society
LiFe5O8 (LFO) spinel-like material has been studied for use in ferrite res-
onator antennas (FRAs). Antenna parameters such as gain and return loss
were greatly affected when an external magnetic field was applied to the FRA.
The temperature coefficient of the resonant frequency (sf) for the FRA pre-
sented a value of 482.16 ppm/C. The magnetic hysteresis results showed
that the LFO was a soft ferrite, considering the values of the remanent
magnetization (Mr = 5.95 emu g1), coercive field (0.76 mT), and saturation
magnetization (32.15 emu g1). The magnetodielectric resonator presented a
tuning effect in the resonant frequency as a function of the external magnetic
field. The antenna bandwidth was also affected by the presence of the mag-
netic field. LFO is a soft ferrite with applications in microwave circuits,
antennas, and devices for operation at microwave frequencies due to its
magnetization and demagnetization properties. Impedance study revealed
increasing conductivity from room to higher temperature with low activation
energy (0.36 eV).
3829
3830 de Morais, de Castro, Oliveira, do Carmo, A.J.M. Sales, J.C. Sales, Silva,
Gouveia, Costa, Rodrigues, and Sombra
enables one to study other properties such as the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
magnetic permeability and many other electroni-
Structural characterization of LFO was per-
cally controlled parameters.12,13
formed by XRD analysis after sintering. The diffrac-
FRAs exhibit behavior similar to dielectric res-
togram (Fig. 1) confirmed presence of a-LiFe5O8
onator antennas (DRAs). In the work presented
according to Inorganic Crystal Structure Database
herein, a ferrite resonance antenna based on
(ICSD) card no. 29063. The refinement results
LiFe5O8 was studied by applying a controlled mag-
confirmed LFO with spinel structure having cubic
netic field and checking the shift in the resonant
symmetry (a = b = c = 8.329454 Å, a = b = c = 90)
frequency in the microwave range. Numerical study
in space group P4332. The LFO sample presented a
was performed using HFSS software to evaluate the
crystallographic structure with Fe3+ ions dis-
far-field parameters of the LFO antenna for each
tributed at two distinct sites, viz. one tetrahedral
applied magnetic field value. Moreover, a brief
(8c) and the other octahedral (12d), whereas Li+ ions
radiofrequency study was carried out to understand
occupy octahedral (4b) Wyckoff position. Refinement
the additional electric properties as functions of
was performed using the General Structure Analy-
temperature.
sis System (GSAS) software package with the
EXPGUI interface for phase validation using the
Rietveld method.15 The parameter values were in
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES good agreement with acceptable standards for good
LFO phase was synthesized by a solid-state route refinement16: Rwp = 2.35%, Rp = 1.83%,
according to Eq. 1, employing stoichiometric Rexp = 1.93%, and v2 = 1.48, with monocrystal den-
amounts of a-Fe2O3 and Li2CO3 as precursors. sity of 4.76 g cm3, compared with the experimental
These starting materials were activated by milling result of 4.32 g cm3 obtained by pycnometry, indi-
in a planetary mill (Fritsch Pulverisette 6) for 2 h cating good dense ceramic with relative density of
using zirconia balls and polyacetal jars. The acti- 0.91.
vated powder was calcined in air at 900C for 3 h. The magnetic behavior of LFO is shown in Fig. 2
as the magnetic hysteresis loop obtained at ambient
5Fe2 O3 þ Li2 CO3 ! 2LiFe5 O8 þ CO2 ð1Þ temperature. The shape of this curve indicates a
material of soft ferromagnetic type, based on the
Pellets and a cylindrical ceramic sample were values obtained for the coercive field (Hc = 7.6 mT),
prepared for dielectric measurements by molding saturation magnetization (Ms = 32.15 emu/g), and
LFO powder into a steel die under uniaxial pressure remanent magnetization (Mr = 5.95 emu/g).17
of 196 MPa with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as binder These values of saturation magnetization and coer-
and sintering the resulting green body at 1000C cive field are higher than those presented in liter-
during 5 h. For impedance spectroscopy (IS) mea- ature,18 which can be explained by the sintering
surements, both faces of the ceramic pellet were time and effective size of the formed grains. The
covered with conductive ink to form a parallel-face results showed uniform symmetry around the cen-
capacitor. The dimensions of the ceramic cylinder tral point (H = 0, M = 0). In this region, where
and pellet were 14.04 mm (diameter) 9 7.34 mm displacements of magnetic domains are dominant,
(thickness) and 14.30 mm (diameter) 9 1.56 mm there are no effects related to magnetic anisotropy
(thickness), respectively. Crystal structure and for the fields investigated.19,20 The material exhib-
composition were determined by x-ray diffraction ited a narrow hysteresis cycle, i.e., was easily
(XRD) analysis using a Bruker D8 Advance with Cu magnetized and demagnetized, making it
Ka radiation (k = 0.15406 Å) at room temperature,
in the range from 20 to 80 at stepping rate of 0.02/
min. To perform hysteresis measurements at room
temperature, vibrating-sample magnetometry
(VSM) was carried out using a MicroSense model
EV7 with sensitivity of 106 emu. This device offers
the highest accuracy for magnetic field strength
measurements. For magnetic field measurements
on the antenna, a Phywe magnetometer and
DAWER DPM 0 V to 30 V direct-current (DC)
voltage source were used.
The temperature coefficient of the resonant fre-
quency (sf) was measured using the Silva–Fernan-
des–Sombra (SFS)14 method with data acquisition
using a network analyzer (Agilent model N5230A).
For dielectric study by IS, an impedance analyzer
(Solartron 1260) was used at frequencies from 1 Hz
to 1 MHz. Fig. 1. Diffractogram of synthesized LFO.
Magneto Tuning of a Ferrite Dielectric Resonator Antenna Based on LiFe5O8 Matrix 3831
Fig. 3. Schematic of FRA setup showing (a) various antenna elements and (b) solenoid on the ground plane.
Fig. 4. (a) S11 spectrum of FRA as function of magnetic field H (dots) and simulated data (line), (b) bandwidth, and (c) variation of the resonant
frequency with magnetic field.
3832 de Morais, de Castro, Oliveira, do Carmo, A.J.M. Sales, J.C. Sales, Silva,
Gouveia, Costa, Rodrigues, and Sombra
bandwidth (%)
Simulated
parameters such as the gain, directivity, radiation
efficiency, and bandwidth. The reflection coefficient
7.74
7.75
7.85
7.62
(S11) in the presence of a magnetic field showed
interesting results not previously reported in liter-
ature for LFO phase.
Application of different magnetic fields to the FRA
resulted in different radiation patterns. When the
magnetic field was increased, the frequency band23
Experimental
bandwidth
803.1
806.7
820.1
807.1
Li00mT
Fig. 5. Simulated radiation pattern for FRA of LiFe5O8 at (a) 0 mT, (b) 7.6 mT, and (c) 10.3 mT.
IS was applied to study the electrical behavior of Fig. 7. Nyquist diagram of impedance measurements at 313 K and
the LFO ceramic matrix as a function of tempera- (inset) 513 K. Experimental data are shown as dots, with simulated
data from the equivalent circuit as a line.
ture as well as the grain and grain-boundary
contributions to its electric response.30 Figure 6
shows the frequency dependence of the real part of
the impedance (Z¢) and imaginary part of the equivalent circuits or Cole–Cole, Cole–Davidson,
impedance (Z¢¢) at room temperature. Large values and Havriliak–Negami models.31 The semicircle
of Z¢ at low frequencies indicate predominance of was fit using an equivalent circuit formed by two
the polarization effect. The real part of the impe- R/constant-phase element (CPE) combinations in
dance was independent of frequency in the region parallel. The fitting results showed good agreement
above 106 X, while the imaginary part exhibited a with experimental data. Each R–CPE association
peak corresponding to an electric relaxation process. represents the electric response of grains or grain
Figure 7 shows Nyquist diagrams of the impe- boundaries in the LFO matrix. The resistance (R),
dance results in the complex plane, where the curve factor of proportionality (P), and CPE exponent that
profiles can be studied using models such as characterizes the phase shift (n) obtained from
3834 de Morais, de Castro, Oliveira, do Carmo, A.J.M. Sales, J.C. Sales, Silva,
Gouveia, Costa, Rodrigues, and Sombra
313 7.35 9 104 4.71 9 105 0.318 3.47 1 9 109 6.18 9 1010 0.765 0.618
513 8.47 9 102 7.69 9 105 0.304 0.065 8.16 9 103 2.67 9 1010 0.848 2.18 9 106
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