Microfluidically Frequency & Polarization

Reconfigurable Patch Antennas

Hamza Kiani1,2, David Chatzichristodoulou1,3, Adnan Nadeem1,2, Abdul Quddious4, Nosherwan Shoaib2, Photos
Vryonides1,5, Dimitris E. Anagnostou6, Symeon Nikolaou1,5
1
Frederick Research Center, Nicosia, Cyprus, anadeem.msee19rimms@seecs.edu.pk, s.nikolaou@frederick.ac.cy
2
Research Institute for Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Studies (RIMMS), National University of Sciences & Technology
(NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan, hkiani.msee19seecs@seecs.edu.pk, nosherwan.shoaib@seecs.edu.pk
3
RF and Microwave Solutions LTD, Cyprus, eng.cd@frederick.ac.cy
4
KIOS Research and Innovation Center of Excellence, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus, quddious.abdul@ucy.ac.cy
5
Electrical Engineering Department, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus, eng.vp@fit.ac.cy
6
Institute of Signals, Sensors, and Systems, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, d.anagnostou@hw.ac.uk

Abstract—Microfluidically frequency reconfigurable and
polarization reconfigurable probe-fed patch antennas are
presented in this paper. For the frequency reconfigurable
antenna, a frequency tuning bandwidth of 14% (4.35–4.5 GHz)
can be achieved by continuous loading of liquid metal inside
the additively manufactured microfluidic channels on top of
patch slots. During the frequency reconfigurability, the
bandwidth remains greater than 5%, the gain remains higher
than 7.5 dBi and there is polarization consistency over the
complete tuning range. For the second antenna, switching
between left-hand and right-hand circular polarization is
demonstrated by alternatively inserting or removing metallic
ink inside 3D printed Polylactic Acid (PLA) channels. For both
polarization states stable reflection coefficient with -10 dB S11
bandwidth of 9.6% (4.48-4.93 GHz) and 3-dB axial ratio
bandwidth (ARBW) of 5.2% (4.48-4.72 GHz, are achieved.
Index Terms— reconfigurable, additive manufacturing,
microfluidic, liquid metal.
I. INTRODUCTION
Antennas can exhibit reconfigurability in radiation
pattern, frequency, polarization, or in any combination of all
[1-3]. Often in wireless communications, the quality of
service provided to the users is highly dependent on
multipath fading and interference within the band, which can
be avoided by using polarization and frequency
reconfigurable antennas respectively. Electronic switches
like PIN diodes, varactor diodes, and
microelectromechanical switches (MEMS) are commonly
used in reconfiguring slot-based resonators for antennas [4].
Besides electronics-based reconfiguration, optical,
mechanical, fluidical, and smart materials-based
reconfiguration has also been explored by researchers.
In recent years, technological advancements in the field
of additive manufacturing have enabled researchers to
achieve the reconfigurability of antenna parts using 3D
printed structures. In [3], polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is
etched to make microfluidic channels that are loaded with
liquid metallic ink (LMI) to change the polarization and
frequency of a slot antenna. Due to the placement of a thick
PDMS layer on the top of the slot, the overall gain,
bandwidth, and efficiency of the antenna is compromised.
The liquid metal-based frequency reconfigurable antenna for
temperature sensing application, reported in [5] requires a
high power control circuit for tuning. A voltage-controlled
flow of liquid metal in 3D printed channels is used to realize
only two bands of frequency reconfigurability in [6]. A dual-
band slot antenna using microfluidic frequency
reconfigurability is presented in [7], but it has low gain.
Polarization reconfiguration can be an important aspect
in wireless communications with applications in polarization
multiplexing, while it can also contribute in reducing
undesired signals, minimizing polarization mismatch loss,
and avoiding fading effects. The drawback of using
electronic switching for polarization diversity is the
degradation of radiation efficiency, gain, and linearity in
transmission scenarios. In [8], Eutectic Gallium–Indium
(EGaIn) has been used to achieve linear polarization (LP),
left-hand circular polarization (LHCP), and right-hand
circular polarization (RHCP). A fluidically polarization
reconfigurable Yagi antenna with the circular patch as a
driven element is presented in [9]. A quarter-wavelength
liquid metal stub-loaded patch antenna is presented in [10] to
achieve frequency tunable polarization reconfiguration. In
addition, water is used as a dielectric fluid in [11] for
polarization reconfigurability.
This paper presents two patch antennas; one exhibits
frequency reconfigurability using the flow of liquid metal
inside additively manufactured fluidic channels, and the
second antenna can switch between right-hand circular
polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization
(LHCP) using. Computer Simulation Technology (CST-
2020) is used to design the two different probe-fed patch
antennas. Slots are etched on the top copper layer of the
patch and fluidic channels carrying EGaIn liquid metal ink
are used as switching elements to create either open or short
electric connections. To dynamically change the frequency
shift of the antenna, the EGaIn is continuously injected
inside the fluidic channel. Both designs are simple to
implement since no multi-layering or complex structure is
used. The same Rogers RT/duroid 5880 3.175 mm thick

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 substrate is used for both antennas, and the 3D printed
channels are straight with semi-circular cross-section aiming
for a minimum volume of liquid metal which is expensive.
The paper first describes the fabrication and additive
manufacturing of the microfluidic channels, and then the
simulated results of the frequency reconfigurable antenna are
discussed followed by the far-field radiation performance
Polarization reconfigurable patch antenna is discussed in
section III.
II. MICROFLUIDICALLY FREQUENCY RECONFIGURABLE
ANTENNA
A. Fabrication Considerations
The patch antenna presented in Fig. 1, is designed on
Rogers RT/duroid 5880 substrate of height 3.175 mm, the
dielectric loss tangent of 0.0009, and permittivity 2.2. A
square slab of height hp = 2 mm housing two microfluidic
channels are 3D printed using the Original Prusa® i3 MK3S
printer [12][add a reference]. The material used for 3D
printing is Fillamentum® Polylactic Acid (PLA) with
dielectric properties ε = 2.95 and tan δ = 0.014, as reported in
[13]. While experimenting with microfluidic channels certain
fabrication constraints and physical realization
considerations surfaced up. Eventually, the microfluidic
channels are designed with a semi-circular cross-section in
order to avoid the liquid metal ink’s residue on the sharp
edges of rectangular channels and keep a flat wide surface
for the electric contact. Compared to rectangular or square-
shaped channels, semi-circular cross-section channels with
smooth surfaces can also help in the smooth flow of the
liquid metal ink with minimal required pressure.
A rectangular slot of width Ws and length Ls has been
etched at the far-right edge of the patch parallel to the y-axis.
The position of the slot Ps is measured from the origin of the
patch antenna in parallel to the x-axis and is optimized to get
better performance during the frequency tuning of the
antenna. The overall antenna size is 48 mm and the square
z 4.15
y
x
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 1. Frequency reconfigurable patch antenna structure.
(a) Exploded view, (b) top view and (c) side view
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patch side is Wp = 17.2 mm. Probe feeding at (Xf, Yf) point
is used to excite the antenna and its exact position is critical
in achieving a good matching for the antenna. It is worth
noting that the dimensions of the 3D printed PLA housing
segment are not mentioned in Fig. 1, because it is printed by
keeping 2 mm padding on all sides of the patch. Similarly,
the width of the microfluidic channels is the same as Ws plus
50 μm on both sides to make good contact of the LMI with
the copper patch. The physical dimensions of the antenna are
given in Table I.
For the proof of concept and to build know-how with
fabrication-related challenges, the microfluidic channels
were originally printed on an Original PRUSA® SL1 resin-
based 3D printer. An optically transparent and photosensitive
resin ink (3DM Clear Tough) was used to print microfluidic
channels of different shapes, heights, and widths. The
structures of the microfluidic channels were also kept as a)
both sides open, b) open from one side, and c) closed at both
ends i.e., accessible through PTFE tubes as used in the
current configuration. In Fig. 2, some of the channels are
kept such that they are encapsulated in the 3D printed
material, while other channels are open from the bottom side.
The design is sliced in PrusaSlicer software by keeping its
orientation 45° in both x- and y-axis so that the residual ink
is removed from the channels during printing. The printed
prototype is washed thoroughly with Isopropyl Alcohol
(IPA) to remove any liquid ink inside the channels in order
to avoid channels blockage. Before putting the prototype
samples in Prusa Curing and Washing machine (CW1S), a
syringe needle filled with IPA is used to clean small channels
by applying pressure. During this cleaning process, some of
the channels were damaged because the prototype was not
cured, and the bottom layers were only 0.1 mm in thickness.
Due to the small printing area, slow printing speed, and
TABLE I. ANTENNA DIMENSIONS (MILLIMETERS)
W Wp Ws Ls Ps
48 17.2 0.9 11 12.75
Xf Yf h hp hc
7 3.17 2 1
(a) (b)
(c)
Fig. 2. 3D design of a prototype sample for the microfluidic channels
printing and testing. (a) 3D printed sample (b) top view and (c) front view
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 the experienced channel blockage in the resin-based
microfluidic channels, we shifted our design to filament-
based 3D printing using Original Prusa® i3 MK3S whose
bed size is 210 x 210 mm2. To precisely print, the
microfluidic channels without deformation, printing speed
was reduced to minimum settings i.e., 0.05 mm ultra-detail.
This setting slows down the nozzle speed which gives more
time to the printed layers to get cool and retain the details of
the design. There is no cleaning, washing, and curing
involved in filament-based printing, therefore, multiple
samples can be printed on the large printing area in parallel
to save time. As depicted in Fig. 1, four holes are also part of
the design which are used as an inlet/outlet for the LMI.
B. Frequency Tuning Using Microfluidic Channels
The 3D printed microfluidic channels need to be glued to
the top side of the patch antenna using a double-sided CHR®
Polyimide Adhesive Tape (PAT). The adhesive tape under
the channels is removed to allow the physical contact of the
LMI with the patch copper and hence create a short circuit.
PTFE tubes with an external diameter of 1.6 mm and an
internal diameter of 0.6 mm are used to inject the fluid into
the channels.
The patch antenna with the PLA segment on its top was
initially designed without any slot and it operates at 4.86
GHz with a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 6%. To change
the operating frequency, a slot is added after tuning its
parameters Ws, Ls, and Ps. The surface current distribution
on the patch shows that the slot is placed at a 90° angle
compared to the current direction which makes the current
lines to take a longer path and hence decrease the resonance
frequency of the antenna. With this new configuration, the
center frequency of the antenna is 4.7 GHz with a fractional
bandwidth of 5.2%. To tune the frequency continuously, the
patch slot is loaded with LMI by injecting a mixture of
EGaIn ink and mineral oil to precisely control the amount of
ink inside the channel and hence control the effective length
of the slot. There is another fluidic channel added on the left
edge of the antenna which effectively alters the overall patch
dimensions and contributes in the frequency
reconfigurability.
The antenna can be continuously tuned from 4.35 – 5.0
GHz (BW = 650 MHz) by controlling the amount of LMI
TABLE II. OPERATING STATES OF ANTENNA
State Channel-1 Channel-2
A 1 1
B 1 0
C 0 1
D 0 0
inside the slot channel. In Fig. 3, only four discrete states of
frequency reconfigurability are presented. Table II lists the
details of the states of reconfigurability where channel-1 is
on the top of the patch slot and channel-2 is added at the left
edge of the patch antenna in Fig. 1. In the equivalent two bits
combination representation, 1 represents the presence of
EGaIn LMI inside the channel and 0 shows the absence of
LMI i.e., the channel is filled with air.
C. Far-field Performance
To completely characterize the fluidically frequency
reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna, its radiation
performance is also simulated. The most important factor is
the stability of the antenna’s polarization in the different
operating states. The far-field radiation pattern of the
antennas presented in [2, 6, 7] changes as the frequency is
varied, however, in our design, the radiation pattern of the
antenna remains unchanged. The realized gain for all states
remains above 7.5 dBi with a 3 dB beamwidth (HPBW) of
75°–77° and a sidelobe level below -23 dB. The E- and H-
planes plots for the defined discrete states of the antenna are
shown in Fig. 4. The main lobe of the pattern in the states
where liquid metal is filled inside the channel (State A-C)is
tilted 1°–3° from the broadside direction. This phenomenon
can be explained by considering the significant height of the
conducting liquid inside the channel i.e., 1 mm, which causes
a minor beam tilt.
III. POLARIZATION RECONFIGURABLE ANTENNA
A. Fabrication Considerations
The fabrication process of a microfluidically polarization
reconfigurable microstrip patch antenna is mostly similar to
the process presented in section-II. Both antennas are probe-
fed, use the same substrate of 3.175 mm thickness, use 3D
printed PLA channels and EGaIn liquid metal ink. However,

(a) (b)

Fig. 3. Simulated return loss of discrete 04 states of patch antenna Fig. 4. Simulated far-field radiation patterns (Co-pol). (a) E-plane and
(b) H-plane

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 a major difference between the two antennas is that in
polarization reconfigurable antenna, the microfluidic
channels do not fill the patch slots. Instead, they are used to
create an open or short circuit which can be considered as a
replacement of a PIN diode or any other type of electric
switch. The geometry of the antenna is shown in Fig. 5 and
the physical dimensions are summarized in Table. III. The
most challenging task of this design is making sure that the
EGaIn inside the channels creates proper contact with the
copper of the patch antenna to form a short circuit and when
it is removed, an open circuit is ensured. To solve this
problem, both channels are connected, such that liquid metal
can only touch the copper patch at 3 positions where the
inlet/outlet PTFE tubes are located. There is a 0.5 mm thick
PLA bridge between the patch slots and the EGaIn, in order
to avoid the flow of ink on the substrate which is difficult to
remove.
The process of reconfiguration through LMI injection
involves three steps:
• Injection of PTFE-based lubricant inside the channels
for smooth flow and to avoid LMI residue and
leakage.
• Once channels are cleaned, injection of NaOH
solution sandwiched between LMI so that one short at
a time is created.
• Final cleaning of both channels with NaOH and
PTFE lubricant for future reuse purposes.
Referring to Fig. 5, we label the two channels as x- and
y-channels for the ease of understanding the simulated result
plots.
TABLE III. ANTENNA DIMENSIONS (MILLIMETERS)
W Wp Ws Ls Ps
40 18 1 12.5 13
Xf Yf h hp hc
5 5 3.17 2 1
B. Polarization Switching Mechanism
The basic operating principle of the polarization
reconfigurable antenna is similar to the frequency
reconfigurable antenna, where the incorporation of a slot
disturbs the surface currents of the operating mode and
changes the resonating frequency. In contrast to the single
slot, two slots are added in a polarization reconfigurable
antenna. The patch antenna with a probe feed located at its
diagonal excites two modes, TM10 and TM01
simultaneously. Inserting a single slot affects the resonating
frequency of one mode and inserting a second slot changes
the resonating frequency of the second mode [14]. The
position, length, and width of both slots are optimized to get
similar insertion loss behavior whether either the one or the
other is shorted at its center. In this way, when the x-channel
is shorted by filling EGaIn into it, this x-axis slot splits into
two smaller slots resulting in a slight change in the M10
mode’s resonance frequency while at the same time, the y-
axis slot is not shorted and therefore, the shift in the
resonance frequency of TM01 is large Similarly, in the
second mode of operation, the y-axis slot is shorted with
EGaIn, and the x-axis slot remains intact. In this mode, a
large frequency shift is observed in TM10. The length of the
slots, their positions, and location of x- and y-channels are
optimized to get the minimum difference between the
resonance frequencies of the two modes. At this point, the
electric fields of both modes have equal magnitude and a
90° phase difference at the center frequency. Keeping in
view the above discussion, the antenna can operate in two
modes of circular polarization i.e., RHCP when the x-
channel is filled with LMI and LHCP when the y-channel is
filled with LMI. S11 and the axial ratio of both states are
illustrated in Fig. 6.
Compared to the designs in [8-10], the proposed antenna
is easy to fabricate, exhibits stable and consistent matching
between the two switching states, and requires a minimal
amount of LMI for reconfiguration. The impedance
bandwidth of the antenna corresponding to the -10 dB S11
threshold is 450 MHz (FBW = 9.6%). The figure of merit of
circular polarization is the axial ratio which remains below
S11 (dB)

(a) (b)

hc hp
z Probe h
y
(c)
Fig. 5. Polarization reconfigurable patch antenna geometry. (a) Exploded Fig.6. Simulated S11 and axial ratio (inset) of microfluidically
view, (b) top view and (c) side view polarization reconfigurable patch antenna

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LHCP RHCP
(a) (b)
Fig.7. Simulated co- and cross-polarization. (a) LHCP, (b) RHCP
the 3 dB limit from 4.48 – 4.72 GHz resulting in a fractional
bandwidth of 5.2%. The main advantage of this design is its
flexible frequency scaling i.e., its operating frequency can
be shifted by tuning the patch antenna’s dimensions and by
optimizing the position of slots. This antenna is a good
candidate for wireless communication applications where
polarization mismatch is a key performance parameter.
C. Far-field Performance of Polarization Reconfigurable
Antenna
The simulated far-field radiation is often presented in the
form of 3D realized gain, gain polar radiation pattern, 2D
rectangular gain plots, or polar co- and cross-polarization
patterns. Based on the claimed polarization reconfigurability
for the presented antenna the most informative
representation is the far-field RHCP and LHCP E-field
radiation pattern shown in Fig. 7. The far-field radiation
patterns of the antenna validate the polarization switching
between LHCP and RHCP for LMI in y- and x-channels
respectively. The realized gain of the antenna in both
switching states is 7.3 dBi with an HPBW of 80° and
sidelobe level of -22 dB. The matching of the antenna is
consistently stable over the entire frequency band when the
polarization states are switched.
IV. CONCLUSION
A simple additively manufactured microfluidic
reconfiguration technique for frequency and polarization
reconfiguration of microstrip patch antennas is presented
through two patch antenna designs. For the frequency
reconfigurable antenna, a continuous frequency tuning over
670 MHz bandwidth is achieved by loading 3D printed
micro-channels with EGaIn liquid metal. A high gain of 7.5
dBi is achieved with a stable radiation pattern and
polarization. In a second design, two polarization states
(LHCP and RHCP) are achieved with S11 and radiation
pattern stability in 5.2% fractional bandwidth. The
challenges in additive manufacturing are highlighted and the
microfluidic reconfiguration process is explained. Due to the
relatively simple fabrication, design scalability, and
minimum use of liquid metal, the proposed designs are good
candidates for wireless applications where the use of non-
linear switches can degrade the performance of
reconfigurable devices.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This work was partially co-funded by the European
Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus
through the Research and Innovation Foundation, under the
projects INFRASTRUCTURES/1216/0042 (RF-META)
and EXCELLENCE/1216/0376 (SWITCH).
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