Electronic control of linear-to-circular polarization conversion using a reconfigurable

metasurface
Badreddine Ratni, André de Lustrac, Gérard-Pascal Piau, and Shah Nawaz Burokur

Citation: Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 214101 (2017);

View online: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4998556
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apl/111/21
Published by the American Institute of Physics
 APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 111, 214101 (2017)

Electronic control of linear-to-circular polarization conversion using

a reconfigurable metasurface
Badreddine Ratni,1 Andre
 de Lustrac,1,2 Ge
rard-Pascal Piau,3 and Shah Nawaz Burokur4,a)
1
Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Universit
e Paris-Saclay,
C2N-Orsay, 91405 Orsay cedex, France
2
UPL, Univ. Paris Nanterre, F92410 Ville d’Avray, France
3
AIRBUS, 92150 Suresnes, France
4
LEME, UPL, Univ. Paris Nanterre, F92410 Ville d’Avray, France
(Received 1 August 2017; accepted 7 November 2017; published online 20 November 2017)
A reflective metasurface enabling linear-to-circular polarization (LP-to-CP) conversion is
proposed. The metasurface polarizer is composed of active unit cells incorporating voltage-
controlled varactor diodes, where the dispersion responses of the cells can be tailored. When
illuminated by an incident wave, the metasurface converts the LP wave from the source to a CP
one. Moreover, in a single voltage configuration, two circular polarized waves with different
handedness can be obtained at distinct frequencies. Such operation can be tuned in frequency by
changing the applied voltage along the metasurface. Simulations are performed to verify the concept,
and measurements done on a fabricated prototype validate the polarization conversion performances
at microwave frequencies. Published by AIP Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4998556

Artificial composites made of subwavelength micro-
structures known as metamaterials can possess arbitrary val-
ues of permittivity and permeability and can thus offer the
possibility to manipulate light in an unprecedented manner.
Thanks to their unusual electromagnetic properties, negative
refraction,1 sub-diffraction imaging,2 and invisibility cloak-
ing3 are among the most striking applications that have been
made possible through the use of metamaterials. Recently,
ultra-thin and planar equivalents of metamaterials, also
known as metasurfaces,4 have been proposed as alternatives
to exhibit light manipulation capabilities. Metasurfaces pre-
sent the main advantage of having reduced profiles and
losses. The fact that metasurfaces consist generally of thin
sheet materials greatly facilitates their fabrication compared
to that of three-dimensional (3D) bulky metamaterials. The
possibility to tailor and control the reflection and transmis-
sion characteristics of metasurfaces has led to other fascinat-
ing novel device applications in the microwave as well as
the optical domain, such as anomalous reflection and refrac-
tion,5–10 flat lenses,11–17 high-directivity antennas,18–24 sur-
face wave couplers,25 and holograms.26–30
Future satellite communications intended to increase the
data transfer rate favor the use of circular polarization (CP)
so as to address various environmental phenomena such as
multipath fading, Faraday rotation, and depolarization phe-
nomena, while electromagnetic waves propagate from the
transmitter to the receiver. Thus, the use of CP allows us to
suppress the problem of aligning, transmitting, and receiving
antennas. Metasurfaces have been proposed as a convenient
way to produce CP waves, due to their low profile and easy
fabrication. Most of the metasurfaces proposed for polariza-
tion conversion operate in a transmission mode.31–38
Another approach to linear-to-circular polarization (LP-to-
CP) conversion utilizes reflection from grounded anisotropic
a)
Electronic mail: sburokur@parisnanterre.fr
metasurfaces. A dipole array printed on a grounded dielectric
substrate has allowed the reflection coefficients for two
orthogonal linear polarizations under oblique incidence to be
independently fixed.39 It is then possible to achieve 90 and
270 reflection phase shifts between the two orthogonal lin-
ear polarizations, producing circular polarizations. A passive
metasurface consisting of an I-shaped dipole array has also
allowed LP-to-CP conversion.40 Reflective phases of two
orthogonal linearly polarized waves have also been manipu-
lated independently by changing the dimensions of the
orthogonally crossed pair of I-shaped structures with unequal
lengths in order to implement polarization conversions.41
Passive metasurfaces in most cases operate at a single
frequency or on a very narrow frequency band and therefore
present limitations in terms of bandwidth due to the intrinsic
characteristics of LC-resonant cells. For multiple or wide-
band frequency operations, metasurfaces showing the ability
to be controlled become necessary.42–46 Also, integrating
multiple functionalities into a single metasurface, especially
when considering their low profile, is possible and paves the
way for new possibilities in controlling the path and polari-
zation of electromagnetic waves.
In this letter, a reconfigurable anisotropic reflective meta-
surface composed of resonant meta-atoms printed on a copper
backed dielectric substrate is designed. Each meta-atom con-
sisting of two parallel copper wires incorporates a varactor
diode that can be controlled by an external direct current (DC)
voltage. Such an active metasurface allows us to tailor indi-
vidual properties from the resonant cells so as to allow a
dynamical tuning of the dispersion response. The anisotropic
reflective metasurface imposes a differential phase shift to the
two orthogonal polarizations of the incoming plane wave so
as to convert LP to right-handed circular polarization (RHCP)
and left-handed circular polarization (LHCP), respectively.
The reconfigurability mechanism of the metasurface provides
a dynamic control of the differential phase shift allowing us to

0003-6951/2017/111(21)/214101/5/$30.00 111, 214101-1 Published by AIP Publishing.

214101-2 Ratni et al.
tune the operating frequency of the polarization conversion. A
prototype of the active metasurface is fabricated and tested.
Reported simulation and experimental results validate the
polarization conversion performances and the reconfigurabil-
ity mechanism of the latter metasurface.
The unit cell of the active metasurface is composed of an
array of paired copper wires and is shown in Fig. 1(a). The
array is printed on a low loss (tan d ¼ 0.003) ARLON AD450
dielectric substrate with a relative permittivity er ¼ 4.5 and
thickness t ¼ 1.52 mm, backed by a copper ground plane. The
resonance frequency of a passive metasurface generally
depends on the geometrical dimensions of the constitutive
meta-atoms, which means that in order to control the reflec-
tion and transmission characteristics, one must modify the
geometrical dimensions of the cells. Such an operation mode
is not really practical particularly when we need to dynami-
cally control the dispersion characteristics. Since the unit cell
size is much smaller than the operating wavelength, its reso-
nant behavior can be described by a lumped LC circuit. In this
work, we perform an active control of the intrinsic Lorenz-
type dispersion characteristics of the metasurface by incorpo-
rating varactor diodes into each cell of the capacitive grid. To
examine the behavior of the metasurface, the properties of the
structure are calculated numerically using the finite element
method (FEM) of Maxwell’s equations using the high fre-
quency structure simulator (HFSS) commercial code by
ANSYS.47 Simulations are performed on a unit cell with geo-
metrical dimensions p ¼ 6 mm, w ¼ 0.5 mm, and g ¼ 1.9 mm
and by incorporating a lumped RLC element between the two
adjacent metallic wires of the array, using appropriate periodic
boundary conditions. The capacitance value of the lumped
element can then be changed within the capacitance range of
the MACOM MGV 125-08 varactor diode48 that will be used
in the fabricated structure, i.e., from 0.055 pF to 0.6 pF. Such
a meta-atom design is considered for its simplicity in the proof
FIG. 1. (a) Schematic design of the unit cell constituting the active metasur-
face. The unit cell has geometrical dimensions: p ¼ 6 mm, w¼ 0.5 mm, and
g ¼ 1.9 mm, and DC biased incorporated a varactor diode. (b) and (c) E-field
distributions for horizontal and vertical polarizations. (d) and (e) Reflection
magnitude and phase for different capacitance values of the varactor diode,
where dashed and continuous traces represent the horizontal and vertical
polarizations, respectively.
Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 214101 (2017)
of concept. Indeed, the adjacent copper wires are further
exploited to act as biasing lines for the varactor diodes, facili-
tating the electronic control of the metasurface. Thus, biasing
lines and meta-atoms lie on the same face of the dielectric
substrate, preventing the use of additional dielectric layers and
through metallic vias for the control system.
The equivalent electric circuit models and electric field
distributions for horizontal and vertical polarizations are pre-
sented in Figs. 1(b) and 1(c), respectively. Concerning hori-
zontal polarization, the capacitance from the varactor diode
between the two vertical strips associated with the inductive
response of the structure results in an LC resonance of the
structure. The separation g between the two adjacent metallic
wires is optimized in such a way that the intrinsic capacitance
of the microstrip structure is very low compared to the capaci-
tance of the varactor diode. Therefore, the only capacitance
that influences the resonance frequency of the RLC circuit is
the one from the varactor diode. However, the capacitance
from the varactor diode between the strips has no influence
under the vertical polarization, and therefore, the structure has
almost a purely inductive nature. Calculated reflection spectra
of the resonator with the electric field oriented along the x and
y axes are presented in Figs. 1(d) and 1(e), respectively. When
the capacitance is changed, the LC resonance frequency of the
resonator also varies for the horizontal polarization. This
behavior is illustrated by applying four different capacitance
values. Since resonance frequency is inversely proportional to
冑LC, a resonance shift toward higher frequencies is observed
with a decrease in the capacitance value. For the vertical
polarization, nearly total reflection is observed in the
7 GHz–13 GHz frequency band and the reflection phase
remains quasi constant at around 170 .
The active meta-atoms are patterned in an array to consti-
tute the metasurface composed of 30 columns, each contain-
ing 30 resonant cells. A DC bias voltage varying from 0 to
20 V is applied for each column, which means that the capaci-
tance value is varied along the x-axis. A photograph of the
fabricated prototype using conventional printed circuit board
technology is shown in Fig. 2(a). The metasurface is charac-
terized experimentally in an anechoic chamber using an
Agilent 8722ES network analyzer and two 2–18 GHz wide-
band horn antennas. Reflection measurements are performed
by placing the two horn antennas on the same side and in front
of the metasurface, each inclined with an angle of about 5
with respect to the normal on the latter metasurface, as shown
by the descriptive measurement setup in Fig. 2(b). The reflec-
tion response of the metasurface is then evaluated by measur-
ing the transmission between the two horn antennas. The
reflection measurement is calibrated using a copper plate as
the perfect reflecting mirror. The electric field of the incident
wave is polarized horizontally and vertically with regard to
the metasurface. By changing the reversed bias DC voltage
applied to the varactor diodes, the capacitance of the cells can
be tuned, allowing us to modify their resonance frequency.
The measured reflection responses in magnitude and phase are
reported for four different bias voltages in Figs. 2(b) and 2(c),
respectively. Each different bias voltage is applied similarly
through the whole metasurface. As reported for the horizontal
polarization, the resonant frequency of the metasurface shifts
from 8.4 GHz to 11.6 GHz when the bias voltage varies from
214101-3 Ratni et al.
FIG. 2. (a) Photograph of the fabricated prototype incorporating varactor
diodes. (b) and (c) Measured reflection responses (magnitude and phase) of
the metasurface for different bias voltages.
0 V to 20 V, corresponding to a capacitance value of 0.6 pF
and 0.055 pF, respectively.
To demonstrate the capacity of the proposed anisotropic
metasurface in manipulating the polarization states of reflected
Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 214101 (2017)
waves, we design a LP-to-CP converter. A differential phase
shift of 90 or 270 between two orthogonal linear polarizations
is required for the conversion, depending on the handedness
desired. As it can be observed from the reflection spectra in
Figs. 1 and 2, for each bias voltage applied, the two differential
phase shifts are produced at two distinct frequencies.
Modifying the bias voltage leads to a tuning of the polarization
conversion frequency. Far-field measurements are performed in
an anechoic chamber, and a photograph of the measurement
setup is shown in Fig. 3(a). The two horn antennas connected
to the network analyzer are set as a transmitter and a receiver,
respectively. The linear polarized transmitting horn antenna is
oriented at 45 for decomposition into two perpendicular com-
ponents. It is placed in front of the metasurface at a distance of
60 cm, and both are fixed on a rotating plate. When moving the
rotating plate, both the sample and transmitting horn antenna
rotate together such that the sample is always illuminated by
the incident electromagnetic wave. The dual linear polarized
receiving horn antenna is kept fixed and is used to probe both
components of the wave reflected by the metasurface for angles
of the rotating plate varying from 90 to þ90 . In order to
avoid having the transmitting horn antenna in the signal path of
the specular reflection, the angle of incidence of the electro-
magnetic wave illuminating the metasurface is set to 15 .
Measurements are performed in the 7 GHz–13 GHz fre-
quency range. From the measured vertical and horizontal
components of the electric field, Ev and Eh, the axial ratio
(AR) is then calculated as49
FIG. 3. (a) Far-field measurement setup. The feeding source which is a lin-
ear polarized horn antenna oriented at 45 and the metasurface are placed on
a rotating table, and a receiving horn antenna is kept fixed to probe the
reflected fields. (b) Measured axial ratio (dB) of the metasurface for different
bias voltages applied to the varactor diodes.
214101-4 Ratni et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 214101 (2017)

0vffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi1
u qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
BuujEh j2 þ jEv j2 þ jEh j2 þ jEv j4 þ 2jEh j2 jEv j2 cos ð2D/ÞC
ARðdBÞ ¼ 20 log10 B
@t qffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiC A; (1)
jEh j þ jEv j  jEh j2 þ jEv j4 þ 2jEh j2 jEv j2 cos ð2D/Þ
2 2

with Du ¼ /ðEv Þ  /ðEh Þ. As shown in Fig. 3(b), for each
bias voltage applied, two frequency bands with AR better
than 4.5 dB are observed, indicating the presence of circu-
larly polarized waves. The CP radiation patterns are also cal-
culated using
1
ELHCP ¼ pffiffiffi ðEh  iEv Þ
2 the LHCP ones with a difference of more than 12 dB. It
(2)
1 should also be noted that the radiation patterns point at an
ERHCP ¼ pffiffiffi ðEh þ iEv Þ:
2 angle of 15 . This is due to the simulation and measurement
Figure 4 presents the measured characteristics of the
reflected waves at frequencies where CP waves are
obtained. As it can be observed for all bias voltages
applied, the lower frequency band where AR is better than
4.5 dB corresponds to the right-handed circularly polarized
(RHCP) wave, while the higher frequency band corre-
sponds to the left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP)
wave. Therefore, the RHCP radiation patterns in the lower
frequency bands show a clear directive main compared to
setups where the angle of incidence of the electromagnetic
wave on the metasurface is set to 15 . In the higher fre-
quency bands, the LHCP waves are predominant producing
clear directive beams. Although a qualitative agreement is
obtained between simulations and measurements, small dis-
crepancies can be observed. In simulations, a plane wave is
used as excitation, leading to a narrower beam especially at
high frequencies, while a horn antenna is used in measure-
ments. Furthermore, it is important to note that by judi-
ciously modifying the applied bias voltage, the incident
linear polarized wave can be either converted to the RHCP
wave or the LHCP wave at the same frequency. Such a
functionality can be clearly observed in Fig. 3(b). For
example, at 10.1 GHz, the RHCP wave obtained with a bias
voltage of 10 V can be changed to the LHCP wave by
changing the applied voltage to 5 V.
To summarize, we propose an active anisotropic reflec-
tive metasurface where we demonstrate how by adding elec-
tronically controlled lumped elements, we can tailor the
phase response of the metasurface. This metasurface is simu-
lated, fabricated, and characterized experimentally as a lin-
ear-to-circular polarization converter. The dispersion of the
metasurface is engineered through the bias voltage of the
lumped elements to tune the operation frequency. The meta-
surface is able to convert a linearly polarized incident wave
into two different circularly polarized waves at two different
frequencies for an applied bias voltage of the varactor
diodes. Direct far field measurements are performed to dem-
onstrate the proof of concept, and the measured performan-
ces show good qualitative agreements with simulations.
Such a metasurface combining a reflector and a polarization
converter can be specifically applied in imaging systems.
This would significantly reduce the system complexity by
replacing the linear to circular polarization converter and the
scanning mirror. The fact that the proposed device can be
reconfigured opens the way to multi-frequency imaging
systems.

B. Ratni acknowledges partial support of his Ph.D. works

FIG. 4. Measured far field radiation patterns for different bias voltages. For
each voltage applied, two circular polarized waves with different handedness
are obtained at distinct frequencies.
from Airbus Group Innovations. S. N. Burokur acknowledges
financial support from the FCS Campus Paris-Saclay through
the Innovation et Entrepreneuriat–Prematuration 2014 call
for the Antenne active pour internet sur mobile (AIM) project.
214101-5 Ratni et al. Appl. Phys. Lett. 111, 214101 (2017)

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