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Lecture 6
1
Example. n ( z z0 ) .
n2
n 0 2
The radius of convergence R of the above power series is
given by
2 2
n 1 1/( n ( n 1) )
1 2
lim n
R n 2
1/(2 n 1)
1
lim 1
n 2
4
Radius of Convergence of Product of Power Series
Let
n
a ( z z n
0 has radius of convergence R1
)
n 0
and
bn ( z z0 )n has radius of convergence R2
n 0
Hadamard Product: an bn z z0 is called the Hadamard
n
n 0
Product of the above two power series.
Let R* be its radius of convergence.
1/ n 1/ n 1/ n
Since, limsup an bn limsup an limsup bn (prove!)
n n n
1 1
*
R *
R R
1 2 [min( R ,
1 2R )]2
R R R
1 2
5
*Cauchy Product:
The power series ( a0bn ... an b0 ) ( z z0 )n (*)
n 0
is called the Cauchy Product of the above two Power series.
Let R be its radius of convergence.
Proposition. If the radius of convergence of
f ( z ) an z z0 is R1 and radius of convergence of
n
n 0
g ( z ) bn z z0 is R2 , then the radius of convergence of
n
n 0
their Cauchy product is R min( R1 , R2 ) .
Proof. WLOG assume that z0 = 0.
n
Let Sn ( z ) be n th
partial sum ak z k (1)
k 0
n
Tn ( z ) be n th partial sum k
b z k
(2)
k 0
n
Pn ( z ) be n th partial sum (a0bk ... ak b0 ) z k .
k 0
To show: If f(z) is limit of (1) as n and g(z) is limit of (2)
as n , then (*) has the sum f(z).g(z) in
z z0 R min( R1 , R2 ) , where R1 is the radius of
convergence for power series of f(z) and R2 is the radius of
convergence for power series of g(z).
6
Now,
Pn ( z ) a0b0 ( a0b1 a1b0 ) z ... ( a0bn ... an b0 ) z n
a0Tn ( z ) a1Tn 1 ( z ) z ... anT0 ( z ) z n
a0 ( n ( z ) g ( z )) a1 ( n 1 ( z ) g ( z )) z ... an ( 0 ( z ) g ( z )) z n ,
where n ( z ) Tn ( z ) g ( z ) Tn ( z ) n ( z ) g ( z )
[ Sn ( z ) g ( z )] [a0 n ( z ) a1 n 1 ( z ) z ... an 0 ( z ) z n ] .
Since, n ( z ) 0 as n in z R2 , n ( z ) n N and
further ( z ) an z in z R1 ,
n
n 0
n ( z ) a0 n ( z ) a1 z n 1 ( z ) ... an z n 0 ( z )
an z n 0 ( z ) ... an N z n N N ( z )
an z n 0 ( z ) ... an N z n N N ( z )
( z ) in z min( R1 , R2 )
lim n ( z ) ( z ) ( since an zn 0 as n )
n
lim n ( z ) 0, ( since is arb.)
n
lim Pn ( z ) lim Sn ( z ) g ( z ) f ( z ). g ( z ) .
n n
7
Complex Integration
Let C : z (t ), a t b , be a zn
continuously differentiable
curve, i.e. z(t) is a continuously zn 1
Equivalently, using the definition of integral of real functions,
b
f ( z ) dz f ( z (t )) z (t ) dt . (*)
C a
Note. The definition (*) is independent of the parametric
representation of C. For if w(t) , c t d , is another
parametric representation of C . Let : c, d a, b be one‐
one onto differentiable function such that ( c ) a , ( d ) b
and w(t ) z ( (t )) . Then,
d d
(t ) dt f ( z ( (t ))) z( (t )) (t ) dt
f ( w(t )) w
c c
(d ) b
f ( z ( x )) z ( x ) dx f ( z ( x )) z( x ) dx
(c) a
z (t )
w( t )
C
a b c d
(t )
9
b
i0
(iii) Let r0 e F (t ) dt . Then,
a
b
r0 e i0 F (t ) dt
a
b
Re e i0 F (t ) dt (using (i ))
a
b b
i0
e F (t ) dt F (t ) dt (using property of real integral)
a a
11
Proof (4):
Let C1 : z1 (t ), 0 t 1 and C2 : z2 (t ), 0 t 1 .
z (2t ), 0 t 1 / 2
Then, C = z(t), where z (t ) 1
z2 (2t 1), 1 / 2 t 1
Therefore,
1
f ( z ) dz f ( z (t )) z (t ) dt
C 0
1/2 1
f ( z (t )) z(t ) dt f ( z (t )) z (t ) dt
0 1/2
1/2 1
f ( z1 (2t ))( z1 (2t ).2) dt f ( z2 (2t 1)) ( z2 (2t 1).2) dt
0 1/2
1 1
f ( z1 (t ) ( z1 (t ).) dt f ( z2 (t ) z2 (t ) dt
0 0
f ( z ) dz f ( z ) dz
C1 C2
14
Proof (5):
b
f ( z ) dz f ( z (t ) z (t ) dt
C a
b
M z (t ) dt ML
a
15
4 1 1 1
z ( x 2 (1 x )2 )2 (2 x 2 2 x 1)2 [2( x )2 ]2
2 2 4
Using Property 5, we now get the required estimate of the
integral in Example 1.